ivica trumbic unep/map – pap/rac integrated coastal zone management in the urban context
TRANSCRIPT
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
COUNTRIES AND COASTAL REGIONS
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
MEDITERRANEAN PRESSURES
• population• coastal urbanisation• tourism• economy
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
COASTAL URBANISATION• Overall urbanisation rate: 64% in 2000, 72% in 2025 • In the North urbanisation rate will grow only slightly, from 67% to 69% • In the South urbanisation rate will grow from 62% to 74% • Urban inhabitants: 275 mil. in 2000, 380 mil. in 2025• The population of the agglomerations in the South will grow from 145
million inhabitants in the year 2000 to 243 million in 2025, of which more that 30 million new inhabitants for the agglomerations on the coastal regions.
• The population of the agglomerations in the North will grow from 129 million inhabitants in the year 2000 to 135 million in the year 2025, with the urban population of the coastal regions remaining practically unchanged
• 65% of coastline is urbanised; number of coastal settlements with more than 10,000 inhabitants doubled from 1950 to 1995
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
GROWTH OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
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COASTAL SETTLEMENTSAnnual amounts (‘000 m3/year) of waste water discharged into the sea from coastal cities
Reused0.49
Untreated3067.11
Treated2830.23
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
NUMBER OF CITIES SERVED BY TREATMENT PLANTS
02 0
6 08 0
1 0 0
4 0
1 2 01 4 01 6 01 8 0
Nu
mb
er o
f ci
ties
P o p u la tio nb e lo w
1 0 0 ,0 0 0
P o p u la tio n1 0 0 ,0 0 0 -5 0 0 ,0 0 0
P o p u la tio n5 0 0 ,0 0 0 -
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
P o p u la tio nab o v e
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
To ta l n u m b er o f c itie s
N u m b er o f c itie s se rv ed b y trea tm en t p lan t
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
Tertiary(4% )
Secondary(38% )
Prim ary(10% )
None(48% )
DEGREE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT IN COASTAL CITIES
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MEDITERRANEAN “HOT SPOTS”
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
URBAN SPRAWL
Padua and (Venice) Mestre
1955
1997
Istanbul
2000
1945
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
COASTAL ARTIFICIALISATION
40% of Mediterranean coasts were built in 2000
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
Coastal urban development problems are essentially the resource management
problem, notably water and space
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WHAT IS INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (ICZM)?
• ICZM is continuous, proactive and adaptive process of resource management for environmentally sustainable development of coastal areas
• ICZM requires multidisciplinary approach, problem solving instead of problem transfer, stakeholder participation, as well as integration among sectors, institutions and administrative levels
• ICZM requires full understanding of interactions among coastal resources, their use, and impacts of the development on economy and the environment
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
• Initial phase (1978-1984): MEDPOL I, monitoring and assessment of pollution, BP and PAP established
• reorientation of MAP on integrated management of coastal areas, 1986
• PAP Coastal Pilot Projects (CPPs), 1987• Methodological Framework for ICAM, 1988• MAP CAMP, 1989• Guidelines on Integrated Coastal Areas Management
ICAM (with UNEP), 1995• Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable
Development - recommendations for ICAM, 1997• Assessment of ICAM Initiatives in the Mediterranean:
experiences from METAP and MAP, 1998• “White Paper” on coastal zone management in the
Mediterranean, 2001
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
Major Legal Breakthrough
Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
MAP CAMP PROJECTS
CAMP”Al Hoceima”MOROCCO
CAMP"The Albanian
Coast" ALBANIA
CAMP"Tlemcen"ALGERIA
CAMP"The Kastela
Bay"CROATIA
CAMP"The Area of
Fuka"EGYPT
CAMP"The island of
Rhodes"GREECE
CAMPISRAEL
CAMPLEBANON
CAMPMALTA
CAMP “TheSlovenian
Coastal Region" SLOVENIA
CAMP"The Bay of
Izmir"TURKEY
CAMP"Sfax"
TUNISIA
CAMP “TheSyrian Coastal
Region"SYRIA
CAMPCYPRUS
CAMP
SPAIN
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
• Mobilising actors and means of action towards achieving the sustainable urban development
• Acting towards a better management of urban dynamics
• Improving public urban services management• Strengthening the Mediterranean and Euro-
Mediterranean co-operation for a sustainable urban development
MCSD RECOMMENDATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN
MANAGEMENT
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WHERE IS SPLIT?
Italy
Romania
Greece
Croatia
Albania
Slovenia
Bosnia Herzegovina
Macedonia
San MarinoMonaco
STUDY AREA
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
SOUTHERN ELEVATION OF THE DIOCLETIAN’S PALACE
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INITIATIVES
• Very little mention in literature, except port cities and waterfront development
• Urban regeneration• Hangzou Workshop and Hangzou
Declaration (1999)
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
DEFINITIONS
• Coastal city (HYDROPOLIS): Conurbation of more than 100,000 people contiguous with, significantly oriented towards, and/or actually or potentially affected hydrodinamically by an extensive body of surface fresh and salt water
• Urban coastal zone: Bi-polar area, bounded on the landward side by the local hinterland of the cityscape, and on the waterward side by the functional ecosystemic integration of the coastal littoral zone (Timmerman and White, 1997)
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
CONCLUSIONS• Urban development and ICZM were not well integrated in
spite of obvious strategic similarities• ICZM mainly related to non-urbanized areas: how to
preserve them, and how to limit the urbanisation process• Urban development: although sometimes large, coastal
areas were not considered as a specific resource, therefore pressure on its coastal fringe
• Heavy use of the urban coastline for industry, rather than for recreation, commerce, housing or conservation
• Unfortunately, the dilemma was not whether urban development is environmentally unacceptable, but only how to mitigate environmental impacts without causing too much delay to the development
• Challenges and rationale: socio-economic development, which goes well beyond urban areas’ boundaries; impacts of global changes, pressure on land-sea interface
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
RECOMMENDATIONS
• ICZM benefits for urban development: facilitates resource allocation; conflict resolution; environmental protection improves the quality of life; economic benefits (i.e. waterfront development, urban regeneration)
• Urban issues should be integrated in the ICZM process, not as an obstacle but as an advantage
• Planning in coastal cities should consider coastal zones as a resource potential and special management plans should be prepared
SEVILLA2007/INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN/22 MARCH 2007
United Nations Environment ProgrammeMediterranean Action Plan
Priority Actions ProgrammeRegional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC)
Kraj Sv. Ivana 1121000 Split, CROATIA
tel: (385) (21) 34 04 70fax: (385) (21) 34 04 90
e-mail: [email protected]://www. pap-thecoastcentre.org