ive - core · 2017-12-17 · i a morpholo gi cal study of t he suffi x {-ive} an undergradu ate the...
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{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI }
AN ETAUDARGREDNU SISEHT
stnemeriuqeR eht fo tnemllifluF laitraP sa detneserP eht rof eergeD fo artsaSanajraS
sretteL hsilgnE ni
yB
OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD
101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS
HSILGNE SRETTEL MARGORP YDUTS FO TNEMTRAPED SRETTEL HSILGNE
FO YTLUCAF SRETTEL YTISREVINU AMRAHD ATANAS
ATRAKAYGOY 102 5
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
i
{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI }
AN ETAUDARGREDNU SISEHT
stnemeriuqeR eht fo tnemllifluF laitraP sa detneserP eht rof eergeD fo artsaSanajraS
sretteL hsilgnE ni
yB
OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD
101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS
HSILGNE SRETTEL MARGORP YDUTS FO TNEMTRAPED SRETTEL HSILGNE
FO YTLUCAF SRETTEL YTISREVINU AMRAHD ATANAS
ATRAKAYGOY 102 5
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU
{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI }
yB
OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD 101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS
yb devorppA
ii
A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU
{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI }
yB
OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD 101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS
yb devorppA
ii
A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU
{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI }
yB
OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD 101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS
yb devorppA
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU
A LACIGOLOHPROM FO YDUTS { XIFFUS EHT - EVI }
yB
OTNANAHYDODSAMOD
01412490 :rebmun tnedutS 1
srenimaxE fo draoB eht erofeb dednefeD no yraurbeF 23 102 , 5
elbatpeccA deralceD dna
SRENIMAXE FO DRAOB
emaN
riahC nosrep S .X .F .rD : .A.M ,idawsi
yraterceS inayluM irS .B .A .arD : D.hP ,.A.M ,
.1 rebmeM : .muH.M ,.dP.S ,itairtiF annA
.2 rebmeM : .A.M ,.dP.M ,pilA .B .rF .rD
.3 rebmeM : .cS.M ,iratseL aiR enidranreB .rD
,atrakaygoY yraurbeF 72 102 , 5
sretteL fo ytlucaF
aS
iii
A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU
A LACIGOLOHPROM FO YDUTS { XIFFUS EHT - EVI }
yB
OTNANAHYDODSAMOD
01412490 :rebmun tnedutS 1
srenimaxE fo draoB eht erofeb dednefeD no yraurbeF 23 102 , 5
elbatpeccA deralceD dna
SRENIMAXE FO DRAOB
emaN
riahC nosrep S .X .F .rD : .A.M ,idawsi
yraterceS inayluM irS .B .A .arD : D.hP ,.A.M ,
.1 rebmeM : .muH.M ,.dP.S ,itairtiF annA
.2 rebmeM : .A.M ,.dP.M ,pilA .B .rF .rD
.3 rebmeM : .cS.M ,iratseL aiR enidranreB .rD
,atrakaygoY yraurbeF 72 102 , 5
sretteL fo ytlucaF
aS
iii
A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU
A LACIGOLOHPROM FO YDUTS { XIFFUS EHT - EVI }
yB
OTNANAHYDODSAMOD
01412490 :rebmun tnedutS 1
srenimaxE fo draoB eht erofeb dednefeD no yraurbeF 23 102 , 5
elbatpeccA deralceD dna
SRENIMAXE FO DRAOB
emaN
riahC nosrep S .X .F .rD : .A.M ,idawsi
yraterceS inayluM irS .B .A .arD : D.hP ,.A.M ,
.1 rebmeM : .muH.M ,.dP.S ,itairtiF annA
.2 rebmeM : .A.M ,.dP.M ,pilA .B .rF .rD
.3 rebmeM : .cS.M ,iratseL aiR enidranreB .rD
,atrakaygoY yraurbeF 72 102 , 5
sretteL fo ytlucaF
aS
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vi
YTILANIGIRO FO TNEMETATS
neeb sah hcihw lairetam on sniatnoc siseht etaudargrednu siht taht yfitrec I
,taht dna ,ytisrevinu yna ta eerged rehto yna fo drawa eht rof dettimbus ylsuoiverp
siseht etaudargrednu siht ,egdelwonk tseb eht ot ylsuoiverp lairetam on sniatnoc
eht fo txet eht ni edam si ecnerefer eud erehw tpecxe nosrep rehto yna yb nettirw
.siseht etaudargrednu
,atrakaygoY 31 yraurbeF 102 , 5
otnanaHydoDsamoD
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
v
AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL HAIMLI
SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU
:amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnatadnatreb gnaY
amaN : otnanaHydoDsamoD
awsisahaM romoN 01412490 : 1
naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeD
satisrevinU ludujreb gnay ayas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS
{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI } nakirebmem ayas naikimed nagneD .)ada alib( nakulrepid gnay takgnarep atreseB
,napmiynem kutnu kah amrahD atanaS satisrevinU naakatsupreP adapek
tneb malad nakhilagnem nalakgnap kutneb malad aynalolegnem ,nial aidem ku
uata tenretni id aynnakisakilbupmem nad ,satabret araces nakisubirtsidnem ,atad
nupuam ayas irad niji ulrep apnat simedaka nagnitnepek kutnu nial aidem
mutnacnem patet amales ayas adapek itlayor nakirebmem iagabes ayas aman nak
.silunep
.aynranebes nagned taub ayas ini naataynrep naikimeD
atrakaygoY id taubiD
:laggnatadaP 31 rbeF rau i 5102
,nakataynem gnaY
( otnanaHydoDsamoD )
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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nwod kool ton retteb d’uoY“ i ”gniylf peek ot tnaw uoy f
- GNIK .B .B -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iiv
,stnerap devoleb ym roF orotnayruSgnugAsenahoY
itnayajiWanahirTahpesoYailisiS
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iiiv
STNEMEGDELWONKCA
eht morf em detroppus dah ohw lla rof siseht ym etacided ot ekil dluow I
I ,tsriF .siseht ym dehsinif I litnu gninnigeb tsetaerg ym sserpxe ot ekil dluow
suseJ ot edutitarg nevig neeb taht ecarg eht lla rof tsirhC .em ot
tbedni ma I ot edutitarg de rosivda siseht ym , .dP.M,pilA .B .rF .rD .A.M ,
eht rof eht gnirud noitcerroc dna ecnadiug ,ecivda osla I .siseht ym etorw I ssecorp
eht rof knaht ot ekil dluow I ecnis ecneitap dna egdelwonk ,emit koot naht erom
retsemes eno hsinif ot ym etaudargrednu .siseht
oc ym ot edutitarg peed ym evig dluow I - ,rosivda cimedaca dna rosivda
aiR enidranreB .rD iratseL .cS.M , noitcerroc dna noitseggus eht em gnivig rof
tsrif eht ni saw I ecnis em gnidiug rof dna retteb siseht etaudargrednu ym ekam ot
.retsemes
,stnerap ym ot edutitarg ewo osla I anahirT .Y.S dna gnugA senahoY ,
ohw elbaulavni na em evig syawla us .yduts ym rof tnemegaruocne dna tropp
knaht laiceps yM ot og s ,dneirflrig ym ailataN enitsirhC retsE , rehrof
napmoc y nwod saw I nehw siseht etaudargrednu ym hsinif nac I won litnu .
.yduts ym hsinif ton dluow I ebyam ecneitap dna erac ,evol reh tuohtiW
ot seog osla edutitarg yM acitsalohcS P.SitrewohdeW .d ,
H.M .mu dna itairtiF annA P.S . muH.M,.d noitseggus eht rof lufpleh yrev si taht ni
.sekatsim lacitammarg ym gnisiver
knaht lanosrep yM .gnitirw siseht ym ni elor gib a ekat osla sdneirf yM s ot
nosleN apleS sevig syawla ohw , gilid a eb ot ecivda em ot knaht osla I .tneduts tne
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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,srehtorb niwt eht eW neiC gnE dna iL neiC gnE , tuoba cipot a em evag ohw a
ot og osla sknaht yM .yduts lacigolohprom itajuyhaW ykziR dna treblA
ardnehaM rof rieht ynapmoc .yrarbil eht ta siseht etaudargrednu ym etorw I nehw
ot knaht ot ekil dluow I tsael ton tub tsaL akitraKydniV dna rajiPnaytseD ohw
.esnefed siseht ym rof esuom lacitpo na dna yranoitcid a em tnel
.H ydoD samoD
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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STNETNOC FO ELBAT
EGAP ELTIT ................................ ................................ .............................. i
EGAP LAVORPPA ................................ ................................ .................... ii
EGAP ECNATPECCA ................................ ................................ ............... i ii
YTILANIGIRO FO TNEMETATS ................................ ........................... iv
HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP ............. v
EGAP OTTOM ................................ ................................ ........................... iv
EGAP NOITACIDED ................................ ................................ ................. iiv
TNEMEGDELWONKCA S ................................ ................................ ........ iiv i
STNETNOC FO ELBAT ................................ ................................ ............ x
ELBAT FO TSIL ................................ ................................ ........................ ix ii
TCARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ xiv
KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ... xv
:I RETPAHC NOITCUDORTNI ................................ ............................... 1
.A ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB ................................ ................................ ... 1
.B noitalumroF melborP ................................ ................................ ......... 4
.C ydutS eht fo sevitcejbO ................................ ................................ ..... 5
.D smreT fo noitinifeD ................................ ................................ ........... 5
ERUTARETIL FO WEIVER :II RETPAHC ................................ ........... 8
.A seidutS detaleR fo weiveR ................................ ................................ . 8
.B seiroehT detaleR fo weiveR ................................ ............................... 11 .1 fo yroehT ygolohproM ................................ ........................... 11 .2 fo yroehT tnemelE lanretnI droW fo ................................ ...... 31
.a emehproM fo yroehT ................................ ....................... 31
.b hpromollA fo yroehT ................................ ....................... 51
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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.c tooR dna metS ,esaB fo yroehT ................................ ........ 61 .3 fo yroehT noitaxiffA ................................ .............................. 81 .4 fo yroehT noitazirogetaC breV ................................ ............... 91 .5 gniworroB fo yroehT ................................ ............................. 02 .6 { xiffuS eht fo weiveR - evi } ................................ ................... 12
.C krowemarF laciteroehT ................................ ................................ ..... 32
YGOLODOHTEM :III RETPAHC ................................ ........................... 52
.A bO ydutS eht fo tcej ................................ ................................ ............ 52
.B ydutS eht fo hcaorppA ................................ ................................ ....... 62
.C ydutS eht fo dohteM ................................ ................................ .......... 62 .1 noitcelloC ataD ................................ ................................ ............ 72 .2 sisylanA ataD ................................ ................................ .............. 82
SISYLANA :VI RETPAHC ................................ ................................ ....... 03
.A { xiffuS eht fo esaB ehT - evi } ................................ ............................ 13 .1 ehT esaB eht fo yrogetaC lacixeL ................................ .......... 13
.a esaB breV ehT ................................ ................................ . 33
.b esaB nuoN ehT ................................ ................................ 43 .2 ehT { xiffuS eht fo noitubirtsiD - evi } ................................ ...... 53
.a P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /t/ emenoh ................................ ... 63
.b P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /s/ emenoh ................................ . 83
.c P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /d/ emenoh ................................ .. 93
.d P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /z/ emenoh ................................ .. 04
.e P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /v/ emenoh ................................ .. 04 .f P htiw gnidnE esab ehT /b/ emenoh ................................ .. 14
.3 ehT { xiffuS eht fo noitidnoC lacixeL - evi } ............................ 24 .a gnidnelB ................................ ................................ .......... 24 .b ygolanA ................................ ................................ ........... 34 .c gniworroB ................................ ................................ ........ 34
.B { xiffuS eht fo hpromollA ehT - evi } ................................ ................... 84 .1 { hpromollA ehT - }evita ................................ ......................... 94
.a { hpromollA eht fo noitidnoC lacigolonohP - }evita ........... 94 .i P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /m/ emenoh ......................... 94 .ii P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /r/ emenoh ........................... 05 .iii P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /k/ emenoh ........................... 15 .vi /n/ emenohP htiw gnidnE esaB ehT ........................... 15 .v / emenohP htiw gnidnE esaB ehT a�/ ........................ 25 .iv sesaC lanoitpecxE ................................ ..................... 25
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iix
.b { hpromollA eht fo noitidnoC lacigolohproM - }evita ........ 35 .2 { hpromollA ehT - }eviti ................................ .......................... 45
.a lA eht fo noitidnoC lacigolohproM { hpromol -i it ev } ......... 45 .C { xiffuS eht fo gninaeM ehT - evi } ................................ ...................... 65
.1 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot gnitaleR ................ 75
.2 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot gnidneT ................. 95
.3 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } gnisuaC ..................... 06
.4 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } yb deziretcarahC ....... 16
.5 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot elbA gnieB ............ 26
.6 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } gnisserpxE ................ 36
.7 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot ydaeR .................... 46
.8 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } dednetnI sa ................ 56
.9 esaC lanoitpecxE ................................ ................................ ... 56
:V RETPAHC NOISULCNOC ................................ ................................ .. 76
YHPARGOILBIB ................................ ................................ ....................... 07
SECIDNEPPA ................................ ................................ ............................. 27
:1 xidneppA /t/ ni gnidnE sesaB htiw sdroW ................................ ........... 27
:2 xidneppA /s/ ni gnidnE sesaB htiw sdroW ................................ ............ 77
:3 xidneppA /d/ ni gnidnE sesaB htiw sdroW ................................ ........... 87
:4 xidneppA sdrownaoL ................................ ................................ .......... 87
:5 xidneppA nitaL fo noitacifidoM htiw sdroW drownaoL s { dna - evi } .... 18
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iiix
LI FO TS SELBAT
elbaT { xiffuS eht fo noitubirtsiD ehT .1 - evi atad cinorhcnys no desab } ................
{ xiffuS hsilgnE eht fo ygolomytE ehT 2 elbaT - evi } ................................ ..............
elbaT { hpromollA eht fo noitubirtsiD ehT .3 - }evita ................................ .............
elbaT { xiffuS eht fo noitacifissalC gninaeM .4 - evi } ................................ .............
elbaT lacigolohproM .5 gninaeM eht fo ssecorP ot gnitaleR ................................ ..
elbaT .6 lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP ot gnidneT ................................ ..
elbaT .7 lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP gnisuaC ................................ ......
elbaT .8 lacigolohproM ssecorP gninaeM eht fo yb deziretcarahC ........................
elbaT .9 lacigolohproM P gninaeM eht fo ssecor ot elbA gnieB ..............................
.01 elbaT lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP gnisserpxE ................................
elbaT 11 . lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP ot ydaeR ................................ ....
elbaT 21 . lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP dednetnI sa ................................
elbaT 31 esaC lanoitpecxE . ................................ ................................ ....................
53
44
94
75
75
95
16
16
26
46
56
56
66
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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TCARTSBA
.ydoD samoD ,otnanaH { xiffuS eht fo ydutS lacigolohproM A - }evi . ,sretteL fo ytlucaF ,sretteL hsilgnE fo tnemetrapeD :atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS
.5102 ,ytisrevinU hcihw egaugnal a sa nwonk si egaugnal hsilgnE si ni evitcudorp yrev
xiffa evitcudorp eht fo enO .noitaxiffa se { xiffus eht si hsilgnE ni - xiffus sihT .}evisi ro gnitirw ni dnuof ylnommoc eht taht tcaf eht ot euD .gnikaeps siht fo yduts
tcudnoc rehcraeser eht ,detimil llits si xiffus de eht fo yduts lacigolohprom eht xiffus {- .}evi ,yduts eht fo epocs eht timil ot redro nI ylno sevitcejbo eerht era
a tahW )1( :swollof sa snoitalumrof melborp ni detalumrof era yehT .dessucsid er{ xiffus eht gniviecer sesab eht - { xiffus eht fo shpromolla eht era tahW )2( ?}evi -
{ xiffus eht fo gninaem eht era tahW )3( ?}evi - ?}evi era yduts eht fo atad ehT tnereffid owt eht morf nekat detnirp ,seiranoitcid
yranoitciD naciremA drofxO weN ehT dna )5002( rerolpxE weN s’retsbeWyranoitciD cidepolcycnE tob no desaB .)6002( era ereht seiranoitcid h
mixorppa 14 yleta 5 gniviecer sdrow { xiffus eht - deifissalc rehcraeser ehT .}evi eht atad of ht e { xiffus eht htiw sdrow - }evi otni dna cinorhcnys cinorhcaid emos ecnissdrow sdrow naol nitaL eht sa deredisnoc hT . 062 tuoba era ere drow s dezirogetac
itacifissalc tsrif otni 51 dna no 5 .noitacifissalc dnoces otnisdrow T .snoisulcnoc gniwollof eht ta sevirra hcraeser ehT esab eh xiffus eht fo s{- ra }evi yltsom e brev emos dna s nuon s noitubirtsid eht no desaB . eht fo esab eht,
{ xiffus - si }evi ./b/ dna ,/v/ ,/d/ ,/s/ ,/t/ :semenohp eht htiw dedne eht ni stluser ehTera sisylana cinorhcaid w eht fo emos { xiffus eht htiw sdro - yltceridera }evi
b aL morf deworro nit hcnerF dna yb deifidom , nitaL { xiffus eht dna sdrow naol -evi } dna denioc .ygolana dna gnidnelb fo ssecorp eht yb cinorhcnys no desaB
{ hpromolla eht ,sisylana - sehcatta }evita ,/r/ ,/m/ emenohp htiw gnidne esab eht ota/ dna ,/k/ ,/z/ ,/n/ � ./ nI eht yltcerid deworrob era sdrow emos ,sisylana cinorhcaid
nitaL morf hcnerF morf muidem eht hguorht ro { hpromolla ehT . - }eviti nac ylno { htiw sdrow fo secnerrucco ehT .sisylana cinorhcaid gnisu dezylana eb -
yb desuac era }eviti ohprom fo noitidnoc lacigol eht p tsa elpicitrap mrof eht fobrev nitaL . lareneg ehT { xiffus eht fo gninaem - ot gnitaler‘ si }evi – ehT .‘ lanoitidda { xiffus eht fo gninaem - era }evi ot gnidnet‘ – gnisuac‘ ,‘ – ,‘
yb deziretcarahc‘ – ot elba gnieb‘ ,‘ – gnisserpxe‘ ,‘ – ot ydaer‘ ,‘ – dednetni‘ dna ‘sa - .‘ { xiffus ehT - evi ot dehcatta nehw gninaem tnereffid a sah semitemos }
.sesab ralucitrap
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vx
KARTSBA
.ydoD samoD ,otnanaH golohproM A { xiffuS eht fo ydutS laci - }evi . amrahD atanaS ,sretteL fo ytlucaF ,sretteL hsilgnE fo tnemetrapeD :atrakaygoY
.5102 ,ytisrevinU rasad atak nakgnubaggnem malad fitkudorp tagnas lanekid sirggnI asahaB
pukuc gnay nahubmi utas halaS .nahubmi nagned fitkudorp sirggnI asahab idhka halada ari { n - evi uata nasilunep malad nakumetid gnires tubesret narihkA .}
kacrep irahes napa – halmuj aynsatabreT .irah naijak et gnorodnem ini narihka gnatnenep silunem kutnu itil ispirks igolofrom iduts gnatnet irad { narihka - evi .}
kipot 3 idajnem isatabid sahabid gnay iduts napukaC nasahab kipoT . nasahab tubesret naksumurid asumur malad hakapA )1( :tukireb iagabes halasam n atak
rasad { narihka irad - evi { narihka irad fromola hakapA )2( ?} - evi ?} hakapA )3(narihka irad itra {- vi e .?}
D nasumur asilanagnem mala – itilenep tubesret halasam nasumur :inkay ,adebreb gnay atad rebmus aud nakanuggnem naciremA drofxO weN ehT
yranoitciD )5002( nad yranoitciD cidepolcycnE rerolpxE weN s’retsbeW .)6002(dret tubesret sumak aud nakrasadreB tapa 14 5 { narihka gnudnagnem gnay atak - nakopmolekid tubesret ataD .}evi audidajnem ,isakifisalk utiay nad kinorknis
kinorkaid tapadreT . atad 062 ek nakirogetakid gnay malad nad amatrep isakifisalk51 5 atad gnay ek nakirogetakid malad ek isakifisalk .aud
ulaleM awhablisahnakumetidnaitilenepi atak rasad reb { narihka - halada }evi.adneb atak aparebeb nad ajrek atak aynisubirtsid nakrasadreB atak rasad irad
{ narihka - halada }evi narihkareb gnay atak nagned ,/v/ ,/d/ ,/s/ ,/t/ :menof nad ./b/adap rasadreB lisah silana a kinorkaid aparebeb atak { narihkanagned - evi }
asahabiradgnusgnalparesid nitaL sicnarPnad , napares atak nagnedisakifidomid { narihka nad nitaL asahab - nad ,}evi kutnebid edotem iulalem gnidnelb nad
molA .igolana { fro - adap takignem }evita atak rasad ihkareb gnay nagned narmenof a/ nad /k/ ,/z/ ,/n/ ,/r/ ,/m/ : � ./ P atak aparebeb kinorkaid asilana ada
reb { narihka - evi .nitaL asahab irad namajnip atak nakapurem } { fromolA - }evitiidnok anerak lubmit nakutneb adap igolofrom is ajrek atak audek asahab adap
{ narihka itrA .nitaL - nagned nagnubuhreb‘ halada mumu araces }evi - uti nialeS .‘narihka {- evi } nial itra iklimem aguj ek gnurednec‘ :tukireb iagabes –‘ ,
besid‘ helo nakba – irad nakgnologid‘ ,‘ – upmam‘ ,‘ – nakiserpkegnem‘ ,‘ – pais‘ ‘tnu ku – s nakanacnerid‘ nad ‘ iagabe –‘ . { narihkA - evi aparebeb ikilimem aguj }
adebreb gnay itra akij .utnetret atak adap takiret
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study
According to Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmers, and
Robert M. Harnish (2001: 11) word is one of the most fundamental units of linguistic
structure. It plays an important role in the human ability to use a language. Human
being uses a language as a tool for communication. Since a language has a system in
order to use and has many variations, it becomes a field of a study called as
linguistics study. A branch of linguistics that deals with words structure is termed as
morphology. English is being an interesting object in morphology as it has many
kinds of complex words. Aronoff and Fudeman (2011: 260) say “a Complex word is
a morphological form that consists of more than one morpheme”. The example is
English morphosyntactic words, such as: singular-plural noun and present-past verb.
These pairs of word of claim-claimed, say-said and tell-told are used depend on
grammatical context and all of them have lexical categories as verb. However, the
past form of each pair words has a different shape. Another example of the complex
word is a polymorphemic word. English has many bases that can be attached to
affixes. The word, establish for example, when it is attached to suffix {-ment} the
process will create a new word, establishment. This process of affixation changes the
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meaning and the part of speech. Establish marks as a verb changes into establishment
marks as a noun. The suffix {-ment} also influences the meaning of the base or the
root, according to Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006: 563)
establish means “to begin or create”. After attached to the suffix {-ment}, the
meaning based on Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006:563) is
“the act of establishing”. The process of the meaning change from establish to
establishment indicates the suffix {-ment} implies the meaning “the act of –“.
Furthermore, the word or the base, establishment can be added by prefix {dis-}. This
suffix contributes the negative meaning to the base disestablishment. The word
establish is known as a root, while {dis-} and {-ment} are affixes. The base
disestablishment might be added by the other affixes that obviously will influence the
meaning, for instance, the word antidisestablishmentarianism (Fromkin, Victoria,
Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyam, 2003: 62)
The process of attaching a base to an affix is named as affixation. It is one of
the morphological processes to create new words in language. The other processes are
clipping, e.g. doc, blends, e.g. brunch, conversion, e.g. ink, acronym, e.g. U.S.A,
suppletion, e.g. good, better, and best, backformation e.g. edit and compounding, e.g.
green house. However, affixation is the most productive one. This process has existed
since the period of Old English. Nonetheless, the influence of Latin and French
colonization gives the impact to the Old English. A lot of Latin and French words
entered directly and replaced the Old English word. From the period of Old English
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to the Modern English, this language has been changing extensively. On the other
words, Old English is difficult to be recognized since the vocabulary of Modern
English contains many loan words from other languages, especially Latin. Several
affixes from Old English period that still exist in Modern English are {-dom}, {-ful},
{-ness}, and {-ward}.
The affixes can be categorized into prefixes, infixes, and suffixes according to
the position to which the affixes are attached. A prefix attaches to the front of the root
or the base. It is termed as infix when an affix occurs within the root or the base.
While it attaches to the end of the root or the base, it is called as suffix. Based on the
function affixes are divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
Inflectional affixes are related to syntax while derivational are related to lexeme.
Inflectional affixes occur as the requirement of grammar whereas derivational are
used to coined new word.
This thesis deals with one of derivational suffixes, namely the suffix {-ive}.
This suffix has a function as derivational suffix since it produces the new adjectival
word. O‟Grady and de Guzman (2010: 124) state the root of suffix {-ive} has lexical
category as a verb. However, there are some exceptional cases, such as: secretive.
The word secretive is constructed by the root secret and the suffix {-ive}. This word
has a noun lexical category as a root which means the suffix {-ive} does not only
attach to the verb base. Thus, the base of suffix {-ive} will be examined in a deeper
analysis in this thesis. Another case is on the word, affirmative. It can be broken
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down into the base affirm and the suffix {-ative}. According to Aronoff, et al (2011:
15) “forms with the same meaning but different sound shapes may be instances of the
same morpheme if their distribution is not overlap”. The word, affirmative indicates
that the suffix {-ive} may have other variant which in morphology termed as
allomorph. This condition triggers the researcher to analyze the allomorph of the
suffix {-ive}. The other problem is in the meaning of the suffix {-ive}. As a
morpheme, the suffix {-ive} has a contribution in changing the meaning of the base.
Based on Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary, the meaning of the
suffix {-ive} is “tending to do something specified (2006: 885)”. However, many of
the words contain the suffix {-ive} do not denote that meaning. The word, instinctive
for instance, does not mean „*tending to do instinct‟. According to The New Oxford
American Dictionary (2005: 923) instinctive means “relating to instinct”. Akmajian,
et al (2001: 49) state “The meaning of many complex word are not merely
composites of the meaning their parts”.
This study aims to attain a deeper understanding of the words containing the
suffix {-ive}. It will lead the learner to acquiring the spelling and the meaning. On the
other hand this study also enriches vocabulary to the leaners.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the introduction, the problem for this research can be formulated as
follows:
1. What are the bases receiving the suffix {-ive}?
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2. What are the allomorphs of the suffix {-ive}?
3. What are the meaning of the suffix {-ive}?
C. Objectives of Study
In general, the purpose of the study is to find out the suffixation of the suffix
{-ive} based on the distribution, its forms and the impact of suffixation, and its
meaning. Hence, this thesis has three objectives of the study. The first objective is to
identify the base in the words that receive the suffix {-ive}. In the way of analyzing
the base, it will be classified based on their part of speech, distribution, and historical
background. The second objective is to analyze the allomorphs of the suffix {-ive}
based on the phonological and morphological conditioned. The third objective is to
identify the meaning of the suffix {-ive}.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to direct this thesis to the objectives, it is important to comprehend the
concept in this study which is defined as follows:
Morphology is “the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch
of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they formed”
(Aronof et all, 2011:2). This study means to examine the structure of the word
containing suffix {-ive}. Thus the concept of morphology is important as the basic
knowledge in analyzing the problem discussed in this study.
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Morpheme is “the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with
the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure”
(Katamba, 1993: 24). On the other word, a morpheme is a smallest unit which always
has a meaning.
Morph is “a physical form representing some morpheme in a language”
(Katamba, 1993:24). On the other words, a morph is the realization of the morpheme.
Allomorph is “one of the variant pronunciations of a morpheme, among which
the choice is determined by the phonological, grammatical or lexical context.”
(Carstairs, 2002:141). In the concise word, an allomorph is the variant of the morph
which represents the same morpheme.
Affix is “a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme
or morphemes such as a root or stem or base” (Katamba, 1993: 44). An affix cannot
stand independently. It must attaches to free morpheme. Therefore, an affix is called
as bound morpheme. The word, reconsider, for example, the affix {re-} cannot stand
alone as a word even though it has its own meaning. An affix which is after the root
or stem or base is known as suffix. Gleason (1961: 59) defines suffix as “A
morpheme added to the end of the base to form a new word.”
Base is “any unit to which any kind of affixes can be attached.” The affixes
attached to a base maybe either inflectional affixes, which are used for syntactic or
grammatical reason or derivational affixes which alter the meaning or the word class
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of the base (Katamba. 1993:45). A base can be a free morpheme or a root. This
concept needs to be mentioned while as a bound morpheme the suffix {-ive} needs a
base to attach. Furthermore, the complex word, such as: reproductive, the suffix
{-ive} does not attach to the root but from the base reproduce.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts, namely review of related studies and
review of related theories. The review of related studies discusses the similar studies
which have done by previous researchers related to the topic of this thesis. On the
other hand, the review of related theories discusses on the theories that are applicable
to the topic of this study.
A. Review of Related Studies
There are three studies done by other researchers on the similar topic with this
study. Those studies are reviewed in this part. They are taken from Perangin–angin‟s,
Denistia‟s and Maharani‟s studies
Parangin–angin, in his study entitled “A Morphological Study of the English
Noun Suffix {-ion},” formulated three basic problems which become the objectives
of his study. The first objective is the phonetic form of the suffix {-ion}. The data
were collected from two sources; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1974) and
The New Grolier Webster International Dictionary of English Language vol I and II
(1974). Parangin–angin concluded the suffix {-ion} has nine complex allomorphs.
Those are {-ion}, {-ation}, {-ition}, {-tion}, {-cation}, {-action}, {-ution}, {-iation}
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and {-sion}. After identifying the allomorphs, he applies two approaches in analyzing
the problem, which are synchronic and diachronic approach. The allomorph {-ion} is
phonologically predictable. Thus, it is analyzed using synchronic approach. The
allomorph {-ion} has the process of palatalization. The palatalize sounds are
voiceless alveolar /t/ and /s/ become fricative sibilant /ʃ/, and voiced alveolar /d/ and
/z/ become voiced fricative sibilant /ʒ/. In the second objective, Parangin–Angin
(2000: 69) states “the lexical meaning of the suffix {-ion} which are found from the
dictionary, are „action‟, „state‟ or „condition‟ „product‟ or „result‟ and „something
producing a result‟”. The suffix {-ion} is the most productive suffix in English.
Hence, it contains many meanings. Since the suffix {-ion} is the derivational suffix, it
modifies the lexical category from verb base into noun. On the third objective
Parangin–angin says the distribution of suffix {-ion} can be categorized as affixation,
compound word and back formation.
Another study is the thesis done by Denistia, entitled “The Distribution of
Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {- er}, {- ist} and {-an}”. This study is related
to previous thesis, which discuses on the meaning introduced by the suffixes {-er},
{-ist} and {-an} and the distribution of the allomorphs of suffixes {-er} and {-an}.
The data are taken from the difference source of Parangin–angin thesis. She uses
Hornby Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000) as source of the data. She
finds out three allomorphs of the suffix, which are {-er}, {-or}, {-eer} /ɪər/ and {-ier}
/ɪər/. Meanwhile, the allomorphs of the suffix {-an} are {-ian} /ʃn/, {-ian} /ɪən/, and
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{-ean} /ɪən/. The meaning introduced by the suffixes {-er}, {-ist} and {-an} generally
is „a person who is X‟. In this study she presents the detail of the meaning of each
suffix. She states that the meaning is influenced by the lexical category of stem
attached by those suffixes. The suffixes {-er} and {-ist} can attach to particular verb,
noun and adjective stem. On the other hand, the suffix {-an} only can attach to verb
stem.
The other study is from Maharani, entitled “A Study of the Meaning and
Allomorphs of the English Suffix {-cy}”. This study discusses the base received by
the suffix {-cy}, the meaning of the suffix {-cy} and the morphophonemic process
undergoes in the affixation of the suffix {-cy}. It is Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English (2009) and Webster’s New World College Dictionary (2005)
that is used as the source of the data. As the result, the suffix {-cy} is derivational
noun producing suffix that mostly attaches to adjective bases, though, it also attaches
to noun and verb bases. The most common meaning occurs in the suffix {-cy} is
„quality, condition, state, or fact or being‟ and „position, rank, or office‟, as well as
other less common meanings „the act or process of‟, „people who are X‟ and
„movement in the manner of X‟. The morphophonemic processes undergo in the
suffix {-cy} are the vowel and schwa insertion, vowel and consonant deletion, vowel
and consonant change, vowel reduction, and stress shift.
This present study has three objectives of the study. On the beginning it will
start on the analysis of base of the suffix {-ive}. This examination will include the
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root of the suffix {-ive} and the base that can be combined with suffix {-ive}.
Synchronic and diachronic approaches will be used in analyzing data. The synchronic
approach is applied to analyze what kind of distribution of the base of the suffix
{-ive} has. The diachronic approach is used to examine the etymology of words
having the suffix {-ive}. By recognizing the distribution of base the suffix {-ive}, the
analysis of allomorphs can be conducted. Afterwards, the analysis will continue in-
depth on the meaning carrying in the suffix {-ive}. This study is closely related to the
previous thesis. First, using synchronic and diachronic approaches in analyzing the
base is similar with what is done by Parangin–angin‟s study on answering first
problem formulation. Second, the analysis of the allomorph is also discussed in the
Parangin–Angin‟s thesis. Third, either this present study or those three studies discuss
on the meaning of derivational affixes. This present study is meant to develop the
morphological analysis. It will enrich the study in the field of morphology since the
suffix {-ive} has never been analyzed before.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Morphology
Bauer (2003: 335) states the term of morphology etymologically comes from
the Greek morphe means „form‟ and –ology means „study‟. Two field of studies
applying this term. It is used in the biological term and the linguistics term. The
definition of each term should be detached since it has the different object of the
study. Matthew says (1991: 3) “as the biological term it is older by at least thirty
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years”. Morphology in the branch of biology means the study of the form and the
structure of organism thorough the evolution the species, whereas as the subfield
of linguistic morphology means the study of the form and structure of word.
Further definition of this term is mentioned by Aronoff, et al (2011: 2)
”morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the
branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they
formed”.
As cited before the study of morphology obviously will discuss on word. The
term word is very familiar, though for people who do not study linguistics. The
usage of word is very important as the tool of human being for communication.
However, in defining the term of word itself is still bias. Katamba (1993:17)
mentions “what we mean by „word‟ is not always clear, difficulties in clarifying
the nature of the word is used in a variety of senses which usually are not clearly
distinguished”.
According to Aitchison (1978: 66) the word implies three functions in
linguistics; as a lexical item, a syntactic item and a phonological item. A lexical
item means a word as phonetic group which is related in some way to a unit of
meaning, for example: break. It is a word that has a meaning „being damage’. A
syntactic item means a word as a group of sound that implies syntactic
environment. The word break has two different shapes in past and past participle,
broke and broken. Those two shapes have the same meaning but each shape is
used in the different environment. Moreover, the shape break, broke or broken
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carries the part of speech as a verb. A phonological item means a word as a
sequence of phoneme. As an example break is a word that is constructed by a
group of phonemes /breɪk/. In morphology, the act of the analysis is dealing with
word. This is why a morphological study is integrated with other branches of
linguistics such as syntax, phonology and semantic.
2. Internal Element of Words
a. Morpheme
In English many words can easily be segmented to a smaller component.
The words printer, reader and editor for example, they can be split into print-er,
read-er and edit-or. It is indeed that word contains an internal structure. O‟Grady,
et al (1989: 133) says “Word has an internal structure consisting of smaller units
organized with respect to each in particular way”. The words above have the verb
root, print, read, and edit. It is shown that the ending –er or –or influence the
lexical category and the meaning. The smaller unit of word which influence the
function and meaning is called as morpheme. Aronoff, et al states (2011: 2),
“morpheme is often defined as the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical
function”. The words print, read and edit cannot be split into a smaller unit. It
means that each word only consists of a single morpheme. This word is also
called as a simple word. Meanwhile, a complex word is a word that has more than
one morpheme. In this case printer, reader, and editor consist of two morphemes;
therefore, it can be called as complex words. The notion of morpheme is different
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from a syllable. A syllable is phonological segment which is made up of a
syllabic nucleus. Unlike a morpheme, a syllable does not involve with the
meaning. “Morpheme may consist of one or several whole syllables, part of
syllable, or, in fact any combination of phoneme without regard to their status as
syllable” (Gleason, 1961:53). The word, printer consists of three morphemes;
print,-er,-s. Though, it only consists of two syllables. The segment –s is also a
morpheme which represents a single sound since it influences the meaning of the
base printer. Conversely, it is not a syllable because it does not have a nucleus.
A morpheme can be categorized to free morpheme and bound morpheme. A
morpheme such a simple word is called free morpheme since it can stand alone as
an independent word. It also can be a root. Katamba (1993: 41) states “Many
words contain root standing on its own. The root which is capable of standing
independently is called a free morpheme.” The illustration is in the following
noun phrase; the girl with an umbrella. Each word is representing a free
morpheme. Afterward, a free morpheme is classified into content words and
function words. Girl and umbrella are the example of content words, whereas the,
with and an represent function words. The other type of morpheme is called
bound morpheme. By contrast, this morpheme cannot stand independently. It
must attach to a root, a stem or a free morpheme. In English bound morpheme can
be added to the beginning or the end of a root or base. The attachment of bound
morpheme also depends on the particular condition of a root or base. The
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functions of bound morpheme are to build a new word or to show particular
syntactic meaning. There are three kind of bound morphemes: bound bases,
contracted forms and affixes. The example of a bound base is the base cran in the
word cranberry. The example of a contracted form is the word will, in the
sentence they’ll go nowhere. „ll is a contracted for of the word will. The example
of an affix is {re-} in the word rewrite. The detailed explanation of the affix is in
the theory of affixation.
b. Allomorph
The concept of an allomorph cannot be detached from the relation of a
morpheme and a morph. According to Bauer a morpheme is called as a morph
when “it represents a phonetic or orthographic form of morpheme” (1983: 15). In
some cases a morpheme can have two or more morphs which are termed as
allomorphs. The clear description on allomorph was stated by Gleason (1961: 61),
defining allomorph as “variant of a morpheme which occurs in a certain definable
environment.” Through this definition, it is understandable that the occasion of
allomorph depends on particular environment. Katamba (1993: 27) states “the
central technique used in identification of morphemes is based on the notion of
distribution; the total set of contexts in which a particular linguistic form occurs.”
The allomorphs of the same morpheme can occur if they are in complementary
distribution. This means the allomorphs almost do not occur in the same
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condition. Due the fact that an allomorph is a variant of morpheme, it always
represents the same meaning and grammatical function.
Based on Katamba (1993: 28-31) there are four conditions in which the
allomorph occur: phonologically conditioned, grammatically conditioned,
lexically conditioned and suppletion. The phonologically conditioned means the
occurrence of allomorph is based on the phonological properties, for instance, the
prefix {in-} has the allomorphs {im-} /im/, {in-} /in/, {il-} /il/ and {in} /iŋ/ based
on the phonological conditioned. The grammatical conditioned means the
occurrence of the allomorph is caused by the grammatical context. The verbs
weep, sweep and shake, in past form become wept, swept and shook. Those verbs
are the example of grammatical conditioned. “Lexically conditioned, i.e. use of
particular allomorph may be obligatory if a certain word is present”
(Katamba.1993: 30). The plural form of ox and child are the examples of
allomorph based on lexical conditioned. An allomorph is in a condition of
suppletion when it represents the same morpheme which phonetically unrelated,
the example: good, better and best.
c. Base, Stem and Root
Before going further to the analysis of word formation, the concept of a base,
stem and root must be understood. They are common terminologies that usually
are used in morphological studies. These notions are closely similar to each other
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now that the explanation of those terms should be discussed to avoid
misunderstanding. Bauer states “root, stem and base are all terms used in the
literature to designate that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been
removed” (1983: 20).
On the previous section, a root has been mentioned that sometimes it can be a
free morpheme. The definition of a root according to Katamba (1993: 41) is “the
irreducible core of word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it”. On the other
word, a root is a basic part that carries the major component of meaning. A root
can stand alone as a simple word so it could be a free morpheme. Bauer
(1983: 20) defines “a root is form which is not further analyzable, either in terms
of derivational or inflectional morphology.” Hence, it is possible to modify a root
by attaching with bound morphemes. The word unconditional is a complex word
which is formed by three morphemes; {un-} condition {-al}. In this environment
condition is called a root since it cannot be segmented anymore and carries the
major meaning of word unconditional.
Katamba (1993: 45) states “stem is that part of a word that is in existence
before any inflectional affixes; those affixes whose presence is required by the
syntax such as markers of singular and plural number in nouns, tense verb etc.”
Unlike a root, a stem is an analyzable. On the simple words, this term can be
defined as a shape of word that occurs after the inflectional affixes have been
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removed. The example is in a word workers. Here work is called a root, but
worker is the stem to which the inflectional suffix {-s} attached.
A base is any unit to which affixes can be added, whether they are
derivational or inflectional affixes. This means a base can be a stem or root,
depends on the particular environment. It is called as a stem when in the context
of inflectional morphology. It also may be a root when it becomes the irreducible
core of a word. A base also can be a complex word which contains derivational
suffixes. The example is in the word untouchables. Here, touch is a root or a base.
Then touchable is base of word untouchable. Then untouchable is the stem or the
base of untouchables.
3. Affixation
Gleason (1961: 38) states that “The broadest and most comprehensive classes
of morphemes in English and the most nearly universal in the languages of the
world is roots and affixes.” An affixation is the most common way of building
new words in the language. The process is by combining a base or root or stem
with affix. The affix can be both inflectional and derivational. By looking at the
definition, obviously an affix is a bound morpheme. Another usage of affixation
except creating new words is adding some information to the base. Even though
there are several types of affixation, this study delimits into suffixation and
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prefixation. Based on the position when affixation precedes the base, it is called
as prefixation. Conversely, when it occurs after the base, it is called suffixation.
Based on the function, affixes are differentiated into two classes. They are
inflectional and derivational affixes. The generalization is inflectional does not
change the core of lexical meaning or the lexical category of the word where it
attaches to the base, for example: the suffix {-s} in plural noun. The word cat on
which attaches with the suffix {-s} does not change either the lexical category or
the meaning. The suffix {-s} is used to add some information about the quantity
and under grammatical reason. Moreover, before and after cat is attached by the
suffix {-s}, the lexical category is a noun. The second type is derivational affixes.
Bauer (2003: 27) defines “derivation is the morphological process that results in
the formation of new lexeme.” In contrast derivational affixes characteristically
change the category and the type meaning of the form where they apply. The
inflectional affixes are applied under grammatical reason, while derivation is used
to form a new word. The verb institute is the example. It can form a noun
institution by attached with suffix {-ion}. It may form an adjective in the word
institutional, becoming a verb in word institutionalize, or deriving a noun in the
word institutionalization.
4. Theory of Verb Categorization
“A verb is that part of speech which expresses action (run, walk, steal, kill,
jump), being (am, become), or state of being (suffer, rejoice).” Harman
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(1951: 93). Based on the existence of the object, Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and
Svartvik (1985: 14) categorize verb as intensive verb and extensive verb. An
intensive verb means it does not need an object. The other named that usually
used is intransitive verb. On the other hand, a verb which needs an object is called
an extensive verb or transitive verb. The sentence I walked around the city
yesterday. Walked is intransitive or intensive verb since it does not need an object.
Then in the sentence Marley squeezed the shirt. The word squeezed needs an
object the shirt; therefore, it is called a transitive verb.
There are two kind of extensive verbs, namely monotransitive and ditransitive
verbs. A monotransitive means a verb that only needs one object. The verb within
two arguments such as: see, move, push and pulled is a monotransitive verb. A
ditransitive tends to need two objects. In the sentence containing a verb which has
direct and indirect objects, the verb is always ditransitive. The verbs, such as:
send, give, show, and throw are some examples. Moreover, transitive and
intransitive also can relate to the meaning of verb. Harman (1951: 94) “Verbs
may be classified according to their meaning as transitive and intransitive.” In
transitive verb the action is conceived as “going across” or “passing over” from a
subject to an object. Nevertheless, intransitive verb either shows no action at all or
represents action as limited to the subject or agent. Consequently, a verb which
presents the idea is normally intransitive verb.
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5. Borrowing
The term of borrowing in linguistics means the process to take words from
another language and make them part of its own vocabulary. This process is
common due to the fact that language is very dynamic. When people find new
item or concept from abroad, they need a term to go along with new acquisition.
Campbell (2004: 62) says “A word which originally was not part of the
vocabulary of the recipient language but was adopted from some other language
and made part of the borrowing language‟s vocabulary is named as loanwords.”
Some loanwords usually modify to fit the phonological or morphological
structure of the borrowing language. The word beer in English, become biruu
when it is borrowed to Japan.
In the earlier period, English vocabulary was similar with other Germanic
languages. However, the present-day English has a cosmopolitan vocabulary.
That means English shares a great number of words from many other languages.
Baugh and Cable (2002:10) say “more than a half of English vocabulary is
derived from Latin. Some of these borrowing have been direct, a great many
through French.”
6. Review of suffix {-ive}
The suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix which the suffixation usually derives
verb bases into adjective words. It is one of the Latinate suffixes which are
borrowed in English. The base of the suffix {-ive} is usually a loanword.
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Marchand (1969: 315) states “the suffix is ultimately L –ivus, a formative chiefly
deriving adjectives from the second participle of verb, as administrativus,
admissivus and captivus.” Before presence in English, the suffix {-ivus} was
borrowed by French. The form changed into {-if}. In French, the adjective {-if}
becomes {-ive} in case the adjective is in a feminine form. When it is analyzed
from the structural point of view, the words with the suffix {-ive} are equivalent
with the Latin coined suffix {-ion}, for instance: additive / addition, cognitive /
cognition, extensive / extension, and decisive / decision.
Quirk, et al (1985: 1555) asserts “occasionally the base of suffix {-ive} is a
noun like secret becomes secretive”. According to Quirk, et al (1985:1555) this
suffix also has the other form that is {-ative}, for examples: talk into talkative and
affirm becomes affirmative. However, there is another variant of the suffix {-ive}.
In the words additive, from morphological point of view this words can be
segmented into add + {-itive}. Hence, the allomorph {-itive} may also the other
variant of the suffix {-ive}. As a bound morpheme, the suffix {-ive} must have a
meaning. O‟Grady, et al (2005: 100) states the suffix {-ive} has the semantic
effect to the base as „having the property of doing‟. Consequently, the word
impressive can be interpreted „having the property of doing impress‟.
Furthermore, the detailed meaning of the suffix {-ive} according to Oxford
American Dictionary is “showing the ability to perform the activity represent by
the verb.” (2005: 690). However, Aronoff, et al (2011) say that the derivational
suffixes do not have a transparent and certain meaning.
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C. Theoretical Framework
This study is categorized as the morphological study. Thus, there are several
linguistic theories that are used to the data analysis. This study conducts three
problems as the objectives.
The first problem formulation is to identify the base of the suffix {-ive}. The
theories of a base, root and stem are applied to the data. Afterwards the theory of
affixation is also implemented. The reasons using those theories are to break down
the words into smaller unit and to prove the bound morpheme is a derivational suffix
{-ive}. Then the theory of word by Aitchison (1978: 66) is conducted. The word is
regarded as the phonological item, syntactic item and lexical item. The data treat as
the sequence of phonemes to identify the distribution of the suffix {-ive}, syntactic
item to identify the part of speech of the words and the bases, and lexical item to
identify the morphological proses of each datum. In order to find the part of speech of
the bases, the theories of the verb categorization are also applied. On the lexical item
the theory of borrowing is also integrated to find the core of the data in other
languages.
In answering the second problem formulation the researcher applies the theory of
allomorph. This theory is used to analyze the distribution of the allomorph of the
suffix {-ive}.
In answering the third problem formulation the researcher applies the theory of
morpheme and derivational affixes. The theory of morpheme indicates that the suffix
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{-ive} has their own meaning. The theory of derivational affixes is used because it
says that derivational affixes do not have a certain meaning.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The description on the methodology is employed in conducting this study. In
this chapter, there are three main parts: the object of the study, the approach of the
study, and the method of the study. The object of the study mainly describes about
what the data are and in which they are taken from. The approach of the study
discusses the description of the approach applied on this study and why it is
presented. The method of the study describes about the method of collecting the data
and the step of analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The objects of this study are the words having the suffix {-ive}. The primary data
were taken from printed dictionaries; Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic
Dictionary (2006) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005).
Both of them are used since they are reliable dictionary which usually being used as
the reference for academic study. The first dictionary consists of 2212 pages. It
provides a great number of word collections and the information about the word
etymology. It also supplies the precise year on which each word first used.
Nevertheless, it does not supply the standard phonetic transcription. The other
dictionary consists of 1959 pages. It gives a large number of words collections
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involving the etymology of each word and has the International Phonetics Alphabet
symbol with narrowed transcription. The IPA symbol is significant in order to
examine the base of the suffix {-ive}. Besides that, the consideration using two
dictionaries is to complete the data collection.
B. Approach of the Study
This present study applies a morphological approach in analyzing the form of
words having the suffix {-ive}. At first the morphological analytic approach was used
to analyze the data. This approach refers to break words down into a sequence of
morpheme. Aronoff, et al (2011: 14) state, “no matter what language we’re looking
at, we need analytic methods that are independent of the structures we are
examining”. After obtaining the morphemes, the data are examined using synchronic
and diachronic approach. A synchronic approach means to know the permissible form
of the base that can be attached by the suffix {-ive} using the present-day system.
Therefore data are analyzed based on the theories of linguistic, such as:
morphological and phonological theories. Then, the diachronic approach is also
implemented, in case the synchronic analysis does not reach satisfactory result.
C. Method of the Study
This present study applies the empirical data research as the method of study. It is
a method that the all of the data collection as the source for the data analysis. The
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primary sources are from two dictionaries, namely Webster’s New Explorer
Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second
Edition (2005). On the method of the study, the discussion is classified into two
categories which are called as the data collection and data analysis process.
1. Data Collection
The first step that the researcher did was collecting the data of the words
receiving the suffix {-ive}. The data were collected by scanning each page The New
Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005) and list of words in Webster’s
New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006). In the first dictionary, the meaning of
some words containing the suffix {-ive} were not explained. It only provided the
derivation form. Hence, the second dictionary was used to complete the meaning of
the words in the data collection. Definitely, not all words ending with segment –ive
could be categorized as the words with the suffix {-ive}. The suffix {-ive} has a
function to make the adjectival words. The word which did not have the part of
speech as an adjective, such: incentive or forgive was eliminated. Some words ending
with the suffix {-ive} but do not have the base in English are included to the data
collection. The suffix {-ive} is productive suffix. There were 415 words having the
suffix {-ive} based on the two dictionaries mentioned above. Despite using a data
sampling method, the researcher believed that using a population method was more
appropriate. The population study gave more detailed analysis than the sample study.
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However, in order to prevent redundancy on the analysis, the researcher presented 10
words utmost in the analysis result and discussion.
Since some words having the suffix {-ive} are borrowed from Latin. The data
collection was divided into two main categories, the data which can be analyzed by
the synchronic analysis and the data that are treated by diachronic analysis. The first
categorization means that the words with the suffix {-ive} can be analyzed with the
present-day theory. The second categorization means that in order to find the result,
the data must be examined by observing the historical background. There are 260
words categorized into synchronic analysis and 155 words into diachronic analysis.
As using the population method of the study, the researcher analyzed all the data
collection. The data are included the orthographical forms, the phonetic
transcriptions, the borrowing words, and the meanings.
2. Data Analysis
Based on the first problem formulation, the study focused on the base of suffix
{-ive}. Hence, the researcher did some following step. First, the list of bases ended
with suffix {-ive} were categorized into their lexical category. Next, a diachronic
approach was applied to analyze some bases which did not have lexical category as
adjective. This approach was used to understand the type of borrowing, the data
might be borrowed only the root or the whole -form from other languages. On the
diachronic data, the analysis is considered on the orthography form since the other
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language has the different way to pronounce their word than English pronunciation.
After collecting the adjectival bases, the analysis of the distribution depend on the
phonetic transcription of the base. It applies the feature of last phoneme which the
suffix {-ive} can be constrained.
The second problem formulation discusses the allomorphs of the suffix {-ive}.
The allomorph occurs in a certain phonological condition or morphological condition.
Thus, at first examination is discussing the allomorph based on the phonological
condition. It is the similar with the analysis of base on phonological condition which
discussed on the feature of the last phoneme. Only if it is in complementary
distribution in phonological condition, a unit is said to be an allomorph. On the
variant which is not complementary distribution with the other, the diachronic
analysis is implemented to know the morphological condition.
The third problem discusses on the meaning of the suffix {-ive}. The first step
was to identify the meaning before and after the suffix {-ive} was attached. After
getting all the data, the generalization of the data has applied as the next step.
Afterward the final step was concluded what are the meaning of the suffix {-ive}.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, three parts of the discussion are presented. The discussions are
arranged systematically based on the problem formulations. On this thesis, there are
three objectives of the study that must be analyzed; the first is the bases to which the
suffix {-ive} can be attached, the second one is what the allomorphs of the suffix
{-ive} has and what their distribution are, the third one is what the meaning of the
suffix {-ive} denotes.
In discussing the first problem formulation, some theories beside
morphological theory are needed since morphology affiliates with other field of
linguistics. The discussion also applies the phonological theories and historical
background, in aiming to provide the satisfying answer. From both The New Oxford
American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary
(2006), there are 414 words that have the suffix {-ive}. Concerning those data, the
primary analysis applies synchronic analysis. It means that the discussion is based on
the present-day system in English. Nevertheless, not all the data are suitable in
analyzing using synchronic approach so that the diachronic analysis also is also
implemented. Most of the bases of the suffix {-ive} are originated from Latin. The
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suffix {-ive} is Latinate suffix which inherits from the Latin suffix, {-ivus}. The
diachronic analysis is placed as the second analysis after the synchronic analysis.
After discussing the bases of the suffix {-ive}, the allomorphs of this suffix
can be identified and analyzed. An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme; it
shares the same function and the meaning. The suffix {-ive} has two other variants
which are {-ative} and {-itive}. The allomorphs of the suffix {-ive} can be identified
based on the phonological and morphological conditioned of the bases. On the
phonological conditioned, the ending phoneme of the base of each variant should be
in complementary distribution.
In analyzing the third problem formulation, the conclusion about the meaning
of the suffix {-ive} is based on the two dictionaries. At first step, the researcher look
for the meaning suffix {-ive} itself in those two dictionaries. The meaning from those
two dictionaries is used as the references before conducting further analysis.
Afterwards the analysis is conducted by comparing the root or the base before
attached to the suffix {-ive} and after they combine the suffix {-ive}. The
categorization of the meaning is classified on the next section
A. The Base of the Suffix {-ive}
1. The Lexical Category of the Base
Some experts of linguistics state differently about the bases of the suffix {-ive}
O‟Grady, et al (2005: 119) assert that the adjectives words with the suffix {-ive} are
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derived from verb bases. Otherwise, Quirk, et al (1985: 1555) state the suffix {-ive}
can be attached to the bases of the verb and some of noun. From the data collection,
the suffix {-ive} is usually attached to the verb base, the occurrence of verb bases is
the most predominant. However, there are other part of speech which the suffix
{-ive} can be combined. Please observe the following examples:
adopt adoptive
intellect intellective
intense intensive
The sample of the words above are the bases of the suffix {-ive} taken from The
New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic
Dictionary (2006). After suffixation process, the three outcomes; adoptive,
intellective, and intensive has the part of speech as adjectives. If the analysis is
concerning the bases, each base has different part of speech. The base adopt is known
as a verb, the base intellect is known as a noun and the base intense is known has an
adjective lexical category. Hence, it can reach a tentative conclusion that the suffix
{-ive} may be attached to the verb, noun and adjective bases. However, if the
adjective base, such as: intense is treated in the diachronic analysis, the word
intensive is not built from intense + {-ive} but from the Latin borrowed word,
intensivus. Regarding the data there are only three adjective bases including the base
intense. The other words are sedate and resolute. Those two words have the same
condition with the word intense. Sedative and resolutive are generated from the Latin
loan words sedativus and resolutivus. Hence, it is important to apply diachronic
analysis in this study.
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a. The Verb Base
The bases of the suffix {-ive} are dominated by the verb bases. The verb bases
which the suffix {-ive} can be combined are either transitive or intransitive verbs.
Nonetheless, the suffix {-ive} mostly attaches to transitive verb bases. Based on The
New Oxford American Dictionary (2005), here are the examples of transitive verbs
correct corrective
destruct destructive
contemplate contemplative
compare comparative
create creative
In order to fulfill the appropriate grammatical aspect, those verbs require objects
when they are put into a sentence. The verb destruct needs an object which can be
involved a destruction or the verb create needs an object which is the result of a
creation. In case of the verb compare, the suffixation process of {-ive} is altered. It is
unlike the suffixation of the others samples, for instance: correct + {-ive} becomes
corrective. The verb, compare + {-ive} does not turn into *comparive but becomes
comparative. This changing form of the suffix {-ive} is discussed in the analysis of
allomorph of the suffix {-ive}.
On the preceding section, it was stated that the base of the suffix {-ive} are both
transitive and intransitive verb. Regarding The New Oxford American Dictionary
(2005), several bases are noted as intransitive verb, for instance:
allude allusive
collude collusive
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cogitate cogitative
collaborate collaborative
conduce conducive
Whereas the transitive verb must have an object, the intransitive verb does not
need an object. An intransitive verb only needs subject but, neither a direct object nor
indirect object is needed. The example is in the verb, collaborate appears in the
sentence: Microsoft and Nokia agreed to collaborate. The sentence does not require
an object in order to fulfill a good grammatical aspect.
b. The Noun Base
The bases of the suffix {-ive} also can be a noun. On this study, both on The New
Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic
Dictionary (2006), there are seven bases which are noun:
ingress ingressive
intellect intellective
recluse reclusive
reflex reflexive
secret secretive
instinct instinctive
adjunct adjunctive
The suffix {-ive} is the derivational suffix which also can attach to the noun base.
The categorizations of noun are countable and uncountable. The bases, such as:
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intellect, secret, reflex, recluse, instinct, adjunct, are categorized as countable noun.
Only in one occasion the suffix {-ive} attaches to uncountable noun. The base,
ingress is the base which is categorized as uncountable noun. Hence, in the noun
bases, the suffix {-ive} mostly combines to countable noun.
2. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ive}
The suffix {-ive} is known as the underlying representation among the variants of
{-ive}, {-ative} and {-itive}. Regarding the data, it is the most dominant form which
occurs in 367 words having the suffix {-ive}. Therefore, this form is sited at the first
analysis. The following discussion is the analysis of the allomorph {-ative} which
appears on the 39 words. Afterwards the discussion is on the allomorph {-itive}
which appears on 8 occasion.
The table of the distribution of the suffix {-ive} taken from The New Oxford
American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary
(2006) can be seen below:
NO LAST PHONEME OF THE
BASE
OCCURANCE PERCENTAGE
1 /t/ 182 76.7%
2 /s/ 27 11.4%
3 /d/ 21 8.9%
4 /z/ 2 0.8%
5 /v/ 2 0.8%
6 /b/ 2 0.8%
236 100%
Table 1. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ive} Based on the Synchronic Data
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a. The Base Ending with Voiceless Alveolar Stop /t/
The base ending with phoneme /t/ is the most productive among the other
phonemes. The accumulation of the bases is 182 words means that from all of the
data collection the occurrence is more than 70%. The data is dominantly by the base
ending with letters –ate. Even though in English there is suffix {-ate}, most of the
bases are regarded as roots. From The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and
Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006), these are the following
examples:
Verb Adjective
innovate innovative
duplicate duplicative
evaluate evaluative
compensate compensative
evacuate evacuative
Above are examples of the verbs considered as the root. Those words are
never truncated into smaller unit. The word innovate does not come from
*innove+{-ate}, duplicate does not build from *duplic+{-ate} or evaluate does not
originate from * evalu + {-ate}. Those words are regarded as free morpheme. On the
other hand, those words also can be called as roots. Moreover, the suffix {-ive} also
attaches to the polymorphemic bases. There are few bases known as complex word.
Several examples of polymorphemic words are:
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Noun Verb Adjective
origin originate originative
decor decorate decorative
exploit exploitate exploitative
fix fixate fixative
Considerably, the verb bases are known as complex words since each consist
of two morphemes. The noun root, origin, decor, exploit and fix are attached to the
suffix {-ate}. Then the bases with the suffix {-ate} are combined to suffix {-ive}.
Eventually this suffixation process only occurs in 4 bases regarding all of the data.
Based on the data above it seems that the suffix {-ive} is productive when it is
combined with the root ending with –ate or /-eit/. The productiveness is determined
by the process of the suffixation in Latin. Marchand (1969: 315) says “the suffix is
ultimately L {-ivus}, a formative chiefly deriving adjectives from the second
participle of verbs.” It means that in Latin the suffix {-ivus} generally attached to
past participle verb. Regarding the data the roots with segment –ate are originated
from Latin. According to Marchand (1969: 256) “Latin participles in –atus were
adapted in Middle English. From about 1300 we find forms such as create, ordinate,
translate to render L creatus, ordinatus and translatus”. On the other words, the root
of the suffix {-ive} ending with segment –ate is a Latin loan word derived from the
past participle verb form. Thus, the productiveness of the suffix {-ive} cannot be
detached from the influence of Latin. The Latin suffix {-ivus} commonly attaches to
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past participle verb is similar to the English suffix {-ive} which generally attaches to
verb which are Latin loan word in a past participle form.
The process of affixation in both two illustrations above do not change either
the form of the suffix {-ive} or the form of base. In some cases the bases ending with
/t/ also has the alteration of the form. The word, present when attaches to the suffix
{-ive} turns into presentative. On this case the discussion is presented in the
discussion of the allomorph {-ive}.
b. The Bases Ending with Voiceless Alveolar Fricative /s/
The suffix {-ive} also attaches to the base ending with phoneme /s/. There are 27
bases which can be attached by the suffix {-ive}. The suffixation process combines
the base and the suffix {-ive} without causing any alternation. The following example
of the bases ending with /s/ taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005)
and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) can be seen on the list
below:
regress /rɪˈɡres/ regressive /rɪˈgres.ɪv/
impress /ɪmˈpres/ impressive /ɪmˈpres.ɪv/
conduce /kənˈdυs/ conducive /kənˈdjuː.sɪv/
purpose /ˈpɜːrpəs/ purposive /ˈpɜːrpəsɪv/
expense /ɪkˈspents/ expensive /ɪkˈspent.sɪv/
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The bases, such as: regress, impress, conduce, purpose, and expense when
attached to the suffix {-ive} become regressive, impressive, conducive, purposive,
and expensive. Regarding the suffixation of the {-ive} in the bases ending with
phoneme /s/, the base sense is exceptional since after the suffixation the shape of the
suffix {-ive} change into {-itive}. The analysis on this case is discussed in the
subchapter of allomorph of the suffix {-ive}.
c. The Bases End with Voiced Alveolar Stop /d/
The base ending with voiced alveolar stop occurs in 21 words. The suffixation
process is replacing the last consonant of the base. Below are the sample of the data
collection taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s
New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006):
allude /əˈluːd/ allusive / əˈluː.sɪv/
collude /kəˈluːd/ collusive /kəˈluː.sɪv/
abrade /əˈbreɪd/ abrasive /əˈbreɪ.sɪv/
erode /ɪˈrəʊd/ erosive /ɪˈrəʊsɪv/
The bases ending with /d/, allude, collude, abrade and erode after attached to the
suffix {-ive} alter into allusive, collusive, abrasive and erosive. When the bases
ending with /d/ are received by the suffix {-ive}, the suffixation process changes the
voiced alveolar stop /d/ into voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.
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d. The Bases Ending with Voiced Alveolar Fricative /z/
The base ending with /z/ appears in two words. The data is taken The New Oxford
American Dictionary (2005) Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary
(2006). These words are presented in the following list below:
incise /ɪnˈsaɪz/ incisive /ɪnˈsaɪz.ɪv/
effuse /ɪˈfjuːz/ effusive /ɪˈfjuːz.ɪv/
The bases, incise and effuse when they are attached to the suffix {-ive} change
into incisive and effusive. The suffixation process is adding the suffix {-ive} after the
base without any alternation in the base and the form of the suffix {-ive}.
e. The Bases End with Voiced Labiodental Fricative /v/
The bases of the suffix {-ive} ending with phoneme /v/ infrequently appear based
on the data collection. The occurrence is only in two words. The process of the
suffixation undergoes a complex suffixation process. Even though the shape of the
suffix {-ive} does not change, the alternation of the bases appear after the suffixation
process. Those two words are taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary
(2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006):
deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ deceptive /dɪˈsep.tɪv/
receive /rɪˈsiːv/ receptive /rɪˈsep.tɪv/
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When the suffix {-ive} attaches to the base deceive and receive, there is a vowel
change from /iː/ into /e/ and adding consonants /pt/ as follows. On such condition, the
proper analysis is using the diachronic method.
In diachronic analyses the words, deceive has the origin from Latin verb decipere
and receive has the origin recipere. Those Latin verbs have the past participle as
deceptus and receptus. The English suffix {-ive} is from Latin suffix {-ivus} which
attaches to past participle verb. The discussion is lead on the changing vowel into
consonants /pt/ on the suffixation processes are caused by the historical form of the
bases. The data of the Latin words are taken from Mahoney, Kevin. np. nd.
http://www.latin-dictionary.net . November 23, 2014.
f. The Bases End with Voiced Bilabial Stop /b/
There are only two words which are considered as bases of the suffix {-ive}.
Similar with the bases end with phoneme /v/, the suffixation process of the bases end
with phoneme /b/ is complex. Those data of the bases with /b/ from taken from The
New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic
Dictionary (2006):
absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ absorptive /əbˈzɔrp.tɪv/
resorb /rəˈzɔːb/ resorptive /rəˈzɔːp.tɪv/
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On the data above, the consonant /b/ changes into /pt/ after the suffixation
process. Such complex suffixation is properly applies diachronic method in analyzing
these data. From the data of The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005), the words
absorb and resorb have the root in Latin absorbere and resorbere. Those Latin
infinitive verbs have past participle forms, absorptus and resorptus. Since the
etymology of the words absorptive and resorptive is unknown, the forms are may be
built from the Latin past participle verb + {-ive}.
3. The Lexical Conditioned of the Suffix {-ive}
a. Blending
The words with the suffix {-ive} sometimes are not created from the process of
suffixation. Three words are made by the other morphological process which is
known as blending. O‟Grady, et al (2005: 140) state “blends are words that are
created from nonmorphemic parts of two already existing items”. These three words
generated from the process of blending are:
[contra + conceptive] contraceptive
[exterior + receptive] exteroceptive
[proprius + receptive] proscriptive
The three data above are taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary
(2005). Since it is concerning the suffix, the words having the suffix {-ive} are not on
the first item but at the second word. The process of blending in the words having the
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suffix {-ive} is not only by combining the two words from English. On the word
proscriptive, the first item is a Latin loan word proprius means „own‟.
b. Analogy
There are two words containing the suffix {-ive} which cannot be analyzed either
based on the suffixation process or blending. Those words were produced by analogy
method.
Words with the suffix {-ive} having the analogy process according to The New
Oxford American Dictionary (2005) are seductive and submissive. The word,
seductive is created by the analogy pattern of induction – inductive. The word,
submissive is produced by the analogy of the pattern remission – remissive.
The word seductive is not composed by *seduct + {-ive} and submissive is not
constructed by *submiss + {-ive}. On the other words, these words do not apply the
suffixation process.
c. Borrowing
After conducting the diachronic method, the researcher found most of the words
with the suffix {-ive} have the Latin root. The occurrence of the Latin root was 134
words. As mentioned before the suffix {-ive} is originated from Latin suffix {-ivus}.
Before it comes to English, French adapts the suffix {-ivus} into suffix {-if} to build
a masculine adjective. The form changes into {-ive} when it is a feminine adjective.
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On the other words, French also influences on etymology of the English suffix {-ive}.
Before they were borrowed by English, some of words receiving the Latin suffix
{-ivus} are already built up with the Latin base. The French suffix {-if} also attaches
to some Latin bases. In a few occasion, some words are originated from French and
other language. In general, many of the words passed into English directly and the
rest of the words passed through the medium of French. In order to make the
discussion on the diachronic analysis more easily to comprehend, the researcher uses
the table as follows:
N
O
Adjective
{-ive}
ENGLISH
Adjective {-if}
FRENCH
LATIN Non-
Latin
Base feminime masculine Adjective
{-ivus}
Latin
Verb
1 rebarbative rebarbative rebarbatif - - rebarber
2 facultative facultative facultatif - - faculte
3 caressive - - - - carezza
4 captive - - captivus - -
5 cognitive - - cognitivus - -
6 assumptive - - assumptivus - -
7 nutritive - - nutritivus - -
8 transitive - - transitivus - -
9 acquisitive acquisitive acquisitif acquisitivus - -
10 argumentat
ive
argumentat
ive
argumentati
f
argumentati
vus
- -
11 attentive attentive attentif attentivus - -
12 pejorative pejorative pejoratif pejorativus - -
13 adhesive adhesive adhesif - adhaerere -
14 pensive pensive pensif - pensare -
15 attributive attributive attributif - attribuere -
Table 2. The Etymology of the English Suffix {-ive}
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As seen on the table above, there are three words which are not originated from
Latin. The two words, rebarbative and facultative have French roots, whereas
caressive originated from Italian. The English word, rebarbative is loan word from
the French feminine adjectival rebarbative. This word is the inflectional form of a
French masculine adjectival rebarbative. The root is originated from French loan
word, rebarber. The word, facultative has the French root faculte. It has the same
borrowing process like the word rebarbative. The word caressive is the only word
which is originated from Italian. This word comes from Italian loan word, carezza.
The words that have the suffix {-ive} mostly come in Latin due to the fact that the
suffix {-ive} inherits the Latinate suffix {-ivus}. The words, such as: captive,
cognitive, assumptive, nutritive and transitive are owed directly from Latin loan
words. Unless using the diachronic analysis, those words are difficult to be examined.
The words which are captive, cognitive, and nutritive are unable to find the root in
English. The lexeme *capt, *cognit and *nutrit do not exist in English. The word
assumptive is similar. Even though the root assume is available in English, the
suffixation process is complex. After suffixation, there is an epenthesis process of
consonant /pt/. This case is similar to the words, such as deceptive or receptive. Based
on the diachronic analysis, it occurs because the past participle verb in Latin. The
Latin suffix {-ivus} attaches to the past participle verb. According to Webster’s New
Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006), the word, assume has a Latin root
assumere. This is the bare verb which becomes assumptus as the past participle verb.
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Therefore, assumptus was constrained with {-ivus} become assumptivus and it is
owed to English into assumptive.
Several words with the English suffix {-ive} also borrowed from French. As
cited on the preceding section, French influences the words with the suffix {-ive}
despite most of the base originated from Latin. On the data of the table above, it can
be seen that French only affect the Latin loan word, except the two French roots,
faculte and rebarber. The French borrows Latin loan words and modifies the suffix
{-ivus} into {-if}. In French, the words with the suffix {-if}, such as: attentif is a
masculine adjective. The suffix {-if} is changing into {-ive} when it is used to create
a feminine adjective. Hence, the masculine adjective acqusitif, argumentatif, attentif
and pejoratif become acquisitive, argumentative, attentive and pejorative in a
feminine adjective. The allomorph of the French suffix {-if} means the form {-ive},
has the same orthographical form with the English suffix {-ive}. On the other words,
the form of the English suffix {-ive} may come from the French allomorph {-ive}.
Without the diachronic analysis, the examination is likely to be difficult to
analyze. The word acquisitive may have the base acquire, but the suffixation process
from acquire into acquisitive is very complex. Another word, argumentative may be
regarded as the exceptional case if it is treated in synchronic method. The word
argumentative is constructed by the base argument with the attachment of suffix
{-ive}. However the word argument itself still can be broken down into the root
argue and the suffix {-ment}. The occurrence of the base with the combination of the
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suffixes {-ment} + {-ive}, is likely difficult to be found in the dictionary. On the
other hand, pejorative and attentive do not the bases in English. The word *pejor or
*pejorate does not exist in English vocabulary. The word, attentive may be related to
the root attend. However, if it is regarded as the root the form should be *attensive.
Those forms are borrowed directly from Latin loan words through the medium of
French.
French also contributes in the morphological process of the suffix {-ive} in
creating the new words by combining the Latin root with the French suffix {-if}. On
the table above, in the words adhesive, pensive and attributive are not borrowed from
Latin forms *adhesivus, *pensivus and *attributivus. Those words are borrowed from
French which from the result of the suffixation of the French suffix {-if} with Latin
root.
The other method of borrowing is by modifying the Latin root with the English
suffix {-ive}. Several words that have the suffix {-ive} are modified by the Latin loan
words with the English suffix {-ive}. There are some words which have this
suffixation method. The data are taken from internet the site (Mahoney, Kevin.
http://www.latin-dictionary.net/. n.d. November 23, 2014). Those data are listed
below:
aggressus (verb) + {-ive} aggressive
degressus (verb) + {-ive} degressive
elusus (verb) + {-ive} elusive
emissus (verb) + {-ive} emissive
evasus (verb) + {-ive} evasive
excursare (verb) + {-ive} excursive
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jussus (verb) + {-ive} jussive
pervasus (verb) + {-ive} pervasive
recursare (verb) + {-ive} recursive
tussis (noun) + {-ive} tussive
Based on the data above the Latin root is usually a verb in the form of second
participle. The words, aggressus, degressus, elusus, emissus, evasus, jussus and
pervasus are the past participle Latin verbs combined with the suffix {-ive}. Two
words, excursare and recursare are modified from the bare verb attached to the suffix
{-ive}. Then one word is noun combined with the suffix {-ive}.
B. The Allomorphs of the Suffix {-ive}
On this study there are some bases which are attached to the other variant of the
suffix {-ive}. The word, such as affirmative is derived by the base affirm and
{-ative}. Quirk, et al (1985: 1555) state the suffix {-ive} has the other variant which
is the allomorph {-ative}. However, there is another variant as in the word additive. It
is a combination of the verb add and {-itive}. According to McKean‟s The New
Oxford American Dictionary (2005: 896) the allomorph {-itive} is equivalent to
{-ative}. Therefore, the suffix {-ive} also has the other variant which is the allomorph
{-itive}. The study of the allomorphs {-ative} and {-itive} are based on the
phonological and or morphological condition of the words. The approach of the
phonological condition is a synchronic approach whereas the morphological
condition using diachronic approach.
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1. The Allomorph {-ative}
The form of {-ative} is called as the allomorph of the suffix {-ive} since it has the
same meaning which denotes „a characteristic or propensity‟ and represents the same
function forming the adjective from the verb. The allomorph {-ative} occurs in 43
words regarding the data. The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005: 99) says the
allomorph {-ative} representing the French {-atif} or the Latin form {-ativus}. On the
other words, The Latin suffix {-ivus} may also has the variant as {-ativus} since this
allomorph is originated from Latin {-ativus}. Therefore, the analyses implement both
the phonological condition and the morphological condition.
a. The Phonological Condition of the Allomorph {-ative}
NO LAST PHONEME OF
THE BASE
OCCURANCE PERCENTAGE
1 /m/ 6 37.50%
2 /r/ 5 31.25%
3 /k/ 1 6.25%
4 /n/ 3 18.75%
5 /aɪ/ 1 6.25%
16 100%
Table 3. The Distribution of the Allomorph {-ative} Based on the Synchronic Data
i. The Base Ending with Bilabial Nasal Stop /m/
The words that have allomorph {-ative} ending with bases /m/ occurs in six
words. The other data with the same characteristic are examined in the morphological
condition. Those words taken The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and
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Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) can be seen on the list
below:
calm /kɑːm/ calmative /kɑːmə.tɪv/
affirm /əˈfɜːm/ affirmative /əˈfɜː.mə.tɪv/
perform /pəˈfɔːm/ performative /pəˈfɔːmə.tɪv/
sum /sʌm/ summative /sʌmə.tɪv/
transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ transformative /trænsˈfɔːmə.tɪv/
reform /rɪˈfɔːm/ reformative /rɪˈfɔːmə.tɪv/
The suffixation process after the base attached to the allomorph {-ative} is adding
the /ə.tɪv/ in the end of the base without any changing.
ii. The Base Ending with Alveolar Liquid /r/
The bases having the allomorph {-ative} ending with /r/ occur in five occasion
according to The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New
Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006). Those words are:
configure /kənˈfɪg.ər / configurative /kənˈfɪg.ə r.ə.tɪv/
declare /dɪˈkleər / declarative /dɪˈkleə r.ə.tɪv/
prepare /prɪˈpeər / preparative /prɪˈpe r.ə.tɪv/
repair /rɪˈper / reparative /rɪˈper.ə.tɪv/
restore /rɪˈstɔːr / restorative /rɪˈstɒr.ə.tɪv/
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All of the bases ending with phoneme /r/ can be identify using the phonological
condition. Those forms are derived from the English bases. The distinction of the
suffixation process is by adding the allomorph {-ative} at the end of the base. The
alternation is the vowel reduction in some words, such in /ɔː/ transform into /ɒ/ in the
words restore into restorative.
iii. The Base Ending with Velar Voiceless Stop /k/
The bases ending with velar voiceless stop /k/ has one occurrence according to
The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer
Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006).
Talk /tɔːk/ talkative /ˈtɔː.kə.tɪv/
The suffixation of the allomorph {-ative} in the base that ends with /k/ is by
adding the allomorph {-ative} after the velar voiceless stop.
iv. The Base Ending with Alveolar Nasal Stop /n/
The base ending with /n/ has three occurrences regarding all of the data. Those
words that are taken The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s
New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) can be seen on the list:
combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ combinative /kəmˈbɪnə.tɪv/
imagine /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪn/ imaginative /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪ.nə.tɪv/
determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ determinative /dɪˈtɜːmɪnə.tɪv/
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The suffixation of the allomorph {-ative} is similar to the other previous bases
adding the allomorph {-ative} to the end of the base.
v. The Base Ending with Diphthong /aɪ/
The base ending with diphthong /aɪ/ occurs in one occasion according to The New
Oxford American Dictionary (2005). This word is listed below:
apply /əˈplaɪ/ applicative / əˈplɪˈkə.tɪv/
The suffixation process in the base that ends with diphthong /aɪ/ is by adding the
allomorph {-ative} at the last position the base. However, in this case, there are a
changing in both orthography and phonetic, the letter –y turns into –i and the
diphthong /aɪ/ into vowel /ɪ/.
vi. Exceptional Cases
Several words have the same distribution with the suffix {-ive}. The allomorph
{-ative} can attach to the bases ending with /t/, for instance: ferment+{-ative} into
fermentative, present + {-ative} into presentative, exhort+{-ative} into exhortative,
represent+{-ative} representative, connote+{-ative} into connotative and
limit+{-ative} into limitative. The allomorph {-ative} attaches to the base ending with
/d/, for instance: exude + {-ative} into exudative. The allomorph {-ative} combines
with the base ending with /z/ cause + {-ative} into causative.
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It is uncommon phenomenon that the allomorph {-ative} attaches to the same
distribution with the suffix {-ive}. Mostly, it attaches to the base ending with /m/, /r/,
/n/, /k/, /ai/, and, whereas the suffix {-ive} attaches to the base ending with /t/, /s/, /d/,
/z/, /v/ and /b/. Due the fact that the attachment of the suffix {-ive} and {-ative} is
usually in the different environment. Those forms are can be called in complementary
distribution. Then it is appropriate that the form {-ative} is the allomorph of the
suffix {-ive}.
b. Morphological Condition of the Allomorph {-ative}
The allomorph {-ative} descends from the French form {-atif} and Latin form
{-ativus}. As many of bases of the suffix {-ive} are borrowed from Latin, the
etymology of the bases of the allomorph {-ative} also applicative in analyzing the
rest of the data. Etymologically some of the words having the allomorph {-ative} are
borrowed directly from Latin or French to English. The words, such as: continuative,
evocative, and formative are not derived from the verb root + {-ative}. Meaning to
say they are not coined from continue + {-ative}, evoke + {-ative}, form + {-ative}.
Consequently, they are owed from Latin adjectives, continuativus, evokativus, and
formativus. The word augmentative is borrowed from French augmentatif. The list
below is the examples of the borrowed words from The New Oxford American
Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006):
Latin French English
accusativus - accusative
appellativus - appellative
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derivativus derivatif derivative
praeservativus - preservative
frequentativus frequentatif frequentative
2. The Allomorph {-itive}
The appearance of the allomorph {-itive} is only in eight occasions among the
attachment of {-ive}, {-ative} and {-itive}. The occurrence of this allomorph is the
rarest one. The distribution of the allomorph {-itive} according to the data have the
same characteristic with the bases of the suffix {-ive}. Based on the phonological
condition, the allomorph {-itive} has the bases ending with /t/, such as
compete+{-itive} becomes competitive and repeat+{-itive} becomes repetitive.
Therefore, the base of the allomorph is difficult to be analyzed using synchronic
approach. On this study the analysis of the allomorph {-itive} is based on the
morphological condition.
a. Morphological Condition of the Allomorph {-itive}
The emergence of the allomorph {-itive} could not be detached from the
influences of the Latin and French to English. Among all of the data in the allomorph
{-itive} only two words which are not borrowed from Latin or French directly. Those
words are compete and repeat. As the base ending with /t/, those words should be
attached to the suffix {-ive}. Thus, the form compete should have changed into
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*competive and repeat into *repeative. The condition why those words appear as
competitive and repetitive is the past participle verb form in Latin. The verb compete
has the Latin core competere. While becoming past participle, it transforms into
competitus. In English the segment –us is deleted. McKean in her The New Oxford
American Dictionary (2005: 337) writes competitus as competit-. The form of
competit- + {-ive} is becoming the English verb competitive. Similar with the
transformation of competitive, the verb repeat comes from Latin infinitive verb
repetere. It changes into repetitus when it becomes the past participle. In The New
Oxford American Dictionary (2005: 1436), it is written as repetit-. The form repetit-
+ {-ive} becomes repetitive.
The rest of words receiving the allomorph {-itive} are borrowed directly from
Latin or through the medium of French. The data were taken from The New Oxford
American Dictionary (2005). Those words are given on the list below:
Latin French English
acqusitivus - acquisitive
additivus - additive
definitivus definitif/definitive definitive
dispositivus - dispositive
primitivus - primitive
sensitivus sensitif/ sensitive sensitive
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C. The Meaning of the Suffix {-ive}
This section is aimed to find the general meaning of the suffix {-ive} and its
shift meaning. Gleason (1961: 53) states that morpheme is “the smallest meaningful
unit in a language”. The suffix {-ive} is considered as the bound morpheme and it is
categorized as the derivational affix. Derivational affixes characteristically change the
category and the type meaning of the form where they are applied. Indeed, when
attaching to the base, the suffix {-ive} carries its own meaning in changing the
meaning of the base.
In the previous discussion, it is identified that the suffix {-ive} has two different
lexical categories of base. The base of the suffix {-ive} can be a verb and noun.
Notwithstanding, the difference of the part of speech in the base does not contribute
the differences on the meaning, for instance the suffix {-ive} on the words instinctive
and attractive have the same meaning. The word instinctive means „relating to
instinct‟ and the word attractive means „relating to attraction‟. Thus, this discussion
does not sub classify based on the part of speech of the base but according to the
meaning of the suffix {-ive}.
This part the analysis is focused on the lexical meaning of the words received
by the suffix {-ive}. It can be done by examined the meaning before the base attaches
to the suffix {-ive} and after the suffixation resulting a new word. Based on The New
Oxford American Dictionary (2005), the meaning of suffix {-ive} is “tending to;
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relating to” (2005:898). Nevertheless, not all the words contain suffix {-ive} can be
categorized into those meanings. The word, executive for instance, it does not mean
„tending to execute or relating to execution‟ but from The New Oxford American
Dictionary it has the meaning „having the power to execute„ (2005:583).
NO Meaning Example
1 relating to administrative
2 tending to combinative
3 causing or resulting abortive
4 characterized by comparative
5 being able to adaptive
6 expressing or serving to affirmative
7 ready to combative
8 intended to commemorative
Table. 4 Meaning Classification of the Suffix {-ive}
1. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘relating to-’
The data predominantly have the meaning „relating to -‟. There are 68 words
categorized into this meaning. The explanation of the meaning „relating to‟ can be
seen on the table below:
Base Adjective Change of Meaning
restore restorative to bring back into existence relating to restoration
vegetate vegetative to grow in the manner of plant relating to
vegetation
administrate
administrative
to manage the use of relating to the administration
intellect intellective the capacity for rational thought relating to
intellect
instinct instinctive the way people or animal naturally behave relating
to instinct
Table 5. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘relating to-‘
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As seen on the table, the suffix {-ive} contributes in changing the meaning of
the base. The table above mainly provides verb bases since the base is generally a
verb. The suffix {-ive} transforms verb bases which expressing an action into
adjective. An adjective is used to modify a noun, means that the words having the
suffix {-ive} are used to describe a noun. The meaning of the words receiving the
suffix {-ive} does not overlap the meaning of the bases. In the other words, the
meaning is still correspondence with the meaning of the bases. The verb bases, such
as: restore, vegetate, and administrate imply an action. After the process of
suffixation their meaning transform into „relating to-‟ a noun. Since the meaning is
coherence with the base, the noun usually is the form of the verb base + the suffix
{-ion}. The suffix {-ion} is a derivational which has function to derive a verb base
into a noun. Thus, the meanings of restorative, vegetative, and administrative
respectively are relating to restoration, relating vegetation, and relating to
administrative. In the noun base such as intellective or instinctive the meaning is
only adding „relation to‟ the base. Therefore, the word, intellective is defined as
„relating to intellect or relating the capacity of rational thought‟. The word, instinctive
is defined as „relating to the way people or animal naturally behave‟
Besides that, in the preceding table there is a word received by the allomorph
{-ative}. The word restorative is derived by verb restore + {-ative}. It is presented to
prove that {-ive} and {-ative} have the same meaning. The other examples of the
words with the suffix {-ive} with the meaning „relating to‟ are:
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decorate decorative affect affective
digest digestive alliterate alliterative
assume assumptive apply applicative
2. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘tending to -’
Mc. Kean (2005:896) asserts that one of the meaning of the suffix {-ive} is
„tending to‟. The word receiving the suffix {-ive} with this meaning is quite
productive. There are 35 words having in this meaning. The occurrence also can be
found a verb and noun base. The table below contains the words with the meaning
„tending to –„:
Base Adjective Change the Meaning
combine combinative to exist together tending to combine
deceive deceptive to persuade that something false is true tending to
deceive
educate educative to provide schooling for tending to educate
secret secretive a piece of information that should not told to other
tending to keep a secret
prevent preventative to stop from happening tending to prevent
Table 6. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘tending to-‘
The table above presents both the words receiving the suffix {-ive} and the
allomorph {-ative}. Similar with the meaning „relating to‟, this meaning also
correlates with the base. By contrast, in the resulting meaning after the suffixation the
base does not require a noun but a verb. To complete the meaning of the word
receiving the suffix {-ive} is by putting the verb base after the words „tending to-„.
The meaning of the words, combinative, deceptive, educative, preventative
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respectively are „tending to combine‟, „tending to deceive‟, „tending to educate‟,
„tending to prevent‟ or „tending to exist together‟, „tending to persuade that
something false is true‟, „tending to provide schooling for‟, „tending to stop from
happening‟. Particularly, in the noun base such secretive, after the meaning „tending
to-„ it requires a verb to associate with the noun base. Thus, it has the meaning
„tending to keep a secret‟. It needs the verb keep in order to fulfill the appropriate
meaning. The following words below are the other examples of words having the
meaning „tending to-„:
abrade abrasive promote promotive
conserve conservative suggest suggestive
3. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘causing-‘
The data also indicate the suffix {-ive} denotes the meaning „causing –„. There
are 14 words receiving the suffix {-ive} relating to this meaning. The examples are
presented on the table below:
Base Adjective Change the Meaning
abort abortive to cause something to stop before it complete
causing abortion
destruct destructive to bring to ruin causing destruction
depress depressive to cause someone to feel sad causing depression
obstruct obstructive to block something causing obstruction
Table 7. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘causing-‘
The data collection of the meaning „causing‟ indicates that all the words have
the verb base and in the form {-ive}. The process of the changing meaning is the
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same with the meaning „relating to-„. As an adjective, the word having the suffix
{-ive} modify a noun. In this condition the noun is constructed from the verb base +
the suffix {-ion}. Consequently, the word abortive defines as „causing abortion‟.
Respectively, the words destructive, depressive, and obstructive have the meaning
„causing destruction‟, „causing depression‟, and „causing obstructive.‟
The other example of the words having the meaning „causing‟ are:
erupt eruptive adopt adoptive
disrupt disruptive addictive
4. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘characterized by –‘
Marchand (1969:315) defines the meaning of the suffix {-ive} as „characterized
by –„. Many of the words receiving the suffix {-ive} have this meaning. The
examples are presented on the form of table below:
Base Adjective Change the Meaning
abuse abusive to put in improper use characterized by a wrong or
improper use
compare comparative to represent as similar characterized by a
systematic comparison
repeat repetitive to say or state again characterized by repetition
add additive to join as to bring about an increase characterized
by addition
imitate imitative to produce a copy of characterized by imitation
Table 8. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘characterized by –‘
Seen on table, the words include the suffix {-ive} and its variants, the
allomorph {-ative} and {-itive}. In the example of a word with the allomorph
{-ative} is comparative and the example of a word with the allomorph {-itive} is
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additive. The meaning of the base is assessed with „characterized by‟ after the
attachment of the suffix {-ive}. This meaning also requires the base altered into the
base + the suffix {-ion}. Therefore, the words, repetitive, additive, and imitative can
be defined as „characterized by repetition‟, „characterized by addition‟, and
„characterized by imitation‟. In the word, comparative the process is actually same
since compare + {-ion} does not become *comparation but it turns into comparison.
In the other case, abusive means “characterized by abuse‟. It caused by the form of
*abusion does not exist in English and abuse itself can be a noun.
5. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘being able to –‘
The suffix {-ive} also can be defined as „being able to-‟. There are 31 words
containing this meaning. The table below are some examples of the words with the
meaning „being able to –„
Base Adjective Change the Meaning
imagine imaginative to form or have a mental picture or idea being able
to imagine
decidedecisive to choose something being able to decide
produceproductive to make something into existence being able to
produce
infectinfective to pass a disease to being able to infect
Table 9. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘being able to –‘
In the word, imaginative, it is seen that this meaning also represents the
meaning of the allomorph {-ative}. The meaning of the base is assessing „being able
to-„ after the suffixation process of the suffix {-ive}. In this condition before and after
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the base the construction of the suffix {-ive}, it is still in the form of verb. When the
meaning of the suffix {-ive} is „being able to –„ the implication is still implies an
action. The word productive, for instance, it means „being able to produce‟. The word
produce represents the base of the word productive. In this meaning the motive is to
place the meaning of the suffix {-ive} „being able to‟ before the base. Therefore, the
words imaginative, decisive and infective respectively means „being able to imagine‟,
being able to decide‟, and „being able to infect‟. The other examples of the meaning
„being able to‟ are:
apprehend apprehensive impress impressive
execute executive persuade persuasive
6. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘expressing –‘
The suffix {-ive} also can be defined as „expressing –„. Based on the data
collection this meaning is quite productive. There are approximately forty two words
having this meaning. Several data are presented in the table below:
Base Adjective Change the Meaning
affirm affirmative to state something as true expressing affirmation
appreciate
appreciative
to recognize that something is valuable expressing
appreciation
contemplate
contemplative
consider one particular thing in a serious way expressing
contemplation
discriminate
discriminative
to treat differently expressing discrimination
Table 10. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘expressing –‘
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The suffix {-ive} with the meaning „expressing –„ only occurs in the verb bases.
The words appear on the table above have the base as a verb. The meaning also
include the allomorph {-ative} in a word affirmative. The verbs, affirm, appreciate,
contemplate, and discriminate have their own meaning before combining with suffix
{-ive}. The result after the suffixation signifies an additional information „expressing
–„ in their meaning. This meaning also corresponds with the base. In order to
complete the meaning the verb base change noun in the form base {-ion} after the
word „expressing-„. Thus, the words, affirmative, appreciative, contemplative, and
discriminative respectively have the meaning „expressing affirmation‟, „expressing
appreciation‟, „expressing contemplation‟, and „expressing discrimination‟.
7. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘ready to - ’
The suffix {-ive} with the meaning „ready to –„ barely appears. It only occurs in
three words regarding the all the data collection. The whole words are presented on
the table below:
Base Adjective Change the Meaning
assault assaultive to attack someone violently ready to commit assault
combat combative to fight with ready to combat
submissive ready to conform the authority
Table 11. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘ready to - ’
Seen on the table above, the suffix {-ive} also has the meaning „ready to –„. The
word assault when it becomes assaultive denotes an additional meaning „ready to –„.
The same process happens in the word, combative. The base, combat has the meaning
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„to fight with‟. When it is combined with the suffix {-ive} the meaning transform into
„ready to fight with„. In the word submissive, it also implies the same meaning.
Nonetheless, this word cannot be analyzed same as the other words since it is coined
from the analogy the word does not have base.
8. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘intended as-‘
The suffix {-ive} with the meaning „intended–„ occurs in two occasions. Those
words can be observed in the list of table below:
Base Adjective Changing the Meaning
correct corrective to make or set right intended as
correction
commemorate commemorative to call to remembrance intended as
commemoration
Table 12. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘intended-‘
Before the process of the suffixation the base correct and commemorate have
their meaning which are „to make or set right‟ and „to call to remembrance‟. There
are additional meaning „intended as –„ after the suffix {-ive} attaches to the bases.
Meaning to say the suffix {-ive} carries their own meaning „intended as –„„ to
contribute the meaning of corrective and commemorative.
9. Exceptional Case
There are some of the data which are difficult to classify into a certain meaning.
They have the other meaning variation which out of the eight classification of the
meaning of the suffix {-ive} above. Those data are presented in the table below:
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Base Adjective Changing the Meaning
assort assortative to distribute into group being
nonrandom mating of animal or marrying
people with similar characteristic
exhaust exhaustive to complete use up including all the
possibilities
incise incisive to cut into impressively direct and
deceive
derive derivative to obtain from specified source
formed by derivation
detect detective to discover the existence of the fact of
concerning crime and its investigation
instruct instructive to give a knowledge or provide an
information useful and informative
figure figurative to represent by representing by a
figure
talk talkative to express in speech given to talk
Table 13. The Suffix {-ive} with Different Meaning
In the word assortative, even though the meaning still correlates with the base,
there is additional meaning „mating or marrying‟. The word, talkative also provides
the meaning related to the base talk. However, the proses of meaning from talk into
talkative indicates that the suffix {-ive} as a different meaning which is „given to –„.
In the other words, exhaustive, figurative, incisive, derivative, detective, and
instructive are difficult the generalized into certain meaning since each word denotes
different meaning. On the other words, the suffix {-ive} on the data above have the
different meaning from the common meaning that have stated before.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This last chapter is about the result of the discussion from this thesis, a
morphological study of the suffix {-ive}. This study aims to analyze the three
objectives related to the suffix {-ive}. The first problem is to examine the base of the
suffix {-ive}. The second problem is to identify the allomorph the suffix {-ive}. The
third problem is to assort the variety of meaning of the suffix {-ive}.
The suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix having the function to create a new
adjectival word. Based on the lexical category, the base of the suffix {-ive} can be a
verb or a noun. Most of the bases are verbs. There are only eight words which are
considered as nouns. Based on diachronic analysis, the suffix {-ive} is a Latinate
suffix descends from {-ivus}. The Latin suffix {-ivus} is very productive to the past
participle verb base. Only a few words have the root from other languages; French
and Italian. From the synchronic approach, the analysis also go through the
distribution of the suffix {-ive} based on phonological condition. The base of the
suffix {-ive} is dominated by the base ending with voiceless alveolar stop /t/. This is
caused by the relation of the suffix {-ive} to the Latin suffix {-ivus}. Many bases
ending with /t/ originate in a form of Latin past participle verb. The suffix {-ive} also
attaches to the bases ending with phoneme: voiceless alveolar fricative /s/, voiced
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alveolar stop /d/, bilabial nasal /m/, alveolar liquid /r/, alveolar nasal /n/, voiced
alveolar fricative /z/, voiced labiodental fricative /v/, voiceless velar stop /k/, bilabial
voiced stop /b/ and the diphthong /aɪ/. The process of the suffixation in the base /t/
and /s/ is only by adding the suffix {-ive} at the last position. On the base has ends
with /d/ the suffixation process changes the last phoneme /d/ into /s/. On the base
ending with /v/ and /b/ there are complex suffixations that could be analyzed using
diachronic approach. The examination leads the conclusion the complex suffixation is
caused by their decedent are past participle form of Latin verb. Some of the data also
can be analyzed since it does not have bases but it is directly borrowed from Latin
and French words, modified by Latin loan words with the suffix {-ive} and coined by
the process of analogy.
The allomorph of the suffix {-ive} is identified based on the phonological and
morphological approach. There are two kinds of allomorph of the suffix {-ive}; the
allomorph {-ative} and the allomorph {-itive}. Based on the phonological condition
the allomorph {-ative} is mainly in complementary distribution with the suffix
{-ive}. It usually attaches to the base ending with bilabial nasal /m/, alveolar liquid
/r/, alveolar nasal /n/, voiced alveolar fricative /z/, voiceless velar stop /k/, and the
diphthong /aɪ/. Some of the bases of the allomorph {-ative} which end with the same
phoneme with the suffix {-ive} is examined by diachronic analysis. As the result the
words receiving the allomorph {-ative} are directly borrowed from Latin and some
from French. The allomorph {-itive} appears only in eight occasions. Chiefly the
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bases of the allomorph {-itive} are Latin loan word and Latin loan word through the
medium of French. The analysis based on diachronic approach concludes that the
occurrence of the allomorph {-itive} due to the morphological process of past
participle form of the Latin verb.
The meaning of the suffix {-ive} has some variations. The influence of the
lexical category of the base of the suffix {-ive} does not determine the classification
of the meaning. The data is analyzed by observing the meaning of the base and the
meaning of the words having the suffix {-ive}. As the result the general meaning of
the suffix {-ive} is ‘relating to –‘. The other additional meanings of the suffix {-ive}
are ‘tending to –‘, ‘causing –‘, ‘characterized by –‘, ‘being able to –‘, ‘expressing –‘,
‘ready to –‘, and ‘intended as-‘. Some of the data are considered have the different
meaning since the meaning of the base and the words with the suffix {-ive} do not
have a coherence.
Based on this thesis the researcher understands that the diachronic approach
cannot be detached in studying a morphological study. The study of word-formation
with synchronic approach is not enough since many of English words and affixes are
borrowed from the other language in the past. In the suffixation process of word, such
as: produce to productive or receive to receptive is difficult to be analyzed with the
synchronic approach.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aitchison, Jean. Linguistics: A Concise Introduction to the Scope, Basic Concepts
and Essential Terminology of Linguistics. London: Richard Clay Ltd., 1982
Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmers, and Robert M. Harnish.
Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. London: The MIT
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Aronoff, Mark, and Kirsten Fudeman. What is Morphology?. Chichester: Wiley-
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Bauer, Laurie. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Washington, D.C: Georgetown
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Baugh, Albert C, and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. New Jersey:
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Campbell, Lyle. Historical linguistic: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
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Denistia, Karlina.”The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {-
er}, {-ist} and {-an}. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma
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Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyam. An Introduction to Language.
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Gleason, H.A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, Inc., 1961.
Harman, Susan Emolyn. Descriptive English Grammar. Englewood Cliffs: Pretince-
Hall, Inc., 1950.
Katamba, Francis. Morphology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1993.
Maharani, Puspita. “A Study of the Meaning and Allomorphs of the English Suffix {-
cy}”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2012.
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Mahoney, Kevin D. Latin Dictionary. n.p. n.d. (http://www.latin-dictionary.net).
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Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Type of Present-Day English Word-Formation:
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Verlagsbuchhandlung Munchen, 1969.
Matthews, P.H. Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
McKean, Erin. The New Oxford American Dictionary. New York: Oxford University
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O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees – Miller.
Contemporary Linguistics: an Introduction. Boston: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 2005.
Perangin–Angin, Dalan Mehuli. “A Morphological Study of the English Noun Suffix
{-ion}”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2000.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman, 1985.
Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary. Springfield: Federal Street Press a
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Words with bases ending in /t/
NO Word Base IPA
1 accelerative accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/
2 accommodative accommodate /əˈkɑːmədeɪt/
3 accretive accrete /əˈkret/
4 acculturative acculturate /əˈkʌltʃəreɪt/
5 accumulative accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
6 adaptive adapt /əˈdæpt/
7 addictive addict /ˈædɪkt/
8 adjudicative adjudicate /əˈdʒuːdɪkeɪt/
9 adumbrative adumbrate /ˈædəmbreɪt/
10 afflictive afflict /əˈflɪkt/
11 agglomerative agglomerate /əˈɡlɑːməreɪt/
12 agglutinative agglutinate /əˈɡluːtɪnət/
13 alliterative alliterate /əˌlɪt.əˈreɪt/
14 appointive appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/
15 appreciative appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
16 approximative approximate /əˈprɑːksɪmət/
17 assaultive assault /əˈsɔːlt/
18 ameliorative ameliorative /əˈmiːliəreɪt/
19 assertive assert /əˈsɜːrt/
20 assimilative assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/
21 associative associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/
22 assertive assort /əˈsɔː.t/ 23 combative combat /ˈkɒm.bæt/
24 combustive combust /kəmˈbʌst/
25 commemorative commemorate /kəˈmem.ə.reɪt/ 26 conciliative conciliate /kənˈsɪl.i.eɪt/
27 connective connect /kəˈnekt/
28 constitutive constitute /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tjuːt/ 29 contrastive contrast /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/
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30 contributive contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/ 31 convective convect /kənˈvekt/
32 cooperative cooperate /kəʊˈɒp. ə r.eɪt/
33 corruptive corrupt /kəˈrʌpt/
34 counteractive counteract /ˌkaʊn.təˈrækt/
35 cumulative cumulate /ˈkjuː.mjʊ.leɪt/
36 deconstructive deconstruct /ˌdiːkənˈstrʌkt/
37 defective defect /ˈdiː.fekt/
38 degenerative degenerate /dɪˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/
39 deliberative deliberate /dɪˈlɪb. ə r.ət/
40 depreciative depreciate /dɪˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/
41 derogative derogate /ˈderəɡeɪt/
42 detective detect /dɪˈtekt/
43 deteriorative deteriorate /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/
44 detractive detract /dɪˈtrækt/
45 discriminative discriminate /dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
46 disintegrative disintegrate /dɪˈsɪn.tɪ.greɪt/
47 disruptive disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt/
48 dissociative dissociate /dɪˈsəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
49 donative donate /də ʊ ˈneɪt/
50 elaborative elaborate /ɪˈlæb. ə r.ət/
51 elucidative elucidate /ɪˈluː.sɪ.deɪt/
52 emulative emulate /ˈem.jʊ.leɪt/
54 eruptive erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/
55 estimative estimate /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/
56 exaggerative exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/
57 excommunicati
ve
excommunicat
e /ˌek.skəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪt/
58 execrative execrate /eksˈ kreɪt/
59 exfoliative exfoliate /eksˈfəʊ.li.eɪt/
60 exhaustive exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
61 exonerative exonerate /ɪgˈzɒn.ə.reɪt/
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62 explicative explicate /ˈek.splɪ.keɪt/
63 exploitive exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
64 extortive extort /ɪkˈstɔːt/ 65 facilitative facilitate /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ 66 federative federate /ˈfed. ə r.eɪt/
67 educative educate /ˈed.jʊ.keɪt/
68 effective effect /ɪˈfekt/
69 germinative germinate /ˈdʒɜː.mɪ.neɪt/
70 gesticulative gesticulate /dʒesˈtɪk.jʊ.leɪt/
71 illuminative illuminate /ɪˈluː.mɪ.neɪt/
72 illustrative illustrate /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/
73 imitative imitate /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/
74 impactive impact /ˈɪm.pækt/ 75 incorporative incorporate /ɪnˈkɔː.p ə r.eɪt/
76 indicative indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/
77 inductive induct /ɪnˈdʌkt/
78 indurative indurate /ɪnˈdjʊərət/
79 infective infect /ɪnˈfekt/
80 inflective inflect /ɪnˈflek.t/
81 inhibitive inhibit /ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/
82 initiative initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
83 instructive instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/
84 integrative integrate /ˈɪn.tɪ.greɪt/
85 investigative investigate /ɪnˈves.tɪ.geɪt/
86 interpolative interpolate /ɪnˈtɜː.pə.leɪt/
87 interpretive interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/
88 interrogative interrogate /ɪnˈter.ə.geɪt/
89 interruptive interrupt /ˌɪn.təˈrʌpt/
90 introspective introspect /ˌɪn.trəˈspek.t/
91 intuitive intuit /ɪnˈtjuː.ɪt/ 92 irritative irritate /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪt/
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93 irruptive irrupt /ɪˈrʌpt/
94 iterative iterate /ˈɪt. ə r.eɪt/
95 legislative legislate /ˈledʒ.ɪ.sleɪt/
96 locative locate /lə ʊ ˈkeɪt/
97 manipulative manipulate /məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪt/
98 meditative meditate /ˈmed.ɪ.teɪt/
99 meliorative meliorate /ˈmiːliəreɪt/
100 mutative mutate /mjuːˈteɪt/
101 nominative nominate /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/
102 obliterative obliterate /əˈblɪt. ə r.eɪt/
103 obstructive obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/
104 palliative palliate /ˈpæl.i.ə.t/
105 participative participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
106 penetrative penetrate /ˈpen.ɪ.treɪt/
107 perceptive percept /ˈprəˈsept/
108 perfective perfect /pəˈfekt/
109 predicative predicate /ˈpred.ɪ.kət/
110 predictive predict /prɪˈdɪkt/
111 probative probate /ˈprəʊ.beɪt/
112 procreative procreate /ˈprəʊ.kri.eɪt/
113 prohibitive prohibit /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/
114 projective project /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/
115 proliferative proliferate /prəˈlɪf. ə r.eɪt/
116 promotive promote /prəˈməʊt/
117 propagative propagate /ˈprɒp.ə.geɪt/
118 prospective prospect /ˈprɒs.pekt/
119 protective protect /prəˈtekt/
120 radiative radiate /ˈreɪ.di.eɪt/
121 ratiocinative ratiocinate /ˌrætiˌɒsɪˈneɪt/
122 reactive react /riˈækt/
123 reconstructive reconstruct /ˌriː.k ə nˈstrʌkt/ 124 recriminative recriminate /rɪ krɪmɪneɪt/
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125 recreative recreate /ˌriː.kriˈeɪt/
126 recuperative recuperate /rɪˈk j uː.p ə r.eɪt/
127 reintegrative reintegrate /rɪˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
128 redistributive redistribute /ˌriː.dɪˈstrɪb.juːt/ 129 reduplicative reduplicate /ˌriːˈdjuː.plɪ.keɪt/
130 reflective reflect /rɪˈflekt/ 131 refractive refract /rɪˈfrækt/
132 regenerative regenerate /rɪˈdʒen. ə r.eɪt/
133 regulative regulate /ˈreg.jʊ.leɪt/
134 rehabilitative rehabilitate /ˌriː.həˈbɪl.ɪ.teɪt/
135 reiterative reiterate /riˈɪt. ə r.eɪt/
136 rejective reject /rɪˈdʒekt/
137 remonstrative remonstrate /ˈrem. ə n.streɪt/
138 remunerative remunerate /rɪˈmjuː.n ə r.eɪt/
139 replicative replicate /ˈrep.lɪ.keɪt/
140 resistive resist /rɪˈzɪst/
141 respective respect /rɪˈspekt/
142 restrictive restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/
143 resuscitative resuscitate /rɪˈsʌs.ɪ.teɪt/
144 retributive retribute /rɪˈtrɪb.jʊ.t/
145 rotative rotate /rə ʊ ˈteɪt/
146 ruminative ruminate /ˈruː.mɪ.neɪt/
147 segregative segregate /ˈseg.rɪ.geɪt/
148 selective select /sɪˈlekt/
149 simulative simulate /ˈsɪm.jʊ.leɪt/
150 speculative speculate /ˈspek.jʊ.leɪt/
151 sportive sport /spɔːt/ 152 stative state /steɪt/
153 stimulative stimulate /ˈstɪm.jʊ.leɪt/
154 subjective subject /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
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155 subordinative subordinate /səˈbɔː.dɪ.nət/
156 substitutive substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tjuːt/ 157 subtractive subtract /səbˈtrækt/
158 suggestive suggest /səˈdʒest/
159 supportive support /səˈpɔːt/ 160 ulcerative ulcerate /ˈʌl.s ə r.eɪ.t/
161 vegetative vegetate /ˈvedʒ.ɪ.teɪt/
162 violative violate /ˈvaɪə.leɪt/
163 vituperative vituperate /ˈvaɪtjuː.p ə r.ə.t/
Appendix 2
Words with bases ending in /s/
NO Word Base IPA
1 abusive abuse /əˈbjuːs/
2 reductive reduce /rɪˈduːs/ 3 reproductive reproduce /ˌriːprəˈduːs/ 4 dismissive dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/ 5 digressive digress /daɪˈɡres/ 6 retrogressive retrogress /ˌret.rəʊˈgres/
7 oppressive oppress /əˈpres/ 8 repressive repress /rɪˈpres/ 9 obsessive obsess /əbˈses/ 10 recessive recess /ˈriːses/ 11 possessive possess /pəˈzes/ 12 dispersive disperse /dɪˈspɜːrs/ 13 coercive coerce /koʊˈɜːrs/ 14 tensive tense /tens/ 15 expulsive expulse /ɪkˈspʌl.s/
16 purposive purpose /ˈpɜːrpəs/ 17 percussive percuss /pəˈkʌs/
18 repulsive repulse /rɪˈpʌls/
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19 convulsive
convulse
/kənˈvʌls/
Appendix 3
Words with bases ending in /d/
NO Word Base IPA
1 delusive delude /dɪˈluːd/
2 occlusive occlude /əˈkluːd/
3 preclusive preclude /prɪˈkluːd/
4 seclusive seclude /sɪˈkluː.d/
5 inclusive include /ɪnˈkluː.d/
6 exusive exude /ɪgˈzjuːd/
7 protrusive protrude /prəˈtruːd/
8 implosive implode /ɪmˈpləʊd/
9 explosive explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/
10 invasive invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
11 persuasive persuade /pəˈsweɪd/
12 extensive extend /ɪkˈstend/
13 dissuasive dissuade /dɪˈsweɪd/
14 obtrusive obtrude /əbˈtruːd/
15 exclusive exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/
Appendix 4
Loan Words
NO
WORD
FRENCH LATIN FORM
feminime masculine Latin
Verb
Adjective
{-ivus}
1 ablative ablative ablative - ablativus
2 abortive - - - abortivus
3 active - - - activus
4 administrative - - - administrativus
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5 adoptive - - - adoptivus
6 affective - - - affectivus
7 alternative - - - alternativus
8 appetitive - - - appetitivus
9 appositive - - - appositivus
10 apprehensive - - - apprehensivus
11 attractive attractive attractif - attractivus
12 collective collective collectif - collectivus
13 communicative communicative communicatif - communicativus
14 compulsive - - - compulsivus
15 concessive - - - concessivus
16 conclusive - - - conclusivus
17 conjunctive - - - conjunctivus
18 consecutive consecutive consecutif - consecutivus
19 constrictive - - - constrictivus
20 consummative - - - consumptivus
21 copulative copulative copulatif - copulativus
22 corrective corrective correctif - correctivus
23 corrosive corrosive corrosive - corrosivus
24 cursive - - - cursivus
25 decisive decisive decisive - decisivus
26 deductive - - - deductivus
27 defensive defensive defensive - defensivus
28 demonstrative demonstrative demonstrated - demonstrativus
29 denominative - - - denominativus
30 descriptive - - - descriptivus
31 desiderative - - - desiderativus
32 digestive digestive digestif - digestivus
33 diminutive diminutive diminutif - diminutivus
34 directive - - - directivus
35 discursive - - - discursivus
36 disjunctive - - - disjunctivus
37 distinctive - - - distinctivus,
38 distributive distributive distributif - distributivus
39 elective elective electif - electivus
40 evaporative - - - evaporativus
41 positive - - - positivus
42 excessive excessive excessif - excessivus
43 exclusive - - - exclusivus
44 executive - - - executivus
45 expletive - - - expletivus
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46 expressive - - - expressivus
47 fricative - - - fricativus
48 furtive - - - furtivus
49 generative - - - generativus
50 genitive - - - genitivus
51 impulsive - - - impulsivus
52 illative - - - illativus
54 illusive - - - illusivus
55 inceptive - - - inceptivus
56 infinitive - - - infinitivus
57 intensive - - - intensivus
58 invasive - - - invasivus
59 inventive - -- - inventivus
60 laxative - - - laxativus
61 lenitive - - - lenitivus
62 locomotive - - - locomotivus
63 lucrative - - - lucrativus
64 narrative - - - narrativus
65 negative - - - Negativus
66 nuncupative - - - nuncupativus
67 objective - - - objectivus
68 ostensive - - - ostensivus
69 permissive - - - permissivus
70 prescriptive - - - praescriptivus
71 presumptive - - - presumptivus
72 privative - - - privativus
73 productive - - - productivus
74 relative relative relatif - relativus
75 punitive - - - punitivus
76 purgative - - - purgativus
77 putative - - - putativus
78 qualitative - - - qualitativus
79 quantitative - - - quantitativus
80 retentive - - - retentivus
81 sanative sanative sanativus
82 sensitive - - - sensitivus
83 subjunctive subjunctive - subjunctivus
84 subversive - - - subversivus
85 successive - - - successivus
86 superlative - - - superlativus
87 susceptive - - - susceptivus
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88 tentative - - - tentativus
89 vocative - - - vocativus
90 votive - - - votivus
91 factitive factitive factitif - factitivus
92 sedative - - - sedativus
93 correlative - - - correlatives
94 augmentative augmentative, augmentatif augment
are
-
95 comparative - - - comparativus
96 conservative - - - conservativus,
97 continuative - - - continuativus
98 provocative - - - provocativus
99 evocative - - - evocativus
100 figurative - - - figurativus
101 formative formative formatif - formativus
102 informative - - - informativus
103 normative normative normatif norma -
104 optative - - - optativus
105 passive - - - passivus
Appendix 5
Words with Modification of Latin Loanword + the Suffix {-ive}
NO Latin Base English Word
1 admissus + {-ive} admissive
2 adsorptus + {-ive} adsorptive
3 propultus + {-ive} propulsive
4 suasus + {-ive} suasive
5 tractus + {-ive} tractive
6 emovere + {-ive} emotive
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