(iwrm), ir. salmah zakaria, phd, fasc

NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM)

Geo-information for

Integrated Water Resources

Management (IWRM)

Ir. Salmah Zakaria, PhD, FASc *

Hjh Zalilah Selamat**

*Director General, NAHRIM

**Director, Research Centre for River Basin, NAHRIM

Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment

21 July 2008


Outline

Introduction: IWRM and Geo Information

Current In –Country Use of Geo-

Information in IWRM

Future Insight


A process which

promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources

to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner

without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”

Integrated Water Resources Management

(IWRM)


…..builds on river basin management

IRBM

IWRM

- from both water quantity and water quality perspective


Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

IRBM

coordinated management of resources in natural

environment (air, water, land, flora, fauna) based on

river basin as a geographical unit

balancing man's need with necessity of conserving

resources to ensure their own sustainability”

Integral part of IWRM

river basins constitute the management unit

IWRM provides the generic and common policy

Each river basin or sub-basin is unique may have different focus Agriculture, commercial/industries, eco-tourism. etc


Edited From: Prof Walter Rast

Texas State University-San Marcos

International Lake Environment Committee

Ground-

water

/river basin


Preventive /ILUP

River Basin

A geographical physical

unit

Sungai Kelang River Basin

8 Local Authorities


Location of Langat and Klang River Basin

Klang River Basin

Langat River Basin


189 River Basins

Management

Units (RBMU) in Malaysia


Langat River Basin

Administrative and Management Boundaries


Lembangan Sungai Batang Lupar

Lembangan Sungai Langat

We all live in a river basin


As the country, developed, geo-information

assist us, in identifying the extend of build up

areas that have replaced the natural

environment

These foot prints, buildings, roads and other

paved areas

All within each specific river basin

All can impact on overland flow, in terms of both quality

and quantity as it traverse the land to reach the rivers –

the lowest point in the river basin


Tepubina 1988

Source: BKWPPLK


Tepubina 1998

Source: BKWPPLK


As the country, developed, geo-information

assist us, in identifying the extend of build up

areas that have replaced the natural

environment

These foot prints, buildings, roads and other

paved areas

All within each specific river basin

All can impact on overland flow, in terms of both quality

and quantity as it traverse the land to reach the rivers –

the lowest point in the river basin


Outline



Information in IWRM

Future Insight


Current use

Basic informationTopography, delineation of river basin

boundaries

Flow path of rivers and tributaries

AnalyticalDeveloping DEM

Identifying flood zones

Identifying other strategic/critical features and processesStructures and challenges


Origins of rivers

Head waters of rivers are from the highlands

Rivers and tributaries are the result of water finding its own levels, flowing to the coast from the highlands

Water in rivers/tributaries flows from the whole area of each basin/sub-basin

The central forest spine (CFS) is the origin of many major rivers in Peninsula Malaysia


Digital Elevation Model of

Semenanjung with RBMU

boundaries (JICA, 1980) and

major river systems


KINTA BASIN

TEMENGOR W ATERSHED

BIDOR BASIN

CHENDEROH WATERSHED

PELUS BASIN

LOW ER PERAK BASIN

Digital Elevation Model with State, RBMU (JICA, 1980) Boundaries and

Rivers for Negeri Perak


Digital Elevation

Model

with State, RBMU

(JICA, 1980)

Boundaries and

Rivers for Negeri

Pahang


Current use

Basic information

Topography, delineation of river basin

boundaries

Flow path of rivers and tributaries

Analytical

Developing DEM

Identifying other strategic/critical features and

processes

Structures and Water Resources challenges


River BasinHas a limited carrying capacity, a function of hydrological and hydrodynamics

Hydrological: rainfall/runoff relationship within each river basinHydrodynamic: change in flow condition, will affect all initial environmental condition


Water Resources Challenges

Floods

Water Quality

Coastal Processes

Forest Fires

Climate Change

Coastal Processes

River Basin Planning


Flooding at the North-South Highway near Flooding at the North-South Highway near BumbungBumbung

Lima (Lima (Muda Muda River, 26 August 1997)River, 26 August 1997)


LumpurKuala

S.Linggi

KELANTAN

Ipoh

Shah Alam

S.Perak

S.Bernam

Seremban

S.Klang

SELANGOR

Kangar

Alor Setar

George Town

PINANG

PULAU

LANGKAWIPULAU

S.Muda

KEDAH

PERLIS

PERAK

THAILAND

S.Rompin

SINGAPORE

Kuantan

S.Pahang

S.Cukai

S.Muar

S.Batu Pahat

S.Benut

PAHANG

SEMBILANNEGERI

MELAKA

Melaka

S.Melaka

JOHOR

S.Kuantan

S.Johor

BahruJohor

S.Endau

S.Dungun

Kuala Terengganu

Kota Bharu

TERENGGANU

S.Kelantan

S.Terengganu

FLOOD PRONE AREA ( WEST MALAYSIA)


S.Rej ang

S.Sa dong

S.Rej ang

S.Sa dong

S.Sa rawakS.Sa rawakKucingKucing

SARAWAK

S.BaramS.Baram

LAB UAN

Kot a KinabaluKot a Kinabalu

SABAH

S.Kina batanganS.Kina batangan

FLOOD PRONE AREA (EAST MALAYSIA)


Kajian NAHRIM


Lembangan Sg. Selangor

kerlingID

Batang KaliID

sembahflowID

riz rj musaID

HuluID

SPLASH


Flood plain modeling

Jamb SS52d

Jamb SS55d

SS45SS46

SS47

SS48

SS54

SS55

SS56

SS57_RPjg

SS59SS60

SS61

SS62

SS63

SS64

ss48i

ss48i1

ss52i10

ss52i2

ss52i4

ss52i8

ss54i1

ss54i2

ss54i3

ss54i4

ss54i6ss54i8

fp_52right

fp_sembah

fp_ss45left2

fp_ss46left

fp_ss46left2

fp_ss46right

fp_ss47left

fp_ss47left2

fp_ss47left3

fp_ss48left

fp_ss48right fp_ss49right

fp_ss52left

fp_ss52left4

fp_ss52leftxxx

fp_ss52right3

fp_ss54left

fp_ss55leftfp_ss55right

fp_ss56left

fp_ss56left2

fp_ss56right2

fp_ss57left

fp_ss57left2

fp_ss57right

fp_ss57right2

fp_ss57right3

fp_ss59left

fp_ss59right

fp_ss60right

fp_ss62left2

fp_ss63left

fp_ss64left

fp_ss64left2

fp_ss65left

fp_ss65left2

Kg aaaa

kg bbbb

kg cccc

sp_ss62left1

sp_ss62left2x

sp aa

sp aa bb

sp_2254left2

sp_57_57left

sp_ss46right

sp_ss47left

sp_ss47right

sp_ss48left

sp_ss48left2

sp_ss52left2

sp_ss52left3

sp_ss54right3

sp_ss57right3

sp_ss60_59

Jamb SS52d

Jamb SS55d

SS45SS46

SS47

SS48

SS54

SS55

SS56

SS57_RPjg

SS59SS60

SS61

SS62

SS63

SS64

ss48i

ss48i1

ss52i10

ss52i2

ss52i4

ss52i8

ss54i1

ss54i2

ss54i3

ss54i4

ss54i6ss54i8

fp_52right

fp_sembah

fp_ss45left2

fp_ss46left

fp_ss46left2

fp_ss46right

fp_ss47left

fp_ss47left2

fp_ss47left3

fp_ss48left

fp_ss48right fp_ss49right

fp_ss52left

fp_ss52left4

fp_ss52leftxxx

fp_ss52right3

fp_ss54left

fp_ss55leftfp_ss55right

fp_ss56left

fp_ss56left2

fp_ss56right2

fp_ss57left

fp_ss57left2

fp_ss57right

fp_ss57right2

fp_ss57right3

fp_ss59left

fp_ss59right

fp_ss60right

fp_ss62left2

fp_ss63left

fp_ss64left

fp_ss64left2

fp_ss65left

fp_ss65left2

Kg aaaa

kg bbbb

kg cccc

sp_ss62left1

sp_ss62left2x

sp aa

sp aa bb

sp_2254left2

sp_57_57left

sp_ss46right

sp_ss47left

sp_ss47right

sp_ss48left

sp_ss48left2

sp_ss52left2

sp_ss52left3

sp_ss54right3

sp_ss57right3

sp_ss60_59


Ramalan kawasan banjir

Mula – 0 jam

Selepas 40 jam

Selepas 20 jam

Selepas 60 jam



Floods

Water Quality

Coastal Processes

Forest Fires

Climate Change

Coastal Processes



Focus: the level of sensitivity of coastal resources towards

water pollution

Coastal Resource Risk Index (CORRI)


Sg Perai

Sg Perai


Sg Kedah


Sg Perlis


Result: Pollutant Loading

70199

74 910

27271413

10276

27957

16060

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Loadin

g in

kg/d

ay

Sg Perlis Sg Kedah Sg Perai

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Suspended Solids (SS)


A Study on the Status of Eutrophication of Lakes in Malaysia

commisioned by NAHRIM to UTM

Kajian Tasik Negara, 2005

Tasik Biru, Sarawak Reservoirs , Sg PerakFrom TNB


Classification of 90 Lakes Studied

Medium (Mesotrophic)

Bad (Eutrophic)

62% (56)

38% (34)


INFESTATION OF FOREIGN SPECIESTasik Chini, Pahang



Floods

Water Quality

Coastal Processes

Forest Fires

Climate Change

Coastal Processes



Firemen battle peat fires

Forest Fires

Forest fires and haze now have a common recurrent of 3-4 years in Malaysia and Indonesia

Major threats causing the loss of peat swamp forests


Flooded hollows and basins provide ideal

growing conditions of reeds and sedges

and in humid tropical climate, indigenous

shrubs and rain forests trees

How Does Peat Form?

•Http://www.nics.gov.uk/doe env/leaflet5.htm

Key to Formation of Peat Bog


South Langat

Peat Swamp

North Langat

Peat Swamp

Peat Swamp Location in Langat River Basin


MAP 3: GENERALISED SOIL MAP

Dominant Soil Types

Red Yellow and Some White Podzolics

Organic Peat and Some Alluvial Clay

Shallow Red-Yellow Podzolics &

Skeletal SoilsSpot Height


Peat water management in the Kinderdykes, the Netherlands

Peat water management in Malaysia

Tg Bijat, Sri Aman, Sarawak Pontian, Johore


Subsidence Rate

Soil Temp (°C)

•An

nu

al

Su

bsi

den

ce (

cm)

Andriesse,1988, “Nature and management of tropical peat soils”, Fao Soils Bull 59)

Soil Temp (°C)



Floods

Water Quality

Coastal Processes

Forest Fires

Climate Change

Coastal Processes



Climate Change

C3


Global Warming – Circulation change

Anthropogenic forcing has likely

contributed to Global Warming

Climate change is affecting storm tracks, winds and temperature patterns

WG I Contribution to the AR4 IPCC, Nairobi 2007

C3


Observed Climate Change

GLOBAL* MALAYSIA

1906-2005 1968-2002

Surface

temperature

(ºC)

0.74 0.49 – 0.91

(MMD)**

1961-2003 1993-2003 1986-2006

Sea level rise

(mm/yr)

1.8 3.1 1.25

(DID @ Tg Piai)***

* IPCC 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007** INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION, 2000*** NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY,DID, 2007

C3


Stern Review: Economics of Climate ChangeWorld Economic Forum, Davos, January 2007

Climate Change will affect basic elements of lifeAccess to water, food production, health and

environment

AdaptationPoorest countries are most vulnerable to climate change

…climate change be fully integrated in development policies …

...international funding should support improved regional information on climate change impact … (ie identify vulnerabilities)

C3


From IPCC AR4 WG2


Figure 1. (Reproduced from Figure 5.16 of Bindoff et al. (2007) Geographic distribution of long-

term linear trends in mean sea level (mm yr–1) for 1955 to 2003 based on the past sea level

reconstruction with tide gauges and altimetry data (updated from Church et al., 2004)


From IPCC AR4 WG2


Data grid of CGCM1 that were used in the RegHCM-PM. The ocean

grids which are used in the RegHCM-PM are shown as blue. The land

grids which are used in the RegHCM-PM are shown as green.

v


The grid layout for the outer domain (1st Domain, 26x28 grids, 81 km

resolution) of the RegHCM-PM under Mercator projection.

v


v


Get your Longitudes and Latitudes through the

Map provided

Each grid (not pixel)

has been made

interactive with

longitude and latitude

values.


Climate Change Projection

GLOBAL* MALAYSIA**

2050 2100 2050

Surface temperature (ºC)

(Emission Scenario

SRES*** A1B)

1.6 2.8 1.5

Sea level rise (m)

(Emission Scenario

SRES*** A1B)

0.21-

0.48

-

Annual Rainfall (mm) +10% (Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang)

-5% (Selangor & Johor)

River Flows (m3/s) +11% to +43% (Flood Flows)

-31% to 93% (Low Flows)

* IPCC WG1 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007** STUDY ON IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGIC REGIME AND

WATER RESOURCES OF P MALAYSIA, NAHRIM, 2006*** SRES = Special Report on Emission Scenarios



Floods

Water Quality

Coastal Processes

Forest Fires

Climate Change

Coastal Processes



Kategori 3

Kategori 1

Kategori 2

Erosion – Peninsula Malaysia

Data From DID Malaysia


Kategori 3

Kategori 1

Kategori 2

Erosion – Sabah & Sarawak

Data From DID Malaysia


4/13/2010 NAHRIM (C) 74

Shoreline Management Problems

Silted Marina

Silted Floating

Mosque

Water Quality/ silted

site


4/13/2010 NAHRIM (C) 75

Shoreline Management Problems

Silted Marina

(Merang)


SUNGAI PAHANG, PEKAN PAHANGdari google earth


Permodelan Hidraulik Sungai Pahang, Pekan


Perbandingan Perubahan

kelajuan air sebelum dan

selepas Pembuangan Delta di

Muara Sungai Pahang,Pekan.

Kelajuan Arus Berkurang

Sebelum

Selepas


Kajian HidrodinamikCadangn Lapangan Terbang Baru Pulau Tioman


81

Kg PayaTg Genting

CADANGAN PROJEK

LAPANGAN TERBANGJeti

Plot ini akan Ditambak

Penambakan laut dari Kg. Paya

ke Tg. Genting:

2 km panjang Landasan

800 m keluar Lautan

China Selatan


82

IMPAK KEKAL HASIL PROJEK LAPANGAN

TERBANG KE ATAS PULAU TIOMAN

kg Genting

Kg Paya Tg Genting

Kg. Genting

pantai yang cetek

pantai yang ditambakpantai yang cetek

pantai yang terhakis


Pergerakan sedimen

Tapak Cadangan Asal


4/13/2010 NAHRIM (C) 84

Malaysia Shoreline surrounded by Active Earth-quake Plates


Case 1

24Dec2004Case 2 Case 3

Case 5Case 4

Pusat Gempa Bumi yang berbedaimpak akan berlainan


Case 1: 24 Dec2004

Kuala Muda, Kedah

Pulau Pinang

Pulau Langkawi


Case 2

Kuala Muda, Kedah

Pulau Langkawi

Pulau Pinang


Case 3Kuala Muda, Kedah

Pulau Langkawi

Pulau Pinang


Case 4 Pantai Barat,Sabah

Sarawak

Pusat Gempa Bumi


Case 5

Pantai Timur,Sabah



Floods

Water Quality

Coastal Processes

Forest Fires

Climate Change

Coastal Processes



• 70% of the catchment is within the

Putrajaya area

• 30% located outside Putrajaya area

shared by other stakeholders i.e.

UPM, MARDI, IOI, UNITEN, Sg.

Merab Malay Reserve and

Cyberjaya

• Catchment lies within the

jurisdiction of Majlis Perbandaran

Sepang (MPSp), Majlis

Perbandaran Subang Jaya (MPSJ)

and Perbadanan Putrajaya (PPj)

Example, Malaysia:Putrajaya Lake Management

• Created Federal Administrative

Capital

From: Perbadanan Putrajaya


Putrajaya Catchment, Sg Chuau Catchment, is a tributary of Langat River System



Outline



Information in IWRM

Future Insight


What has been done elsewhere

Floods



http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2007sum.htm


Tropical Cyclone Nagris landing in Myanmar (2nd May, 2008)

Details of NAGRIS

Occurred: April 26th to 3rd May

Radius: ~250 miles

Max wind speed:~ 130 mph

Max peak surge:~ 22 feet

NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM)100

Modeling

Automatic river basin and channel network modelingUse of digital elevation data

GTOPO30 (USGS HP)

DEM data River basin River channel network

800 634 533 500 382 329 307 290 268 259 290 262

688 580 504 400 352 301 297 290 271 267 253 246

688 547 429 381 340 309 310 294 292 299 300 246

643 510 400 382 358 345 322 314 306 299 300 245

600 471 401 400 376 347 334 320 300 287 273 271

491 452 426 406 385 368 348 318 300 287 291 288

504 495 490 470 447 430 393 355 313 280 268 262

560 569 570 546 512 500 445 384 307 289 265 259

653 672 682 670 623 576 517 500 417 323 291 296

800 806 828 827 731 668 586 597 549 382 297 288

DEM data


Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)

Launch: 24 January, 2006.

Objectives: Cartography

Regional observation

Disaster monitoring Resource surveying

Mt. Fuji observed by PRISM

PALSAR (L-band SAR)

Cloud-free

Day-night observation

Optical sensors


What has been done elsewhere

Floods



Singapore River and Kallang Basin

• The catchment

covers a fifth of the

land area of

Singapore.


DUXTON PLAIN

PEARL’S HILL CITY PARK

SINGAPORE RIVER

ORCHARD RD

MARINA BAY

SINGAPORE BOTANIC

GARDENS

FORT CANNING

PARK

MARINA CITY PARKDOWNTOWN

MARINA EAST

MARINA SOUTH

BUGIS

SINGAPORE: PUBLIC SPACE & URBAN WATERFRONT master plan

자료 : URA (2004), Our City Centre Proposals


R

R

RR

R

R

Waterfront promenade

White-Zone

Residential

Reserve site

Open space

Park & Garden

Downtown@Marina bay:

Beyond Year 2025

URA (2004), International Design Consultancy for The Waterfront

Marina Bay

Marina Bay

RAFFLES PLACE

The Esplanade-Theatres on the Bay


River Rhine

• Introduction

• length: about 1,100 km

• Catchment Area: 196,100 sq km

• Headwaters originate from eastern Switzerland and flow through Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

• Is connected to the major rivers of Western Europe.

• An important and busy waterway in Europe


River Rhine, Results

Recreational facilities for sailing, fishing and

swimming established

Clean drinking water

Better Habitat for fish and aquatic life

Sustainable Power Resource

Water for agricultural and irrigation

Increase trade, factories and businesses

Reduced dissolve mineral by 90% since the 70s

Develop close working relationship with all stake

holders to ensure the successful rehabilitation of

the Rhine


New York City: Greenway Plan

자료 : NYC DCP (2004), Greenway Plan


NEWYORK: RIVERSIDE SOUTH PROJECT

Miller highway relocation

Existing Proposed

Hudson River Hudson River

Proposed Created

Waterfront Park


CITY OF VANCOUVER: Greenways Network

자료 : City of Vancouver (2004), City Greenways

Greenway Route

Bicycle Route

Stanley Park

(118만평)

Pacific Spirit Park

(243만평)

Queen Elizabeth Park

(16만평)

Univ. of British

Columbia

NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM)자료 : City of Vancouver (2004), City Greenways

CITY OF VANCOUVER: English Bay


Shanghai, China


What next for Malaysia?


Sg Kelang - 2050?

Yodogawa – up stream of Osaka


SHAH ALAM

KUALA LUMPUR

Klang River Basin - 3-D

C:/Documents and Settings/salmah/My Documents/NAHRIM/Lawatan/Lawatan Menteri 2008/Shah alam3d.ppt

C:/Documents and Settings/salmah/My Documents/NAHRIM/Lawatan/Lawatan Menteri 2008/TTDI jaya.ppt

C:/Documents and Settings/salmah/My Documents/NAHRIM/Lawatan/Lawatan Menteri 2008/Kuala Lumpur3d.ppt


0 – 2.5

35 - 40

5 - 10

10 - 15

15 - 20

20 - 25

25 - 30

30 - 35

2.5 - 5

40 - 45

45 - 50

50 - 60

130 - 140

70 - 80

80 - 90

90 - 100

100 - 110

110 - 120

120 - 130

60 - 70

140 - 150

150 - 175

175 - 200

250 - 300

300 - 500

500 - 700

700 - 1000

1000 - 2000

200 - 250


Udang Galah @ Brickfields?

in 2050?


4/13/2010 126

Vision for National Framework for

WRM (NFWRM)

Water Resources Management fully integrated through out the country from the head waters to the coastal areas

Equity distribution of water between the sectors Water supply for industry, housing and agriculture, integrated

and well coordinated

Clean and vibrant rivers and water bodies

Malaysia’s biodiversity and gene bank, recognised, protected, thriving and contributing to the country’s economy

Floods, erosion, land slides and other land & water related challenges, well managed and under control

4/i


The NFWRM

Focuses on Water resources governance Incorporate land and water, together with other related

resources, weaved in a matrix that

Complement one another

Workable, and developing incrementally, if necessary

Supported, monitored, assisted and enforced by all stakeholders

Ensure sustainable economic growth and pristine environment

Support, nurture and develop related water services turning them into successful businesses; beyond the shores of the nation

Must have action plans with targeted milestones

i


Suggested Milestones NFWRM Immediate Term

6 months to 2 years : secure financial support to develop the framework - as directed by the NWRC and chaired by the YAB PM

Short Term 2-3 years: Develop the framework, together with more detail milestones

and prioritize action plans

Medium Term 3-10 years: implement prioritized areas of actions such as

over-arching IRWM legislations to fit-in (adapt, adopt, amend) existing water related laws and proposed water related laws, which lies within a connected and contiguous single environmental system or units

setting up river basin organizations (189 of them) to manage development within each basin

managed impact of global warming on climate changes and water resources

Visionary Term Over 2 planning horizons or more, each of 25 to 30 years

Achieve Clean Water in lakes, rivers , ground water resources and coastal waters

The water sector developed to include development of related businesses providing service provisions beyond our shores

May need to be packaged to anticipate/dovetail election schedules,not only to ensure compliance but to monitor impacts

i


“A vision without actionis just a dream;

An action without visionjust passes time;

A vision with an actionchanges the world.”

……World Lake Vision (2003), Mandela?


Thank you