ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis tbilisis saxelmwifo ... · ufro axdens gavlenas ertmanetze - politika...
TRANSCRIPT
-
1
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
flora esebua
pier burdies socioanalizi:
energoseqtori - politikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis
gadakveTis wertili qarTul presaSi
disertacia Sesrulebulia sociologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad
samecniero xelmZRvaneli
(Tsu) asocirebuli profesori amiran berZeniSvili
2011 weli
-
2
sarCevi
Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Tavi 1. pier burdies socioanalizis ZiriTadi kategoriebi
1.1. struqturuli konstruqtivizmi ------------------------------------------------------------ 6
1.2 habitusi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.3. veli --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
1.4. kapitali -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Tavi 2. masobrivi komunikaciis gaazrebisTvis -------------------------------- 22
2.1. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc informaciis mauwyebeli ------------------ 24
2.2. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc garTobis saSualeba ------------------------ 28
2.3. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc biznesi ---------------------------------------------- 30
2.4. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc politikuri gancxadebebis mauwyebeli
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32
2.5. informaciuli era ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Tavi 3. veli
3.1. politikis veli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42
3.2. Jurnalistikis veli ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
3.3. politikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis gadakveTa---------------------- 55
3.4. velis avtonomiurobis sakiTxi ----------------------------------------------------------- 58
3.5. presa da televizia - Jurnalistikis velis agentebi ---------------------- 60
3.6. mediatizirebuli inteleqtualebi ----------------------------------------------------- 67
-
3
Tavi 4. damokidebuleba mediisadmi da kvlevis Sedegebi
4.1. saqarTveloSi mediisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb------------------------- 86
4.2. qarTuli presis kvleva da daskvnebi------------------------------------------------- 92
gamoyenebuli literatura -------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
-
4
Sesavali
dro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, bevrma ukve informaciulad, bevrma ki
konkretulad satelevizio epoqad monaTla. am droSi mediis
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze da misi gavlenis did diapazonze aRaravin
davobs. am epoaqaSi politikac axal Tvisebebs iZens; mas uwevs moqmedeba
axal sibrtyeSi, sadac Tavad gvevlineba erTdroulad rogorc
determinatoris, aseve determinirebulis rolSi. marTalia, bevrs
saubroben avtonomiur politikur velze, romelic qmnis aminds
saxelmwifoSi. Tumca, avtonomiuroba masze sxva velebis gavlenas,
zogjer ki Zalian seriozul gavlenas sulac ar gamoricxavs. im
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TiTqmis yvela velze dRes gavlenas
axdens masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi, arc politikis velis am
zegavlenis gareSe Seswavlaa logikuri. miTumetes, rom bevri socialuri
mecnieri ukve saubrobs mediis gansakuTrebul zegavlenaze Tanamedrove
politikis velze.
Tavad media politikisa da biznesis interesebis gavlenis qveSaa da
mudmivad am gavlenebisagan gaTavisuflebas cdilobs erTi mxriv. meore
mxriv ki, is imdenad karnaxobs yvela sferos, maT Soris, politikasac da
biznessac TamaSis sakuTar wesebs, rom xSirad mkafio sazRvrebis
dadgena sferoebs, velebs Soris rTul amocanas warmoadgens.
im pirobebSi, rodesac saubaria axali tipis sazogadoebaze, sadac
informacia, misi gavrcelebis gzebi da tendenciebi gansakuTrebul rols
TamaSobs, rodesac xazs usvamen qseluri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas da
misi gavrcelebis gansakuTrebul tempebs, romelic sul ufro metadaa
mijaWvuli sxvadasxva mediasaSualebebs da srulad Tu ara, metwilad
mainc virtualur, qselur realobaSi cxovrobs, rTulia gaarkvio, ra
ufro axdens gavlenas erTmaneTze - politika mediaze Tu piriqiT.
-
5
mediatizaciis pirobebSi, politikas ufro metad uwevs Tanamedrove
medialogikas daemorCilos Tu mainc media ufro ganicdis politikis
velis gavlenas.
swored am ori velis - politikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis
gadakveTis wertilebis Ziebaa kvlevis mTavari sagani. frangi
sociologis pier burdies struqturuli konstruqtivizmi da velebis
Teoria, sakmaod sainteresod xsnis zogadad velis funqcionirebis,
sazogadoebis konstruirebis sakiTxs, da Tavad CemTvis saintereso ori
velis gadakveTis sakiTxsac.
swored burdies Teoriaa is xaraCo, romlis daxmarebiTac me Sevecdebi
gaviazro Tu ra mimarTebaa politikis velsa da Jurnalistikis vels
Soris. ra logikiT muSaobs es ori veli; romeli politikuri Temebia
aqtualuri Jurnalistikis velisTvis; vin arian ZiriTadi politikuri
diskursebis gamxmovaneblebi da ramdenad mravalferovania
Jurnalistikis velis mier reprezentirebuli Temebi.
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas garda burdies Teoriisa, konkretuli
kvlevis SedegebiT Sevecdebi, romelic am, Cemi azriT, sakmaod saintereso
da aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb argumentebs met damajereblobas
Sematebs.
-
6
Tavi 1
Ppier burdies socioanalizis ZiriTadi kategoriebi
1.1. struqturuli konstruqtivizmi
frangi sociologi pier burdie sakuTar Teorias konstruqtivistul
struqturalizms an struqturalistur konstruqtivizms uwodebs.
“struqturalizmis daxmarebiT minda vTqva, rom Tavad socialur
samyaroSi arsebobs obieqturi struqturebi, agentebis nebisa da
cnobierebisgan damoukidebeli, romelTac ZaluZT agentTa
praqtikebisTvis an warmodgenebisTvis mimarTulebis micema an maTi
CaxSoba. konstruqtivizmis daxmarebiT ki, minda vTqva, rom arsebobs
socialuri genezisi, erTi mxriv, azrovnebis, aRqmisa da moqmedebis
sqemebis, es ukanasknelni ki aris habitusis Semadgeneli nawili, meore
mxriv ki, socialuri struqturebisa, kerZod ki imisa, rasac me vels an
jgufebs, zogadad ki socialur klass vuwodeb” (Шматко, 1998, gv. 64).
socialuri mecniereba erTi SexedviT sruliad araTavsebad or
Tvalsazriss Soris meryeobs – obieqtivizmsa da subieqtivizms Soris.
erTi mxriv, is amtkicebs, rom socialuri realoba Sedgeba socialuri
faqtebisgan, obieqtebisgan. meore mxirv ki, realoba Sedgeba agentebis
mier subieqturad konstruirebuli warmodgenebisgan. burdie am ori
poziciis erTgvar Sejerebas cdilobs da gvTavazobs sakuTar e.w.
struqturalistur konstruqtivizms.
-
7
burdies ganmartebiT, socialur mecnierebaSi arsebobs obieqturi
struqturebi, romelTac akonstruirebs sociologi obieqtivizmis
farglebSi, agentebis subieqtur warmodgenaTa ugulebelyofiT; magram,
meore mxriv, es warmodgenebi unda iyos aTvisebuli individualur Tu
koleqtiur doneze yoveldRiur brZolaSi. Tavad yoveldRiuri brZola
obieqtur struqturaTa SenarCunebaze an Secvlazea orientirebuli.
orive midgoma – obieqturi da subieqturi – dialeqtikur kavSirSi
imyofeba erTmaneTTan.
burdies mcdeloba, daZlios es dialeqtika, struqturalisturi
konstruqtivizmis koncefciis saxiT Camoyalibda. man socialuri
realobis aRsawerad termini socialuri sivrce Semoitana.
socialuri sivrce isea konstruirebuli, rom masSi ganTavsebuli
agentebi, jgufebi Tu instituciebi miT met saerTo Tvisebas floben, rac
ufro axlos arian am sivrceSi. es aris sivrce qaRaldze, sadac
distanciuroba emTxeva socialur distancias. geografiulad adamianebi
SeiZleba Zalianac axlos imyofebodnen erTmaneTTan, Tumca socialurad
distancia maT Soris iyos didi (Социоанализ Пьера Бурдьё, 2001, gv. 66).
socialur sivrceSi agentebi ganawilebulebi arian ori sazomis mixedviT
– erTi, sxvadasxva tipis kapitalis flobis mixedviT da, meore, Tavad
kapitalis struqturis mixedviT. kapitalis struqtura gulisxmobs mis
wonas, anu mniSvnelobas yvela kapitalis saerTo moculobaSi.
socialuri sivrce imgvarad aris konstruirebuli, rom agentebi,
romelTac aqvT msgavsi pirobebi, eqvemdebarebian msgavs garemoebebs da
aqvT Sansi daeuflon msgavs dispoziciebs, da Sesabamisad, awarmoon
msgavsi praqtikebi. dispoziciebi, romelTac adamiani iZens konkretuli
poziciis dakavebisas, gulisxmobs am poziciasTan Seguebas, anu
gofmaniseul sence of one’s place-s (СПБ, 2001). Sence of one’s place gulisxmobs
sakuTari adgilis SegrZnebas, rodesac agenti grZnobs sakuTar adgils,
-
8
imavdroulad grZnobs sxvebis adgilsac da sakuTari adgilis
dakavebasTan erTad sxvebs konkretul distanciaze tovebs.
socialuri realoba, romelzec obieqtivistebi saubroben, aris aRqmis
obieqtic. amdenad, socialurma mecnierebam kvlevis obieqtad es
realobac unda aiRos da es aRqmac, romelic agentebs obieqtur
socialur sivrceSi konkretuli poziciis Sesabamisad uyalibdebaT.
burdies azriT, sociologiam unda mocvas socialuri samyaros aRqmis
sociologiac, anu samyaroze warmodgenis konstruirebac, rac Tavis
mxriv, samyaros konstruirebis procesSia CarTuli. rasakvirvelia,
agentebi axdenen samyaros sakuTari xedvis konstruirebas, magram es
konstruireba struqturuli zewoliT xdeba; aRqmul samyaros aqvs
tendencia, is aRqmul iqnas rogorc raRac TavisTavadi.
bergerTan da lukmanTan ”realoba” aris fenomenebis maxasiaTebeli,
romelic adamianTa nebis gareSe arsebobs, Tumca Cven gvaqvs ”codna” am
realobis Sesaxeb, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi darwmunebulebi varT
am fenomenebis realurad arsebobaSi.
es socialuri sivce, anu realoba gansxvavebulia swored imitom, rom
socialuradaa konstruirebuli; imis gaTvaliswinebiT ki, rom
socialuri sivrce yvela sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebulia, realobac
gansxvavebulad yalibdeba.
socialuri realobis konstruirebis kvleva, pier burdiesTan, Semdeg
rames gulisxmobs: pirveli, konstruireba ar xdeba socialur vakuumSi,
aramed xdeba socialuri zewolis pirobebSi;
meore, struqturirebuli struqturebi Tavad aris socialurad
struqturirebuli, radganac aqvT socialuri genezisi;
da mesame, socialuri realobis konstruireba ara mxolod
individualuri saqmea, is SeiZleba koleqtiur saqmedac iqces (СПБ, 2001).
-
9
piter bergerisa da Tomas lukmanisTvisac realoba socialuradaa
struqturirebuli ara vakuumSi, aramed konkretuli mniSvnelobis
matarebel socialur sivceSi (Бергер & Лукман, 2001, gv. 23).
socialuri sivrcis aRweras bergeri da lukmani ”umaRlesi realobiT”,
cdiloben. am ukanasknels isini par excellence, anu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
realobas uwodeben. sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebisTvis yoveldRiuri
cxovreba aris aRqmuli, rogorc TavisTavad nagulisxmevi; es aris
samyaro, romelic subieqturad yvelas cnobierebaSi da qmedebebSi
arsebobs da ganicdeba adamianebis mier, rogorc realuri.
yoveldRiuri cxovreba aris mowesrigebuli realoba, sadac fenomenebi
garkveuli niSnebiTaa sistematizirebuli. es sistematizirebuli
fenomenebi aRiqmeba rogorc adaminuri aRqmisagan damoukidebeli ram.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realoba aris obieqtivirebuli, anu
konstruirebuli obieqtTa garkveuli wesrigiT, romlebic ”Cemamdec
arsebobda da Cems merec iarsebebs”. is, rac am obieqtivaciebs da Tavad
yoveldRiur cxovrebasac mniSvnelobas aniWebs aris ena.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobas aqvs TavisTavad naguslixmevi xasiaTi,
romelic, garda imisa, rom arsebobs, sxva damatebiT Semowmebas ar
saWiroebs. is arsebobs rogorc TavisTavad cxadi faqti. da, radganac
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi ar wydeba, is aRqmulia, rogorc
araproblematuri ram. yoveldRiuri cxovreba manam aris
araproblematuri, sanam ar Sewydeba misi Tanmimdevurli funqcionireba.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobas aqvs sivrciTi da droiTi struqtura
(Бергер & Лукман, 2001, gv. 49). sivrciTi struqtura niSnavs imas, rom
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobas aqvs socialuri sazomi, rac imas
niSnavs, rom Cemi manipulaciebis sistema mudmivad kveTs sxva adamianebis
manipulaciaTa zonebs.
-
10
rac Seexeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobis droiT struqturas, anu
temporalurobas, rogorc mas bergeri da lukmani uwodeben, es aris
Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebs cnobierebas. cnobierebis nakadi yovelTvis
droSia mowesrigebuli. magaliTad, Tu Zalian ginda monawileobis miReba
konkretul sportul SejibrebaSi, magram jerjerobiT amis kvalifikacia
ar gaqvs, mogiwevs manamde mocda, sanam am kvalifikacias moganiWeben.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis temporalur struqturasTan adamians uwevs
Sexeba, rogorc faqtTan, romelsac angariSi unda gauwios; yvela misi
proeqti aucilebelia droSi iyos adeqvaturi. yoveldRiurobaSi dro
aRqmulia rogorc uwyveti da saboloo, Tavad adamianis cxovreba ki
aris epizodi drois uwyvet nakadSi, xolo sikvdilis gardauvalobis
codna am dros saboloos xdis ”CemTvis”.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobas adamiani inawilebs sxva adamianebTan.
viRacasTan adamians aqvs pirispir urTierToba, viRacasTan ara. es
urTierTobebi sakmaod rTulia mkacrad dadgenili xatebis struqturaSi
moaqcio, radganac TiToeuli adamianis aRqma subieqturia. marTalia,
pirispir urTierTobebi dadgenili xatebisadmi winaaRmdegobas naklebad
gulisxmobs, vidre sxvebTan gaSualebuli urTierToba, magram yovelTvis
da yvelas mier erTi da igive situaciis zustad erTnairi aRqma ar xdeba.
viRacasTan adamians aqvs pirispiri, viRacasTan ki anonimuri tipis
urTierToba da es urTierTobebi msgavsi ar aris. marTalia, SesaZloa
yoveldRe xvdebode gazeTis gamyidvels, magram masTan da sakuTari
ojaxis wevrTan urTierToba msgavsi ver iqneba. interesebisa da
intimurobis xarisxis mixedviT ki anonimuroba mcirdeba an izrdeba
(Бергер & Лукман, 2001, gv. 59).
bergerisa da lukmanis azriT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realoba SeiZleba
gavigoT tipizaciis kontinuumSi, romlis anonimurobac imis mixedviT
izrdeba, Tu ramdenad Sordeba ”aq da axla” pirispir urTierTobas. erT
polusze imyofebian isini, visTanac adamians aqvs intensiuri, pirispir
-
11
urTierToba da ”mis wres” warmoadgnen, xolo meore polusze isini
arian, visTanac pirispir urTierToba ar aqvs. socialuri struqtura
tipizaciebisa da misi saSualebiT urTierTobaTa ganmeorebadi xatebis
nakrebs, jams warmoadgens.
yoveldRiuri cxovreba aris cxovreba, romelsac adamiani iziarebs
sxvebTan enis saSualebiT. niSanTa sistemebiT adamians SeuZlia gadasces
informacia, romelic ”aq da axla” subieqtur realobas ar gamoxatavs.
ena iZleva uwyveti obieqtivaciis SesaZleblobas da maTi tipizacia xdeba
kategoriebSi, romlebic gasagebia rogorc CemTvis, aseve sxvebisTvisac.
magaliTad, Cemi problemebi Cemsave kolegasTan SeiZleba moeqces
kategoriaSi - problema kolegasTan. marTalia, es aris ”Cemi” problema,
”Cemi kolega” da ”Cemi aRqma”, magram problema, mxolod sakuTari,
SeiZleba qondes nebismier sxvas. Sesabamisad, es kategoria CemTvisac da
sxvisTvisac gasagebia, xolo mniSvnelobaTa organizebis wesebiT
klasificirebuli Cemi biografiuli gamocdileba aris obieqturad da
subieqturad realuri. ”aq da axla” sistemidan gasvlis unaris gamo,
realobis sxdavasxva zona axerxebs gaerTianebas da integrirebas erT
azrobriv mTlianobaSi (Бергер & Лукман, 2001, gv. 69).
burdiesTvis socialuri realoba orjer aris struqturirebuli.
pirvel rigSi, arsebobs pirveladi anu obieqturi struqturireba
socialuri urTierTobebiT. es urTierTobebi CarTulia sxvadasxva -
materialuri Tu aramaterialuri resursis ganawilebaSi. meorec,
socialuri realoba struqturirebulia agentTa warmodgenebiT am
urTierTobebze, sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv institutze da saerTod
socialur samyaroze, rac gavlenas axdens pirvelad struqturirebaze.
orjeraa struqturirebuli realoba bergerisa da lukmanisTvisac.
maTTan yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realoba organziebulia ori polusis -
Cemi sxeulis ”aq” da Cemi amJamindeli drois ”axla”-s Soris.
-
12
bergeri-lukmaniseuli ”aq da axla”, burdies mier gaziarebul
hofmaniseul sence of one’s place’s Zalian gavs. swored es ”aq da axla”
SeiZleba gavigoT yoveldRiuro cxovrebis realobisadmi individis
yuradRebis fokusad.
marTalia, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realoba mxolod am ori polusiT ar
amoiwureba, magram aq yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rom adamini
yoveldRiur cxovrebas aRiqvams sivrciTi da droiTi miaxloebis an
moSorebis xarisxis mixedviT. ”CemTan uaxloesia cxovrebis is zona,
romelic Cemi fizikuri manipulaciebisTvis aris uSualod misawvdomi,
anu Cemi moRvaweobis zona, zona, romelSic vsaqmianob da vapireb viyo.
swored es aris individis par excellence” (Бергер & Лукман, 2001, gv. 43).
imavdroulad, adamiani acnobierebs, rom am zonis miRma sxva
zonac/zonebic arsebobs, magram isini misi uSaulo interesis sferoSi ar
Sedis. ”Cemi ”aq” aris sxvebis ”iq”, xolo Cemi ”axla” sxvebis ”axlas”
SesaZloa sulac ar emTxveodes. Tumca, me zustad vici, rom maTTan
erTad vcxovrob da, rac mTavaria, Cven yvelas gvakavSirebs am realobis
saerTo aRqma. ”yoveldRiuri codna - es aris codna, romelsac me viyof
sxva adamianebTan”.
es dialeqtika asaxavs interiorizacia/eqsteriorizaciis process,
romelic akavSirebs obieqtur da subieqtur (inkorpotariul)
struqturebs. ”socialuri struqturebi, interiorizirdebian ra
praqtikebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, iqcevian praqtikul sqemebad -
praqtikebis warmoebis sqemebad. amgvari inkorporatiuli struqturebi
gansazRvraven eqsteriorizacias, anu agentTa praqtikebis saSualebiT
kvlavwarmoebas”, - acxadebs burdie (СПБ, 2001, gv. 69).
burdiesTan am dialeqtikis daZleva moxda habitusis kategoriis
SemoRebiT. masTan agentebi floben unars spontanurad orientirdnen
socialur sivrceSi. unari met-naklebad adeqvaturad upasuxon movlenebs
-
13
da Seesabamebodnen situacias, aris unari, romelic socializaciis
procesSi yalibdeba da kristalizirdeba habitusis tipad.
socialuri samyaro SeiZleba warmovidginoT mravalwaxnagovan sivrced,
romelSic agentebi da jgufebi ganisazRvreba am sivrceSi maTi
poziciebis mixedviT. burdiesTvis, agentTa pozicia sivrceSi ar
ganixileba calke socialur da calke fizikur sivrced. masTan
socialuri dayofa aris rogorc mentaluri struqtura, aseve fizikuri
struqturac.
erTi mxriv, socialur sivrceSi poziciaTa erToblioba konstruirdeba
praqtikebiT, meore mxirv ki, Tavad praqtikebia is, rac arsebobs agentebs
Soris. amdenad, praqtikaTa sivrce isevea obieqturi, rogorc agentTa
sivrce. socialuri sivrce axdens am orive sivrcis - agentTa da
praqtikaTa gaerTianebas mudmivi da aqtiuri urTierTqmedebiT.
socialuri sivrce burdiesTvis aris ara mxolod ”socialuri dayofis
realizacia”, aramed ”am dayofis xedvis” sevrcec, aseve, ara mxolod
konkretuli poziciis dakaveba, aramed am poziciis SemuSavebac.
amdenad, socialuri sivrce aris erTdroulad, obieqturi sivrciTi
struqturac da subieqturi struqturac, romelic nawilobriv obieqtur
struqturaTa inkorporaciis produqts warmoadgens.
-
14
1.2 habitusi
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, burdies socioanalizis erT-erT ZiriTad
kategorias habitusi warmoadgens. is aris fenomeni, romliTac burdiem
scada obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmis dialeqtika daeZlia.
buvresis gancxadebiT, burdie mimarTavs habitusis kategorias, raTa
ipovos Sualeduri gza ”obieqtivizmsa da spontaneizms Soris” (Бувресс,
2001, gv. 226). struqturalizmis tendencia, gaiazros socialuri realoba,
rogorc obieqtur urTierTobaTa sivrce, romelic transcendenturia
agentebTan mimarTebaSi da ar daiyvaneba individebs Soris
urTierTobebze, ar aris gaziarebuli burdies mier. is cdilobs agentebi
gaiazros im swrafvaTa mixdeviT, romelic individebs aqvT im mizezTa
damoukideblad, romlebic gavlenas axdenen masze da gansazRvraven mis
qmedebebs.
habitusi aris regulirebuli dispozicia, romelic warmoSobs
regulirebad da regularul pirobebs wesebisgan damoukideblad.
agentebis moqmedeba aris habitusis produqti, Tumca es faqti qmedebebis
spontanurobas xels ar uSlis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is qmedeba namdvilad
Tavad agentis dispoziciidan modis da ar atarebs iZulebiT xasiaTs.
metic, habitusidan momdinare qmedebebi xSirad ufro spontanuria, vidre
sakuTriv Tavisufali, Tumca es ukanaskneli mtkiceba imas ar niSnavs,
rom es qmedebebi iZulebiT xasiaTs atarebs.
burdie amtkicebs, rom agentebs axasiaTebT ”TamaSis praqtikuli
SegrZneba”, romelic miiReba mxolod TamaSis praqtikis dros. habitusi
iZleva SesaZleblobas gavigoT, Tu rogor SeiZleba qceva iyos
orientirebuli mizanze ise, rom cnobierad arc iyos masze (mizanze)
mimarTuli (Бувресс, 2001).
-
15
swored ”TamaSis SegrZneba” aris piroba usazRvro raodenobis qcevebis
warmoqmnisa, romlebic pasuxobs konkretul situaciebs da romelTa
winaswari gansazRvra SeuZlebelia konkretuli wesebis mier.
”habitusi aris obieqturi aucileblobis inkorporaciis produqti; es
aris aucilebloba, romelic iqca nebad, romelic warmoSobs situacias
morgebul strategiebs; es aris qmedeba, romelic imarTeba ”TamaSis
SegrZnebiT”, flobs racionaluri qmedebis yvela niSans, magram mas
safuZvlad ar udevs goneba” (Бувресс, 2001, gv. 28).
habitusi badebs qcevas, romelic flobs instinqturi qcevis yvela niSans,
magram warmoSobs Sedegebs, romelic emTxveva Sedegebs, romelsac
miviRebdiT wminda racionaluri gaTvlebis dros. is aris SesaZlo
praqtikaTa aucilebeli piroba, agentTa praqtikebis mizezi. amis
miuxedavad, habitusis uSaulo sociologiuri gazomva rTulia da is
SeiZleba gaizomos gaSualebulad, anu im praqtikebis safuZvelze,
romlebic misgan warmoiSoba.
burdies postulatis Tanaxmad, habitusi funqcionirebs, rogorc
struqturizebuli struqtura, romelic badebs praqtikebs. is aris
praqtikul sqemaTa struqturizebuli sistema, romelic funqcionirebs
rogorc struqtura, romelic axdens agentis praqtikebis formirebas ise,
rom praqtikebi adaptirebulia socialur urTierTobaTa im sistemasTan,
romlis produqtsac Tavad warmoadgens.
erTi mxriv, rogorc praqtikuli sqemebis erToblioba, habitusi aris
”socialuri grZnoba”, anu raRac spontanuri da araracionaluri. meore
mxriv ki, rogorc praqtikebis interiorizebuli modeli, is
uzrunvelyofs agentTa improvizaciis struqturizebas, da aris
konkretuli ”formulis” erTguli.
-
16
habitusi aris unari, Tavisuflad awarmoo praqtikebi da imavdroulad,
is Tavad aris xaraCo, romelic am warmoebas gansazRvravs. is ar iZleva
absoluturad axlis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, magram arc ukve arsebulis
meqanikuri gameorebaa.
samyaros xedva konkretuli poziciidan yalibdeba, amitomac agentebis
poziciebisa da habitusebis cvlileba samyaros maTeuli xedvis
cvlilebasac iwvevs. habitusi aris Sefasebisa da aRqmis sistema,
romelsac agentebi iReben konkretul poziciaSi garkveuli periodis
manZilze yofnis Sedegad. habitusi aris ara mxolod aRqmisa da
Sefasebis sqemebis sistema, aramed am sqemebis warmoebis sqemis sistemac.
habitusi awarmoebs praqtikebs, romelTa aRqmac im agentebs SeuZliaT,
romlebic floben socialuri samyaros gasagebad aucilebel kods,
sqemebs. H
habitusi gulisxmobs ara mxolod sakuTari adgilis SegrZnebas, aramed
sxvebis adgilis SegrZnebasac. habitusis wyalobiT, Cven viRebT
socialur samyaros, romelic gveCveneba rogorc cxadi, utyuari.
-
17
1.3. veli
burdies socioanalizis kidev erT ZiriTad kategorias velis cneba
warmoadgens. ar arsebobs velis calmxrivi da erTmniSvnelovani
ganmarteba. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris ZalTa adgilsamyofeli,
opoziciebiT struqturirebuli met-naklebad damoukidebeli sivrce.
”veli aris gansakuTrebuli adgili, sadac adgili aqvs sruliad
mravalferovan brZolas”.
burdiesTan veli warmoadgens ZalTa koncentraciis adgili, romlis
farglebSic agentebi floben garkveul poziciebs, rac statistikurad
gansazRvravs maT Sexedulebas am velze da maT praqtikebze, romlebic
orientirebulia im ZalTa urTierTobis struqturis SenarCunebaze an
Secvlaze, romlebic qmnian am vels (Бурдьё, 1). veli aris TamaSis
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sivrce specifikuri, mxolod misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli interesebiT, miznebiTa da fsonebiT, funqcionirebis
mxolod sakuTari kanonebiT.
veli SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc socialuri sinamdvilis erTgvari
modusi. es aris ZalTa urTierToba da brZolis sivrce, sadac brZola
da ZalTa gadanawileba xorcieldeba am ZalTa erTobliobis
transformaciisTvis. velis SigniT adgili aqvs konkurencias da brZolas
imis legitimirebisaTvis, risTvisac mimdinareobs brZola am konkretul
velSi. agentebi, imyofebian ra garkveuli velis farglebSi, reagireben
ZalTa gadanawilebaze, struqturebze, axdenen maT konstruirebas, da
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganicdian garkveul zewolas, maT mainc aqvT unari
zemoqmedeba moaxdinon velze; isini moqmedeben velSi winaswar dadgenili
wesebis Sesabamisad, magram, imavdroulad, gaaCniaT Tavisuflebis
garkveuli xarisxi.
-
18
praqtikebis progresirebadi gadanawilebis Sedegad Cndeba veli, romlis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funqcias avtonomia, anu gare zewolisagan
SedarebiTi damoukideblobis mopoveba da SenarCuneba warmoadgens. veli
axdens gare zemoqmedebis sakuTar ”logikaSi” moqcevas. am Tvisebas
burdie refraqciis unars uwodebs, rac niSnavs unars gardaqmna gare
moTxovnebi Tavad velisaTvis maxasiaTebel specifikur moTxovnebad.
agentebis gansazRvra xdeba velSi maT mier dakavebuli poziciebis
mixedviT. TiToeuli pozicia warmodgenaTa, dispoziciaTa, interesTa
konkretul sistemasTan da velis struqturis gansakuTrebul
xedvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. agentTa brZola velSi sakuTari poziciis
SenarCunebis an SecvlisTvis, imavdroulad aris brZola amave velis
produqciis struqturisa da warmoebis institutebis SenarCunebisaTvis
an SecvlisTvis.
-
19
1.4. kapitali
“kapitali aris sikeTe, romlis warmoebisa da flobis
legitimaciisTvisac warmoebs brZola velSi”.
burdie mivida daskvnamde, rom velSi sakuTari poziciis dasakaveblad
gaCaRebul brZolaSi individebi ibrZvian sami kategoriis kapitalisTvis.
esenia: ekonomikuri kapitali - materialuri sikeTeebis floba;
kulturuli kapitali - ganaTleba da Sesabamisi diplomi; aseve,
individis is kulturuli done, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZlebelia im
jgufis gareSe, romelic flobs Zalauflebas (ojaxi, eklesia, klubi da
a.S); da simboluri kapitali - avtoritetis, reputaciis floba.
kapitalebis gadanawileba agentebs Soris vlindeba rogorc
Zalauflebis ganawileba da zegavlena am sivrceSi. agentebis pozicia
socialur sirvceSi maTi kapitalebis moculobiTa da struqturiT
ganisazRvreba. ekonomikuri da kulturuli kapitali aris Zalauflebis
wyaro maTTvis, vinc maT flobs personalurad, rac aZlevs agentebs
Zalauflebas maTze, vinc am kapitalebs naklebad flobs an ar flobs
saerTod. es kapitalebi aris ara mxolod fsoni TamaSSi an mogeba,
aramed Tavad TamaSSi CarTvis aucilebeli pirobac (Шматко, 1998, gv. 72).
socialuri sivce warmoadgens agentTa Tavmoyris adgils, romelTac
gansxvavebuli, magram sistematurad urTierTdakavSirebuli Tvisebebi
aqvT. es aris erTgvari simboluri sistema, sxvadasxva statusis mqone
agentebis, socialuri jgufebis cxovrebis sivrce, sadac TiToeul
maTgans sakuTari adgili aqvs.
socialuri samyaros aRsaqmelad simbolur brZolas sxvadasxva forma
SeiZleba qondes. obieqturi TvalsazrisiT, brZola SesaZloa mimarTuli
iyos imisken, rom aiZulos agenti dainaxos da aRiqvas konkretuli
-
20
realiebi. subieqturi TvalsazrisiT ki, SeiZleba moqmedeba socialuri
samyaros aRqmisa da Sefasebis kategoriebis SecvliT.
nebismier velSi adgili aqvs brZolas, erTi mxriv, damwyebebs Soris,
romlebic cdiloben gaarRvion yvela barieri, romelic konkretul
velSi moxvedraSi uSliT xels da, meore mxriv, dominantebs Soris,
romlebic cdiloben daicvan monopolia da gamoricxon konkurencia.
vels axasiaTebs TamaSis da specifikuri interesebis gansazRvra,
romlebic ar daiyvaneba sxva velisTvis maxasiaTebel TamaSsa da
interesebze. velis struqtura gulisxmobs brZolaSi CarTul agentebs an
institutebs Soris ZalTa Tanafardobas, an specifikuri kapitalis
ganawilebas, rac gansazRvravs brZolisTvis saWiro strategias. Ees
struqtura mudam CarTulia brZolaSi. brZolis adgilia veli, romelSic
mTavaria monopolia legitimur Zaladobaze (specifikur Zalauflebaze),
romelic am konkretuli velis ganmasxvavebel Tvisebas warmoadgens.
saboloo jamSi, brZola warmoebs specifikuri kapitalisTvis.
specifikur kapitalze saubari niSnavs imis aRiarebas, rom kapitals
Rirebuleba aqvs konkretul velTan mimarTebaSi, konkretuli velis
farglebSi. rogorc ki kapitali gadadis sxva velis farglebSi,
kapitali sxva tipad gardaiqmneba.
isini, vinc axdenen specifikuri kapitalis monopolizirebas,
orientirebulni arian SenarCunebis strategiaze – stragetiaze, romelic
iswrafvis orTodoqsiis SenarCunebisken. mflobelebi ki, romlebic
nakleb kapitals floben da ZiriTadad arian damwyebni, orientirebulni
arian ngrevis, anu eresis strategiaze. swored eresi aiZulebs
dominantebs daarRvion siCume da daicvan orTodoqsia.
velis naklebad SesamCnevi, magram mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa isic, rom
velSi CarTul yvela individs aerTianebs fundamentur interesTa saerTo
krebuli, romlebic (interesebi) Tavad velis arsebobasTan aris
-
21
dakavSirebuli. brZola velSi mudmiv xasiaTs atarebs, ramdenadac yvela,
vinc brZolaSia CarTuli xels uwyobs brZolis kvlavwarmoebas, da aseve
xels uwyobs TamaSis Rirebulebis rwmenis gaCenas.
damwyebni velSi Sesvlis uflebis mosapoveblad konkretul safasurs
ixdian – isini aRiareben TavisTavad TamaSis Rirebulebas da velis
funqcionirebis principebis praqtikul codnas iZenen.
-
22
Tavi 2.
masobrivi komunikaciis gaazrebisTvis
melvin deflori da everet denisi pirdapir acxadeben, rom Tanamedrove
adaminis cxovrebis gaazreba, gaanalizeba mediis faqtoris
gaTvsliwinebis gareSe praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, radganac ”dRes Cven
Zalian varT damokidebulni mediis arsebobasa da mis Sinaarsze”. isini
saubroben rogorc socialur, aseve pirovnul mediadamokidebulebaze
(deflori& denisi, 2009, gv. 5). pirovnul doneze mediadamokidebulebis
gaazreba Cveni interesis sfero naklebadaa, Tumca es TavisTavad
saintereso sakiTxia.
CvenTvis sainteresoa socialuri mediadamokidebuleba, anu sxavadasxva
institutisTvis mediis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT ki politikisTvis.
ukve didi xania media politikis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. dRes
politikis aqtorebi sakuTar kampaniebs swored medialogikis Sesabamisad
adgenen. isini cdiloben gamoiyurebodnen Sesabamisad, gamoCndnen iq da
ise, rogorc mediis kanonebi iTxovs, isaubron ise, rom mediam es naTqvami
auditoriamde miitanos da a.S.
maskomunikaciis mkvlevrebi bevri mimarTulebiT muSaoben da sxvadasxva
aspeqtebis kvleviT arian dakavebulni. denis maqqueili acxadebs, rom
masmediis ”sawyis wlebad” me-20 saukune unda miviCnioT. cxadia, mediis
formebi manamde gaCnda, magram swored me-20 saukuneSi qonda adgili
media institutebis Camoyalibebas, teqnologiur cvlilebebs, am
yvelafris gavlena sazogadoebaze swored am epoqaSi gaizarda, aseve
Camoyalibda specialuri disciplinebi, romlebic swavloben
-
23
komunikacias da gaCnda sivrce, romelic marTavda sajaro debatebs
komunikaciis masaze zegavlenasa da mis mniSvnelobaze.
maqqueilis azriT, mniSvnelovania mediasTan dakavSirebiT sakiTxTa sami
tipis gaazreba: pirveli, komunikaciis axali saSualebebis Zalauflebis
sakiTxi; meore, socialuri integraciis an deintegraciis sakiTxi,
romlis mizezic media SeiZleba gaxdes; da mesame, ganmanaTleblobis
sakiTxi. (McQuail, Sage, gv. 50).
Cven SevecdebiT gavizaroT masobrivi komunikacia ramdenime sididis
mixedviT. kerZod, media, rogorc informaciis mauwyebeli, rogorc
garToba, rogorc politikuri gancxadebebis reprezentaciis saSualeba,
rogorc ekonomika. aseve SevecdebiT, mokled mimovixiloT axali epoqis
Taviseburebebi, romelsac informaciuls uwodeben.
-
24
2.1. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc informaciis
mauwyebeli
mediis erT-erT umTavres funqcias auditoriisTvis informaciis miwodeba
warmoadgens. socialur garemoze dakvirvebis gziT media axali ambebis
Segrovebas, damuSavebasa da gavrcelebas emsaxureba. rasakvirvelia,
auditoriisTvis miwodebuli ambebi SerCeulia konkretuli
jgufis/jgufebis mier, magram am ambebis saSualebiT sazogadoeba mis
garSemo ganviTarebuli movlenebis saqmis kursSi yofnas mainc axerxebs.
deflorisa da denisis gancxadebiT, rTulia axali ambebis arsis
ganmarteba. Tumca, isini Tvlian, rom arsebobs oTxi etapi, romelic
konkretulma ambavma unda gaiaros imisaTvis raTa mas axali ambavi
ewodos (deflori&denisi., 2009, gv. 189).
kerZod, es etapebia:
1. mniSvnelovani faqtebisa da detalebis SerCeva;
2. maTTvis axali ambebisa da konkretuli mediasaSualebis
formatis morgeba;
3. masmediis saSualebiT maTi auditoriisTvis gadacema;
4. auditoriis mier miRebuli ambis naxva da gaanalizeba.
Tanamedrove axali ambebis industriaSi erTdroulad ori tendencia
arsebobs. erTi mxriv, axali ambebi, romlebic mediasaSualebebiT
-
25
vrceldeba aris trivialuri da gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis armqone;
meore mxriv ki, axali ambebi SesaZloa iyos seriozuli da sasacicxlod
mniSvnelovani sazogadoebisTvis. mediasaSualebebiT iseTi ambebis mosmena
SeiZleba, romelTac Cven cxovrebaze mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena
SeuZliaT. metic, axali ambebis industria dRes isea daxvewili, rom
movlenebi detalurad Suqdeba msoflios sxvadasvxa wertilidan da
maqsimalurad operatiulad.
metic, dRes ukve erTmaneTs upirispireben cxel axal ambebsa da Tematur
axal ambebs. cxel ambebSi swored is igulisxmeba, rasac Cveulebrivi
mayurebeli moiazrebs axal ambad, anu drois TvalsazrisiT sruliad
axali ambavi, romlis miwodebac auditoriisTvis maqsimalurad
operatiulad da sasurvelia cxeli wertilidan moxdes (magaliTad,
Zarcva, mkvleloba, katastrofa).
rac Seexeba Tematur axal ambavs, is drois TvalsazrisiT, momentalur
gaSuqebas ar saWiroebs, Tumca interess sazogadoebis mxridan
SesaZlebelia iwvevdes. magaliTad, arc Tu uinteresoa auditoriisTvis
mecnierebis an medicinis axali miRwevebi sxvadasxva daavadebaTa
mkurnalobis TvalsazrisiT, an modis samyaros tendenciebi. es aris
Tematuri axali ambebis magaliTebi, romlebic axalicaa, interessac
iwvevs, magram drois TvalsazrisiT, uswrafes miwodebas ar iTxovs.
Jurnalistikis velma axali ambebis ganmsazRvreli mosaxerxebeli
kriteriumebi SeimuSaves, romelTac axali ambebis Rirebulebebi ewodeba.
manam sanam ambavi auditoriamde miva, man garkveuli etapebi unda gaiaros
da imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs ambavi RirebulebaTa
sistemas, is moxvdeba an ar moxvdeba axali ambebis ricxvSi
(deflori&denisi., 2009, gv. 198).
-
26
axali ambebis Rirebulebebi:
- gavlena. saubaria imaze, ramdenad SeiZleba, rom movlenam gavlena
moaxdinos adamianTa konkretul jgufebze, ramdenad didi SeiZleba iyos
es gavlena da ramdenad did masebs moicavs is;
- operatiuloba. ambavi sazogadoebas droulad unda miewodos,
radganac ”cxel” ambebs meti Rirebuleba aqvT, vidre Cavlil ambebs;
- cnobili adamianebi. imis miuxedavad, rom xSirad rCeba
STabeWdileba, TiTqos media gacveTil saxeebze gviyveba, auditoriisTvis
cnobili adaminebis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba ufro sainteresoa, vidre
rigiT moqalaqeebze;
- lokacia. axlos, Cven garSemo momxdari ambavi met Rirebulebas
atarebs, vidre Cvengan Sors momxdari ambavi, amitomac axali ambebis
rigiTobis dadgenisas, es faqti yovelTvis gaTvaliswinebulia;
- ucnauri SemTxvevebi, romelTa mosmena auditoriaze yovelTvis
axdens STabeWdilebas;
- konfliqti. am kategoriisTvis principi - areuloba ufro
sainteresoa, vidre harmonia - kargad muSaobs;
- Tanadrouloba. axali ambebi elvis siwrafiT icvlba, magram icode,
rodis ra Temaze ilaparako, mniSvnelovania. aucilebelia, axali ambebis
industriaSi CarTulma adamianma Tanadroulobis princips adeqvaturad
upasuxos.
amrigad, axali ambebis auditoriamde mitana masobrivi komunikaciis erT-
erT umTavres funqcias warmoadgens. am funqciis axsnas ori sapirispiro
midgoma cdilobs, romelTagan erT-erTi - sabazro midgoma amtkicebs,
-
27
rom axali ambebi gasayidi produqtia. meore midgomis Tanaxmad ki, axali
ambebi sazogadoebrivi interesebis sadarajoze dgas da sazogadoebis
winaSe valdebulebebs mudmivad axsenebs rogorc mTavrobas, aseve
opoziciur banaks, kerZo seqtors da sazogadoebis sruliad
gansxvavebul institutebs.
orive midgomas sakuTari argumentebi da sakmarisi mizezi aqvs arsebobis.
CvenTvis mTavari mainc is aris, rom arc erTi midgoma ar akninebs mediis,
rogorc informaciis mimwodeblis funqcias da mis mniSvnelobas usvams
xazs.
-
28
2.2. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc garTobis saSualeba
rac Seexeba masobrivi komunikaciis kidev erT - rekreatiul funqcias,
unda iTqvas, rom es funqcia aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva
danarCeni. rogorc deflori da denisi SeniSnaven, mas Semdeg, rac me-19
saukunis industriulma revoluciam samuSao dRis cneba daamkvidra, amis
paralelurad gaCnda dasvenebis dReebis cnebac. popularuli kulturis
warmoSoba, swored maSin gaCenil seirnobisa da garTobis faqtebs
ukavSirdeba da ara masmediis gaCenas, Tumca popularuli kulturis
Tanamedrove gageba swored mediasTanaa gadajaWvuli (deflori&denisi.,
2009).
Tavdapirvelad garToba sakmaod efemerul xasiaTs atarebda, Tumca
mogvianebiT aSS-sa da evropaSi industriuli warmoebis tempebi gaizarda
da farTo momxmarebelze gasvlas cdilobda. gaCnda reklamirebis
organizebul formebamde miyvanis aucilebloba, media ki produqtis
reklamirebis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo. swored ase gadaejaWva masmedia
da popularuli kultura erTmaneTs da, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
samudamod. istorikos riCard martbis lakonuri ganmartebiT,
popularuli kulturaa is ”raRac, rac SeiZleba iyido, gansxvavebT
folklorisgan, romelsac vqmniT” (deflori&denisi., 2009, gv. 229).
popularuli kulturis mTavari funqcia, romlis prezentaciac mediis
saSualebiT xdeba, aris garToba. maqsimalurad did auditoriaze gasvla
da umravlesobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba popkulturis
arsebobisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa. dRes bevrs davoben imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom media, romelic auditoriis gemovnebis konstruirebas
axdens, am funqcias negatiurad asrulebs. kerZod, ”maRali gemovnebis”
nacvlad media ayalibebs ”saSualoze dabali gemovnebis” mqone
auditorias.
-
29
igive deflori da denisi weren, rom masmediis ganviTarebade arsebuli
xelovnebis ori tipi - folkloruli xelovneba, romelic dabali fenis,
magram niWieri adamianebis mier spontanurad Seqmnili xelovnebaa,
romelic sakuTari fenis yoveldRiur cxovrebas asaxvs da elituri
xelovneba, romelic niWieri Semoqmedis mier iqmneba, individualur
xasiaTs atarebs da gamoxatvisa da interpretaciis axali gzebis Ziebas
warmoadgens, masmediam xelovnebis axali mimarTulebiT - kiCiT
Caanacvla.
kiCi aris iaffasiani, trivialuri kultura, romelic sinamdvilesa da
ubralo, spontanur siamovnebas aufasurebs, wers duaiT makdonaldsi da
miiCnevs, rom kiCi ryvnis Taobebs da droTa ganmavlobaSi maT am tipis
kulturis miRebis moTxovnileba Tavad uCndebaT.
denis maqqueili saubrobs masauditoriaze (mass audience), romelic arc
jgufia, arc brbo da arc ubralod sazogadoeba. es aris didi,
heterogenuli da disperisuli erToba adamianebisa, romlebic ar icnoben
erTmaneTs, magram aerTianebT masobrivi komunikaciis mier gavrcelebul
news-Ta da garTobaTa momxmareblis rolSi yofna (McQuail, Sage, gv. 398).
masauditoria im produqtis moxmarebazea orientirebuli, romelsac
media mas sTavazobs. mediamflobelebi da yvela is adamiani, romelic am
did biznesSia CarTuli, auditorias ganixilavs, rogorc momxmarebels,
bazars da maqsimalurad cdilobs iseTi produqtis SeTavazebas,
romelic gaiyideba. amitomac, garTobis axali formebi, romelsac media
sTavazobs auditorias martivi, yvelasTvis gasagebi da, Sesabamisad,
kargad gayidvadia. da radganac es kargi biznesia, warmoudgenelia, rom
mediidan popularuli kultura gaqres da adgili, iSviaTi gamonaklisis
garda, elitur, e.w. ”maRal xelovnebas” daeTmos. garda amisa, maqqueils
Tu vendobiT, mediis aseTi popularobis mizezi swored mis gasarTob
xasiaTSi unda veZeboT.
-
30
2.3. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc biznesi
mediis kvlevisas misi, rogorc ekonomikuri sididis Seswavla iseTive
mniSvnelovania, rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebaze mediis gavlenisa Tu
politikuri sididis Seswavla. mediamkvlevrebisTvis saintereso sakiTxia
mediis, rogorc biznes-kategoriis Seswavla.
auditoriaze orientireba da misi moTxovnilebebis adeqvaturi
produqtis Seqmna mediis mier calsaxad ekonomikis velis logikaSi
jdeba. media komerciul xasiaTs atarebs; is mogebazea orientirebuli.
mediis komerciuli xasiaTi gulisxmobs bazris Sesabamisi produqtis
Seqmnas, am produqtis reklamirebas da auditoriisTvis kargad gayidvadi
produqtisa da cxovrebis konkretuli stilis SeTavazebas (Fairclough,
1995; gv. 42).
robert pikardi mediis komerciul xasiaTs usvams xazs da aRniSnavs, rom
mediis konkretuli formebis muSaobis wesi da strategia imazea
damokidebuli, Tu vis mflobelobaSia is. mkvlevari mediaSi
Zalauflebis mflobelTa oTx kategorias gamoyofs - mesakuTreni,
prodiuserebi, reklamis SemkveTni da auditoria (Nordenstrang, Sage, gv.
336).
alTiuseri pirdapir mianiSnebs mediaze ekonomikuri velis zewolaze da
ambobs, rom ”presis Sinaarsi pirdapir korelaciaSia mis
damfinansebelTa interesebTan”.
cxadia, mediaproduqtis SeqmnaSi TiToeuli jgufi monawileobs, Tumca
prioritetebi da strategia swored mflobelis mier ganisazRvreba. es
ukanaskneli ki, Tu pikards vendobiT, ”mefis”, anu auditoriis
moTxovnilebebidan amodis. aqcenti swored imaze keTdeba, rac kargad
-
31
gaiyideba. rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia visaubroT mxolod Zalauflebis
mflobelTa erTi jgufis mniSvnelobaze da sxvebis ignorirebaze. media
biznesia da mogebis miReba ainteresebs, magram Zalauflebis yvela
mflobelma icis, rom zustad iseve, rogorc mas SeuZlia moTxovnileba
gaaCinos auditoriaSi, aseve SeiZleba arsebobdes ukve Camoyalibebuli
moTxovnileba, romelsac adeqvaturi pasuxi unda gaeces, an sxva jgufi,
romelsac sxva tipis produqtze SeuZlia moTxovna gaaCinos. amdenad,
auditoriis interesebis codna yovelTvis mniSvnelovania.
-
32
2.4. masobrivi komunikacia rogorc politikuri
gancxadebebis mauwyebeli
Cven epoqaSi ZiriTadi politikuri diskursi Riaa imisaTvis, rom igi
warmodgenil iqnas mediaSi. es aris ara mxolod survili, aramed
aucilebloba; politikis mediatizaciis pirobebSi, politikosebi
nebismier gancxadebas, nebismier Temaze saubarsa Tu gamoCenas
sainformacio velSi, politikuri sityvis Tqmis JanrSi aqceven da
cdiloben xSirad moxvdnen am velSi, radganac esmiT mediatizaciis
mniSvneloba. es movlena zogjer aRiqmeba politikis kolonizaciad
mediis mier, zogjer ki piriqiT, mediis kolonizaciad politikis mier.
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom politika-mediis urTierTobisas met “daTmobaze
politika midis da ara media. politikosebis mier mediis wesebis
ignorireba aqcevs maT marginalebad, romlebic kargaven
sazogadoebisTvis saintereso saxes” (Fairclough, 1995; gv. 200).
politikuri velis arsebobas komunikaciis garaSe azri ar eqneboda;
velis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sakuTari principebi Tavs moaxvios
sxva velebs, amitomac axorcielebs politikur komunikacias, socailur
sistemasTan komunikaciis saukeTeso saSualebas media, misi formebidan ki
televizia warmoadgens. igi, rogorc mks-is yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma
flobs gansakuTrebul Zalauflebas politikuri velisaTvis. talevizia
aris mediis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da prioritetuli imijebis
“gasayidadac”. amis mTavari mizezi is aris, rom mosaxleobis
umravlesoba informacias mimdinare politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb
iRebs televiziis saSualebiT. televiziis aseTi mniSvneloba
politikuri velisaTvis ganisazRvreba, erTi mxriv, komunikaciis am
formis xelmisawvdomobiT mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis (wigniers Tu
uwignurs, mdidars Tu Raribs da a.S. Tanabari SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
mediis am formis momsaxurebiT sargeblobisaTvis); meore mxriv, ki Tavad
politikis TaviseburebiT, ufro zustad ki eleqtoraluri moqmedebis
-
33
Taviseburi emocionalur-kognituri struqturiT, rasac kargad iyenebs
politikuri garemo sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad.
eleqtoratis mcire nawili Tu axdens miRebuli informaciis
racionalur gaanalizebas; umravlesoba ubralod iRebs garkveul
impulsebs, romelTac mas cnobierad da gegmazomierad awvdian da
reagirebs maTze gansakuTrebuli racionaluri gaanalizebis gareSe.
rogorc riCard niqsonis gundis wevri rei praisi ambobs, “politika
ufro emocionaluria, vidre racionaluri da es gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinod Cans saprezidento arCevnebisas. xalxi axdens sakuTari
Tavis identificirebas prezidentTan ufro metad, vidre sxva
sazogadoebriv figurasTan...” (Почепцов, 1, 2002, gv. 311).
aq yvelaze mniSvnelovania politikis emociuri xasiaTis dafiqsireba. es
aris informacia, romelsac amomrCevels awvdian mediis saSualebiT, rac
uqmnis mas STabeWdilebas, uyalibebs garkveul pozicias ise, rom igi
sulac ar axdens miRebuli informaciis analizs, ubralod, iRebs mas
rogorc mocemulobas. nebismieri politikuri gancxadeba, romelic
televiziiT (da ara mxolod) keTdeba, aris politikuri gzanili,
romelsac aRiqvams auditoria. es gzavnilebi gansxvavebulia Tavisi
SinaarsiT, Tumca amocana erTi aqvs _ gamoiwvios sasurveli reaqcia.
jemisonis azriT, “politikuri gancxadebebi rom ar arsebobdes, Cven
isini unda SevqmnaT, radganac es axdens politikuri institutebis
legitimizacias da amtkicebs imas, rom cvlileba politikur sistemaSi
SesaZlebelia; rom Cvens xmas SeuZlia Seqmnas raRac gansxvavebuli.
politikuri gancxadebebis arseboba niSnavs imas, rom qveyanas aqvs
momavali” (TSCV, 1997, gv. 178).
politikuri gancxadebebis prezentireba mediis saSualebiT aris
garantia imisa, rom is mravalricxovan auditoriaze gavrceldeba, xolo
mediis SesaZlebloba Targmnos gancxadebebi verbalur, vizualur da
situaciur konteqstSi, iZleva garantias, rom konkretulma politikurma
gancxadebam sapasuxo, xSirad sasurveli reaqcia gamoiwvios.
-
34
Tamamad SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi televizia aris
saukeTeso forma mediisa politikur sivrceSi warmatebis misaRwevad,
radganac politikis veli cdilobs eleqtoratis maqsimaluri raodenoba
moicvas, amis realizebis saukeTeso saSualebas ki televizia
warmoadgens; televiziis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli politikur
ierarqiaSi garkveuli adgilis dakaveba. axali drois politika,
sarCinelis TqmiT, “ar aris kompetenturi, Tu is ar aris kompetenturi
mks-is sferoSi. politikuri lideris reitingis zrdac didwiladaa
damokidebuli mis “telegenurobasa” da unarze, imuSaos sazogadoebasTan,
radganac tradiciuli politika, romelic mxolod saorganizacio
unarebis qonaSi gamoixateboda, dRes ukve araefeqturia. axal droSi
moxda politikis personalizacia; swored amitom aris mniSvnelovani
lideris faqtori da misi unarebi” (Сарчинелли, 2002, gv. 41).
politikuri Zalaufleba ar aris “materialuri sidide” da igi mudmivad
saWiroebs ganaxlebas komunikaciis gziT. “mediis logika”, anu
orientacia siaxleze, sainteresosa da mimzidvelze, udides gavlenas
axdens eleqtoratis mier politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze.
Sesabamisad, politikis velic am logikas maqsimalurad emorCileba.
-
35
2.5. informaciuli era
axali realobis dasaxasiaTeblad sxvadasxva skolis warmomadgenlebi
gansxvavebul terminebs iyeneben da aqcentebsac gansxvavebulad svamen. me-
20 saukunis bolosaTvis sakmaod farTod gavrcelda axali sazogadoebis
rogorc informaciulis, komunikaciebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb saubari.
aRaravin davobs imaze, rom ukanaskneli aTeuli wlebis manZilze
samyaroSi radikalur cvlilebebs hqonda adgili da rom amis mizezi
masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis swrafi gavrcelebaa. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom axali sainformacio teqnologiebis gavrceleba ufro
produqtiuli warmoebisaTvis, racionaluri organizebisa Tu
informaciis efeqturi gamoyenebis procesisaTvis xelSemwyobi faqtoria.
swored am process SeiZleba ewodos "informaciuli revolucia".
denis maqqueili miiCnevs, rom termini ”informaciuli sazogadoeba” aris
obieqturi aRwera droisa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT (McQuail, Sage).
manuel kastelsi, romelic axali "informaciuli eris" dadgomaze
saubrobs, sadac axali socialuri struqtura asocirdeba warmoebis
axali wesis - informaciis warmoqmnasTan, upiratesobas termin ”qseluri
sazogadoebis” gamoyenebas aniWebs. Tumca, principulia ara terminebis
simravle, aramed is, rac axasiaTebs axal eras. kerZod is, rom aq
ganviTarebas aqvs sakuTari wesi, romelsac informaciuli wesi SeiZleba
ewodos da romlisTvisac specifikuria codnis zemoqmedeba Tavad
codnaze, rogorc warmoebis mTavar wyaroze. axal droSi TiTqmis
yvelaferi koncentrirebulia komunikaciis, informaciis axali
saSualebebis, teqnologiebis irgvliv.
informaciis axali Tu Zveli teqnologiebis gavrceleba gansxvavebuli
intensivobiT, magram TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi SeimCneva. axalma
teqnologiebma, komunikaciis eleqtronulma saSualebebma xeli Seuwyo
-
36
informaciis globalur gavrcelebas da mTeli msoflios gaerTianebas
erT did ojaxSi, romelsac pirobiTad "informaciuls" uwodeben.
TumcaRa, kastelsi acxadebs, rom miuxedavad mks-is globaluri
urTierTkavSirisa, "Cven vcxovrobT ara globalur sofelSi, aramed
SekveTiT aSenebul kotejebSi, romlebic globalurad iwarmoeba, magram
nawildeba lokalurad" (Castells, 1996, gv. 327).
mark posteri Tvlis, rom informaciuli teqnologiebis gavrcelebam
gansakuTrebuli zegavlena moaxdina Cveni cxovrebis wesze, Cveni
“socialuri kavSirebis qselze”, imaze, Tu ras vfiqrobT Cven sakuTar
Tavze. is gvTavazobs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis sakuTar
models, romelic “simboloTa gacvlis” gansxvavebul tipebzea
(modusebze) dafuZnebuli (Уэбстер, 2004, gv. 343).
posteri saubrobs Semdeg sam etapze:
1. etapi, roca urTierToba xorcieldeba zepirad, pirispir. igi
Seesabameboda myar, ucvlel socialur kavSirebs, roca pirovneba
mWidro kavSirSi iyo jgufebTan, xolo simboloebis cvlileba
daiyvaneboda imis aSkara gamoxatvaze, rac isedac cnobili iyo
da dadebiTad fasdeboda sazogadoebis mier;
2. werilobiTi urTierTobis etapi, roca niSnebi warmoadgendnen
garkveul koncefciebs, xolo individi am tipis sazogadoebaSi
iqceoda racionalurad;
3. eleqtronuli gacvlis etapi, roca niSnebi mxolod raRacis
simulacias axdenen, ayalibeben sinamdviles da kargaven TavianT
reprezentaciul xasiaTs. am tipis sazogadoebaSi pirovneba aris
decentralizebuli da mudmivad cvalebadi.
-
37
informacia, rogorc codnis gadacemis saSualeba mniSvnelovani iyo
yvela sazogadoebaSi; axali sazogadoebis ganmasxvavebel niSans is
warmoadgens, rom axali teqnologiuri pirobebis wyalobiT informaciis
generireba, damuSaveba da gadacema iqca Zalauflebisa da warmoebis
wyarod. aq informaciis damuSaveba mimarTulia informaciis damuSavebis
teqnologiebis gaumjobesebaze. informacionalizmi orientirebulia
teqnologiur ganviTarebaze; informaciis mopoveba, misi damuSaveba,
Senaxva da gadacema aris is ZiriTadi amocanebi, romelic am epoqis
winaSe dgas.
informacia aris axali epoqis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala; is aris
warmoebis ZiriTadi forma da produqti. sxva materialur produqtebTan
SedarebiT informacias, rogorc produqts, mravali upiratesoba aqvs:
informacia ar cvdeba; misi mravaljeradi gamoyeneba avtomaturad ar
iwvevs mis gaqrobas. informaciis swrafi tiraJireba martivad aris
SesaZlebeli. misi koreqtuli gadacemis SemTxvevaSi is ar kargavs
sakuTar arss; igi ekonomiuria.
Tanamedroveobis erT-erT yvelaze popularul Teorias - postmodernizms
aqvs axali xedva informaciaze da mis mniSvnelobaze am epoqaSi.
ganmanaTlebeli epoqis filosofosebisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom ena
warmoadgenda obieqturi sinamdvilis aRweris saSualebas, sityvebi ver
daCrdilaven sinamdviles. magram postmodernistebi amtkiceben, rom es
sxva araferia, Tu ara “miTi enis gamWvirvalobis Sesaxeb”, ubralod,
Zveli filosofosebi Tvals xuWavdnen imaze, rom simboloebi da saxeebi
(anu, informacia) warmoadgenen erTaderT realobas, romelTanac Cven
gvaqvs saqme. miSel fuko am ideas ase ayalibebs: “sinamdvile saerTod ar
arsebobs; yvelaferi rac aris, aris ena, da, maSinac ki, roca vsaubrobT
enaze, Cven iZulebulni varT isve gamoviyenoT” (Уэбстер, 2004, gv. 331).
-
38
informaciis postmodernuli analizi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven
vcxovrobT ara samyaroSi, romlis Sesaxebac Cven gvaqvs informacia,
aramed piriqiT, Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi, SeqmnilSi informaciis mier.
Jan bodriari miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove kultura aris niSnebis
kultura. yvelaferi, rasTanac Cven gvaqvs urTierToba, ase Tu ise, exeba
mniSvnelobebs; bevri ram dakavSirebulia mks-is swraf ganviTarebasTan.
cxadia, adamianebi yvela droSi iyenebdnen niSnebs, magram, bodriaris
azriT, arc erTi sazogadoeba aqamde ar CaZirula niSanTa morevSi ise,
rogorc es emarTeba axal sazogadoebas.
“dRes Cveni cxovreba aris uwyveti cirkulacia niSnebisa imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra moxda msoflioSi (axali ambebis niSnebi), rogori STabeWdileba
gindaT rom datovoT adamianebze (sakuTari Tavis amsaxveli niSnebi), ra
pozicia gikaviaT sazogadoebaSi (statusisa da pativiscemis niSnebi) da
a.S. niSnebis simravle aris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac axali
drois sazogadoebas ganasxvavebs sxva drois sazogadoebebisagan”, -
acxadebs bodriari (Уэбстер, 2004, gv. 334).
Tumca, bevri Tvlis, rom niSanTa simravle iwvevs am niSnebis
damaxinjebul gamoyenebas. am midgomis momxreebs amis magaliTad
satelevizio sivrceSi “sapnis operebis” simravle mohyavT da miiCneven,
rom isini axdenen adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis falsificirebas.
magram, niSans aqvs is Tvisebac, rom mas SeuZlia aRadginos raRac
suraTi da dagvixatos samyaro ufro naTel ferebSi. Jan bodriari ar
cdilobs “damaxinjebuli komunikaciis gamosworebas”. misi azriT,
imdenad ramdenadac yvelaferi daiyvaneba mniSvnelobebze, xelovnuroba
gardauvalia swored niSnebis bunebis gamo. misTvis “sinamdvile” iwyeba
da sruldeba niSnebiT satelevizio ekranze; am niSnebis nebismieri
analizi migviyvans ara sinamdvilis versiamde, aramed niSanTa kidev erT
-
39
jgufamde, romlebic TiTqos asaxaven niSnebis miRma damalul realobas.
metic, bodriari acxadebs, rom odesRac Tu Tvlidnen, rom niSnebi
raRacis reprezentacias axdenen, dRes yvelas esmis, rom niSnebi mxolod
simulireben da sxva araferi. es yvelaferi ki Zalzed kargad aris
cnobili Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis. misTvis realoba sxva araferia Tu
ara simulaciebi da am viTarebaSi araviTari aucilebloba realuris
Ziebisa ar arsebobs.
bodriars aseve Semoaqvs termini “simulakri” (xilvadoba) im niSanTa
aRsaniSnavad, romlebic warmoadgenen aslebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT
originali. es faqti cnobilia da amis gamo naklebad nerviuloben
(Уэбстер, 2004, gv. 340). auditoria, realurad, arafers xedavs da araferi
esmis, is ubralod tkbeba speqtakliT, romelsac misTvis Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba aTamaSebs.
fsiqologi nana CaCua yuradRebas Tanamedrove epoqaSi informaciis
simravlesTan erTad, am informaciis realobasTan Seusabamobasa da
informaciis simravlisadmi damokidebulebis SeuTavseblobaze. misi
TqmiT, adamianebi informacias iReben pirdapir, gaanalizebis,
gacnobierebis gareSe. isini pasiurebi arian da ar mimarTaven kritikul
cnobierebas. იnformaciis pirdapir miRebis wesi da apelireba imaze, rom
raRac “daiwera presaSi, “Tqves televiziiT”, dacvis meqanizmis funqcias
asrulebs, romelsac adamianebi imis gamo mimarTaven, rom ar surT
aRmoCndnen Sinagan konfliqtSi, romlis daregulirebasac dro, energia
da kritikuli azrovneba sWirdeba (CaCua, n. (2011)).
italieli filosofosi jani vatimoc saubrobs masobrivi komunikaciis
saSualebaTa gansakuTrebul rolze. igi miiCnevs, rom maTi raodenobrivi
zrda da farTo gavrceleba iqca postmodernizmis epoqaSi gadasasvlel
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan faqtorad. swored mediis sferos
-
40
gafarToebas ukavSirebs igi axali drois sazogadoebaSi WeSmaritebisa
da realobis rwmenis dakargvas. mks-is eqspansiam sazogadoeba aiZula
uari eTqva Cvevaze, romelic gulisxmobda yvela movlenis erTi da igive
TvalsazrisiT ganxilvas yvelas mier. imavdroulad, mks-is eqspansiam
gamoiwvia is, rom mediis saSualebebisadmi xeli miuwvdebaT
absoluturad gansxvavebul jgufebs, regionebs da qveynebs. amdenad,
yvela auditoriisaTvis SeuZlebelia arsebobdes erTi da igive realoba
an perspeqtiva; isini gansxvavebul azrebs iziareben da aqvT
gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba faqtebisadmi. vatimos TqmiT axal droSi
“mikrofonTan sxedan yvela tipis umciresobani”, aman ki gamoiwvia
yvelasaTvis saerTo “simarTlis” kolapsi, da swored es aris
Tavisuflebis piroba.
eTeridan pirvel planze iwevs gansxvavebebi. niSnebis mravalferovneba
aocebs adamians; is Tavs grZnobs dakargulad da araferSi ar aris
darwmunebuli. Sedegad ki Cndeba postmodernuli situacia misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli “cvalebadobiT, dezorientaciiTa da TamaSiT”. niSanTa
mravalferovneba Sedegad iwvevs niSnis mier raime mniSvnelobis
matareblis funqciis (unaris) dakargvas da adamianebi speqtaklis Semdeg
iSlebian ise, rom ar ganixilaven mis arss, magram Tavisufalni
WeSmaritebis Ziebis aucileblobis valdebulebisagan.
axal droSi bevri kategoriis gadafaseba xdeba. magaliTad, moxda
ganaTlebis miznebis gadafeseba da imis dadgena, rom is, rac erTxel
iqna miRebuli, SeiZleba Seicvalos. da saerTodac, WeSmariteba
(simarTle) aRar aris xelSeuxebeli. universitetebi aRar cdiloben igi
ipovon, aramed cdiloben mis interpretacias sazogadoebrivi
institutebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. Sedegad, Cndeba
postmodernizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani: WeSmaritebis adgils
ikavebs mravali WeSmariteba, da ukve aRar arsebobs zogadad miRebuli
wesi am elementebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebisa (Уэбстер, 2004, gv. 347). ukve
-
41
WeSmariteba aris arCevanis sfero; rCeba mxolod is, rac am konteqstSi
miRebulia rom iTvlebodes WeSmaritebad.
marTalia, am process dezorientacia axlavs Tan, magram mas dadebiTi
mxarec aqvs; liotari Tvlis, rom WeSmaritebis totalitaruli
koncefciis rRvevas SeuZlia migviyvanos “sazogadoebisa da azrovnebis
ufro met Tavisuflebamde. saerTo pasuxismgeblobis zrdiT,
sazogadoebis wevrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis gamZafrebiT (da maTi
unaris gaumjobesebiT, monaxon saerTo ena), isini, vinc aiRo garkveuli
valdebulebebi an aiRebs maT momavalSi, iqnebian gamorCeulni TavianTi
moqnilobiT da iqnebian metad tolerantulni” (AQWP, 1999, gv. 82).
imis miuxedavad, ras vuwodebT epoqas, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, cxadia
erTi ram - am droSi sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoze TiTqmis
gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens informacia, misi mopovebisa da miRebis
gzebi. Tavad informaciaTa, aseve misi gavrcelebis saSualebaTa simravle
marTlac SeiZleba rTul viTarebaSi gvayenebdes da adamianebs
gagviWirdes ”swori”, ”zusti” informaciis garCeva ”araswori”, ”arazusti”
informaciisgan. magram, meore mxriv, informaciis didi nakadi erTi,
yvelasaTvis misaRebi an zusti informaciis kolafss iwvevs; dRes
mikrofonTan sxvadasxva tipis umciresobebi sxedan, prezentirebas
absoluturad gansxvavebuli ideebis matarebelni axerxeben, auditoria
ki azrovnebis met Tavisuflebas iZens. moaxdens Tu ara is miRebuli
informaciis gaanalizebas, daeTanxmeba Tu ara sxvebis daskvnebs Tu
Tavad gamoitans daskvnebs, esec auditoriis gadasawyvetia da swored es
SeiZleba miviCnioT am drois mTavar pozitivad.
-
42
Tavi 3. veli
3.1. politikis veli
“politikuri veli aris adgili, sadac agentebs Soris konkurentul
brZolaSi ibadeba politikuri produqti, problema, programa, analizi,
komentari, koncefcia, movlena, romelTanaganc Cveulebrivma moqalaqem,
anu “momxmarebelma” unda gaakeTos arCevani”.
politikuri velis ganxilva moTxovnisa da miwodebis logikaSi SeiZleba;
is konkretul produqts qmnis. burdies azriT, produqti, romelsac
politikis veli gvTavazobs, aris socialuri samyaros gamoxatvisa da
aRqmis instrumentebi. mosaxleobaSi azrTa gadanawileba konkretuli
jgufebis mier am instrumentebis flobasa da maTdami
xelmisawvdomobazea damokidebuli. politikis veli aris erTgvari
cenzori, romelic adgens, ra SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli da ra ara; amas
ki, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs konkretuli jgufis interesi. aq muSaobs
Semdegi principi – rom ar arsebobdes Wadrakis TamaSis teqnika, arc misi
TamaSis ganzraxva iarsebebda (Бурдье, 3, 2001, gv. 119).
gadasvla implicituridan eqspliciturze, subieqturi STabeWdilebidan
obieqtur gamoxatvaze aris institucionalizacia da warmoadgens
oficialuri aRiarebis, legitimaciis formas. aRqmisa da gamoxatvis
politikurad moqmedi da legitimuri formebis warmoeba aris
profesionalTa monopoliis sfero. swored mcire ricxvi
profesionalebisa da didi ricxvi momxmareblebisa, romlebic ar arian
kompetenturni politikaSi da amis gamo axdenen sakuTari uflebebis
-
43
delegirebas monopolist profesionalebisTvis, xdis politikis bazars
erT-erT yvelaze Tavisufal bazrad.
nebismier TamaSSi monawile adamianebs aqvT sakuTari specifikuri
interesi. magaliTad, politikur sivrceSi arsebobs ori ZiriTadi -
memarcxene da memarjvene mxareebi, dominantebi da daqvemdebarebulni. maT
Soris arsebobs homolgia, rac imas niSnavs, rom is, vinc TamaSSi ikavebs
pozicias ”a” ”b”-s mimarT, am ukanasknelis poziciidan, Tavad ikavebs ”b”-s
pozicias, radganac sxva rakursidan, ”b” aris dominanti (Бурдьё, 4, 1993,
gv. 36).
politikuri delegirebac am homologiis logikaSi unda ganvixiloT,
acxadebs burdie. jgufebi, romlebic sakuTari uflebebis delegirebas
axdenen konkretuli pirisTvis, misdeven sakuTar interesebs, iseve
rogorc is piri, romlis gafetiSebac da romlisTvisac uflebebis
delegireba ganxorcielda.
Tavad amomrCevlis interesSia uflebebis gadacema konkretuli
pirisTvis, raTa am ukanasknelma, saWiro sivrceSi es interesebi gaataros
da daicvas. Tavis mxriv ki, delegirebulis interesSia daicvas
amomrCevelTa interesebi, raTa ar dakargos xmebi da maTi ndoba.
politikaSi warmatebis miRweva specifikur kompetenturobazea
damokidebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom politikosis habitusma unda
gaiaros specialuri momzadeba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs specialur
Teoriul codnas da Sesabamis gamocdilebas. politikis velSi TamaSi
isea awyobili, rom politikosi unda iyos praqtikosi, qondes TamaSis
SegrZneba, misma “praqtikulma unarma” unda SeaZlebinos mas
mowinaaRmdegis Semdegi nabijebis gaTvla. igive unaris gamo, Tavad
-
44
politikosis samomavlo poziciebis gaTvlac aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca am
TamaSSi yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom politikosi unda iyos mzad
”awarmoos kompetenturi, seriozuli, saimedo da stabiluri TamaSi”.
swored es erTguleba Tavad TamaSisadmi aris politikuri TamaSis
absoluturi moTxovna; investireba TamaSSi, aris TamaSis funqcionirebis
rogorc Sedegi, aseve piroba. ra aris ufro Rirebuli – Tavad TamaSSi
monawileoba Tu privilegiebi, konkretuli materialuri mogeba,
romelsac iReb am TamaSiT, rTuli gasarkvevia. Tavad TamaSSi
monawileoba SeiZleba monawileebis mier aRiqmebodes ukve rogorc
Rirebuleba.
brZola profesionalebs Soris aris sobmoluri brZolis par excellence; es
aris brZola socialuri samyaros SenarCunebisa an transformaciisTvis
socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb xedvis Secvlis an SenerCunebis gziT.
brZolisTvis saWiro socialuri pirobebi unda veZeboT specifikur
logikaSi, romlis mixedviTac xdeba politikuri TamaSis organizeba.
politikur TamaSSi adgili aqvs, erTi mxriv, socialuri samyaros
legitimuri danawilebis principis Seqmnasa da gavrcelebas da,
Sesabamisad, jgufebis mobilizacias; da meore mxriv, xelisuflebis
obieqtivirebuli instrumentebis gamoyenebis monopolias.
demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi am brZolis agentebad gvevlinebian
partiebi, anu sabrZolo organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoeben samoqalaqo
omis sumblimirebul formas. isini maqsimalurad cdiloben gazardon
sakuTari wevrebis ricxvi. erTi mxriv, partiebi cdiloben samyaroze
sakuTari xedva Tavs moaxvion moqalaqeebis maqsimalur raodenobas,
meore mxriv ki, cdiloben konkretuli postebis dakavebas, raTa
uzrunvelyon Zalauflebis gavrceleba.
-
45
amdenad, socialur samyaroze ideebis warmoeba yovelTvis eqvemdebareba
Zalauflebis mopovebis logikas. politikosebi ar emsaxurebian mxolod
sakuTari momxreebis interesebs; metic isini swored sakuTari
interesebisTvis ibrZvian. isini sxvebis interesebs imdenad emsaxurebian,
ramdenadac sxvebis interesebi emTxveva maT sakuTar interesebs.
politikosTa nebismieri sajaro gamosvla ormagad determinirebulia,
radganac politikuri veli moiTxovs SesabamisobaSi yofnas ara mxolod
velis Sida logikasTan, aramed sxva velebis logikasTanac.
veli SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc sxvadasxva donis gansxvavebul
gadaxraTa sistema da yvelaferi masSi azrs iZens gansxvavebaTa da
sawinaaRmdegoTa erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis da Sejerebis Semdeg.
magaliTad, “memarcxeneTa” arseboba azrs kargavs “memarjveneTa”
arsebobis, maTi poziciebis dapirispirebis da simboluri brZolis
gareSe.
TiTqmis yvela vels aerTianebs pretenzia sxvebs Tavs moaxvion
socialuri samyaros legitimuri xedva da TiToeuli maTgani awarmoebs
brZolas “xedvisa” da “dayofis” gabatonebuli principis sxvebisaTvis
Tavsmosaxvevad.
martivi “ideuri dinebebi” politikur moZraobad iqceva mxolod maSin,
rodesac es ideebi aRiarebas poulobs profesonlTa wris miRma.
strategiebi, romelsac velis logika Tavs axvevs profesionalebs
warmatebulia mxolod maSin, rodesac isini TanxvedraSi modis velis
miRma arsebuli jgufebis strategiebTan.
gansxvavebiT mecnierebis velisgan, acxadebs burdie, politikis velSi
warmoTqmuli ideebis Zala ar izomeba misi WeSmaritebiT. politikis
-
46
velis ideebis Zala izomeba im jgufis siZlieriT, romelic am ideas
aRiarebs. politikaSi “ilaparako” niSnavs “imoqmedo”, da piriqiT; anu, es
aris undari daarwmuno, rom SegiZlia gaakeTo is, razec saubrob.
politikosma unda SeZlos moqalaqeTa darwmuneba samyaros sakuTari
xedvis upiratesobaSi. politikuri sityva axdens misi avtoris
angaJirebas, radganac is aris valdebuleba, romelic unda Seasrulo da
romelic WeSmaritad politikurad iqceva imdenad, ramdenadac mas ambobs
pasuxismgebeli agenti an jgufi, romelsac ZaluZs jgufebis angaJireba.
dapirebis utyuaroba damokidebulia mis realobasTan Sesabamisobaze da
dapirebis warmomTqmelis avtoritetze. am ukanasknels unda SeeZlos
jgufebis sakuTari dapirebis utyuarobaSi darwmuneba.
politikuri winadadebebis, dapirebebis, prognozebis Semowmeba an
uaryofa SeuZlebelia logikurad. isini utyuaria imdenad, ramdenadac
mis warmomTqmels SeuZlia gaxados dapireba istoriulad samarTliani,
anu SeZlos misi istoriaSi ganxorcieleba.
politikuri kapitali warmoadgens simboluri kapitalis formas; is aris
krediti, romelic efuZneba rwmenasa da aRiarebas. simboluri
Zalaufleba aris Zalaufleba, romelsac is, vinc emorCileba gadascems
mas, vinc axorcielebs am Zalauflebas. es ukanaskneli arsebobs
imdendad, ramdenadac maT, vinc Zalauflebas emorCileba, am ukanasknelis
arsebobisa sjeraT.
burdiesTan arsebobs politikuri kapitalis ori ZiriTadi saxe – piradi
kapitali da delegirebuli kapitali. piradi kapitali aris politikuri
kapitali, romelic pirovnebam politikur TamaSebSi monawileobiT,
-
47
sakuTari warsuli gamocdilebiT daagrova. piradi politikuri kapitali
Tavad pirovnebasTan erTad qreba.
gansxvavebiT piradisgan, delegirebuli kapitali aris funqcioneris
kapitali, romelic ekuTvnis struqturas, institucias. delegirebul
kapitals akontrolebs Tavad instituti. am tipis kapitalis mopoveba
erT specifikur logikas eqvemdebareba. kerZod, instituirebis aqts,
rodesac partia axdens konkretuli piris oficialuri kandidaturis
wardgenas arCevnebze, rac misTvis politikuri kapitalis gadacemas
niSnavs.
kanoni, romelic agentebsa da instituciebs Soris urTierTobebs
aregulirebs, aseTia - institucia yvelafers aZlevs mas, vinc Tavad
institucias misca yvelaferi. anu, instituciisgan delegirebuli
kapitalis miRebis imedi SeiZleba qondes mxolod mas, vinc Tavis droze
yvelaferi gaiRo Tavad insitutisTvis.
Tumca, aris erTi saintereso momenti – delegirebuli kapitalis mqones
aqvs Sansi piradi kapitalis SeZenis da amas is, Tavad instituciisgan
maqsimaluri distancirebiT axerxebs.
politikuri kapitalis delegireba gulisxmobs am tipis kapitalis
obieqtivacias mudmiv institutebSi, mis materializacias politikur
“manqanaSi”, postebsa da mobilizaciis saSualebebSi, aseve mis mudmiv
kvlavwarmoebas meqanizmebisa da strategiebis daxmarebiT. rac ufro
metad xdeba politikuri kapitalis institucionalizacia konkretuli
postebis saxiT, miT ufro momgebiani xdeba aparatis wevrad yofna,
gansxvavebiT krizisul periodSi politikur TamaSSi monawileobisa,
-
48
rodesac riski maRalia, mogebis Sansi ki naklebi, magaliTad revoluciis
dros.
politikuri kapitalis institucionalizaciis zrdisas brZola
“niWisTvis” adgils uTmobs brZolas “postebisTvis”. miT ufro izrdeba
aparatisa da mis mier SemoTavazebuli postebis raodenobis zrdis
tendenciebi. es tendenciebi Zalian mniSvnelovania aparatis wevrebisTvis.
am ukanasknelTaTvis materialuri da simboluri interesebi gacilebiT
mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre swrafva im miznis miRwevisken, romelic
sakuTar miznad aparatma daasaxela. amdenad, bunebrivad iqmneba
mdgomareoba, rodesac partiebi msxverplad swiraven sakuTar programas
Zalauflebis SenarCunebis an ubralod arsebobis sanacvlod.
patrik Sampanis gancxadebiT, politika, pirvel rigSi, aris simboluri
brZola, romelSic TiToeuli politikuri aqtori sajaro sityvis
monopolizirebas cdilobs; is cdilobs sakuTari xedva samyaroze Tavs
moaxvios maqsimalurad didi raodenobis adamianebs. politikuri wesrigi
aris mentaluri wesrigi, rodesac politikuri struqturebi ZiriTadad
socialuri warmdgenebis saxiT arsebobs da inkorporirebulia TiToeul
socialur agentSi (Шампань).
politikuri ”demokratizaciis” procesi politikuri velis
avtonomizaciasTan da mis mzard Sinagan diferenciaciasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, rac, Sampanis gancxadebiT, imas niSnavs, rom veli qve-
velebad iyofa, romlebSic pirobiTad avtonomiuri socialuri agentebi
moRvaweoben - politikuri Jurnalistebi, politologebi, sazogadoebrivi
azris mkvlevrebi, komunikaciis specialistebi da a.S., romelTac
politikis velSi sakuTari interesebi aqvT da specifikuri fsonebis
dadebiT met-naklebad aqtiurad monawileoben velis TamaSSi.
-
49
politikis veli aris erTgvari mikrokosmi. burdie ganmartavs, rom
sityva mikrokosmi miuTiTebs imaze, rom politikuri universumi yvela
institutTan da partiasTan, funqcionirebis wesTan da agentTan erTad,
warmoadgens avtonomiur samyaros, mikrokosmoss, romelic socialur
mikrokosmSia moTavsebili (Бурдье, 3, 2001, gv. 112).
“politikuri mikrokosmi aris erTgvari universumi, romelic CarTulia
didi universumis funqcionirebis kanonebSi da, miuxedavad amisa, flobs
SedarebiT avtonomias am universumis SigniT da emorCileba sakuTar
nomos-s, anu, sakuTar avtonomiur kanons”.
politikis veli ar arsebobs sxva velebTan urTierTobis gareSe. is
mudmiv interaqciaSia sxva velebTan; velis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom sakuTari principebi Tavs moaxvios sxva velebs, amitomac
axorcielebs politikur komunikacias, rac gulisxmobs politikuri
informaciis gadacemis process, romlis wyalobiTac igi moZraobs
politikuri sistemis erTi nawilidan meoreSi da brunavs politikur
sistemasa da socialur sistemas Soris (berZeniSvili, 2000.). socialur
sistemasTan komunikaciis erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas swored media
warmoadgens. marTalia, mediis sxvadasxva formebi auditoriis sxvadasxva
raodenobazea gaTvlili, magram TiToeuli maTgani sazogadoebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. rac ufro farTo auditoriaze gasvlaa
politikuri Zalis mizani, miT ufro xSirad iyenebs politikuri veli
mediis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas – televizias. Tumca, auditoriaze
gasasvlelad politikis velis agentebi da “azrTa liderebi” iyeneben
mediis rogorc beWdur, aseve radio, tele da internet formas.
nebismieri politikuri jgufis Tu calkeuli figuris mizans sakuTari
auditoriis gazrda da saWiro an saWiroze meti xmis miReba warmoadgens.
informacia, romelsac amomrCevels Tu potenciur amomrCevels awvdian
-
50
mediis saSualebiT, uqmnis auditorias STabeWdilebas da uyalibebs
garkveul pozicias.
Tamamad SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi politikur
sivrceSi warmatebis misaRwevad mediis saukeTeso formas televizia
warmoadgens, radganac politikis veli cdilobs eleqtoratis
maqsimaluri raodenoba moicvas; Tumca politikur TamaSSi mxolod
televizia rodi monawileobs. beWduri media, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
auditoria SedarebiT mcirericxovania, CarTulia axali drois “media-
logikaSi”, rac siaxleze, sainteresosa da mimzidvelze orientacias
gulisxmobs. sworedac mediis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo
politikis velisTvis, misi Jurnalistikis velTan urTierToba
burdiesTan kvlevisa da gaazrebis erT-erT umTavres sakiTxs
warmoadgens.
-
51
3.2. Jurnalistikis veli
vels, romlis gavlenasac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze metad ganicdis
Tanamderove epoqaSi politikis veli, Jurnalistikis veli warmoadgens.
Tavad Jurnalistikis veli, burdies azriT, ori saxis zewolas ganicdis:
erTia zewola mkiTxvelis mxridan da meorea reklamis damkveTTa
zewola. anu, zewola auditoriisa da ekonomikis mxridan.
mediis sxvadasxva saSualebebis damoukideblobis xarisxi ganisazRvreba
Semosavlis odenobiT, romelsac isini reklamisgan da saxelmwifo
subsidiebisgan iReben. rac Seexeba calkeuli Jurnalistebis
damoukideblobis xarisxs, es damokidebulia mediis koncentraciis
xarisxze, rac imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro mcirea potenciur damkveTTa
raodenoba, miT metia samsaxuris dakargvis SiSi; meorec, Tavad im
gazeTis adgiliT mTel media-sivrceSi, anu, rasTanaa gazeTi SedarebiT
axlos - ”inteleqtualur” presasTan Tu ”komerciulTan”; mesame, Tavad
misi poziciiT gazeTSi - Jurnalisti speckorespondentia, kontraqtiTaa
gazeTSi da a.S; dabolos, Jurnalistis unarze, Seqmnas, moiZios
damoukidebeli informacia. Sesabamisad, cxadia, rom Jurnalistebze
zewolis sxvadasxva meqanizmi SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli da pirdapiri
ekonomikuri iZuleba sulac ar iyos saWiro.
yvelaze sainteresoa iseTi berketis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba,
rogoricaa legitimur informaciaze monopoliis gavrceleba - anu,
oficialuri wyaroebidan informaciis mopoveba. saxelmwifo
struqturebisTvis da administraciisTvis swored es monopoliaa
Jurnalistze zewolis mTavari meqanizmi. Tumca, Tavad presasac SeuZlia
eqskluziuri informaciis mflobelebze zewolis moxdena, manipulireba
da sasurveli informaciis mopoveba.
-
52
komunikaciis formebis arseboba mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisTvis. metic,
sazogadoeba Tavadaa komunikaciis forma, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba
gamocdilebis aRwera, modificireba Tu gacvla. is, rasac Cven
sazogadoebas vuwodebT ar aris mxolod politikuri an ekonomikuri
qseli, aramed aris komunikaciisa da swavlis procesi. komunikacia iwyeba
brZoliT swavlasa da aRweras Soris; “viwyebT ra am process gonebaSi
da gadavcemT ra mis Sedegebs sxvebs, Cven damokidebulni varT
komunikaciis garkveul modelebze, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia
kontaqti saerTod. Cven SegviZlia SevcvaloT es modelebi, roca isini
araadeqvaturia arsebuli situaciisaTvis. mTeli Cveni cxovreba,
saboloo jamSi, aris am modelebis cvla, razedac Cveni energiis udidesi
nawili ixarjeba. igi cvlis politikur da ekonomikur institutebs.
metic, komunikaciuri modelebis umravlesoba socialur institutad
iqceva. swored maT unda uzrunvelyon sxvadasxva sferos arseboba da
funqcionireba” (Nordenstrang, Sage, gv. 45).
Tavis droze, komunikaciis formebis gavrceleba swored ganaTlebis
sistemas ukavSirdeboda; me-18 saukunidan, mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma
gaacnobieres, rom wera-kiTxvis codna aucilebelia ara mxolod
elitaruli wris warmomadgenelTaTvis, aramed nebismieri mokvdavisaTvis,
Seiqmna Sesabamisi pirobebi, romlebic xels uwyobda adamianebis swavla-
ganaTlebas; adamianebma miiRes meti informacia am samyarosa da masSi
mimdinare movlenebze. es procesi uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli skolaTa
qselis SeqmnasTan da sabeWdi saSualebebis gavrcelebasTan. komunikaciis
Tanamedrove formebidan, Tavdapirvelad, me-18 saukuneSi, gaCnda gazeTi,
romelic informaciis gadacemis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgenda; me-19
saukuneSi Cndeba gazeTis yoveldRiuri gamocemebi aSS-Si, romelTa
Rirebulebac erT cents ar aRemateboda da xelmisawvdomi iyo
yvelasTvis (Гидденс, 1999).
-
53
Jurnalistikis velis Camoyalibeba XIX saukuneSi ori tipis gazeTis
opoziciis safuZvelze moxda; kerZod, arsebobda gazeTebi, romlebic
sTavazobdnen sensaciuri xasiaTis axal ambebs da arsebobda gazeTebi,
romlebic orientirebulni iyvnen analitikuri masalis miwodebaze. es
ukanasknelni aqtiurad usvamdnen xazs sakuTar gansxvavebulobas
pirvelisagan da ”obieqturobaze” qondaT pretenzia. amdenad, arsebobs
gazeTebis legitimaciis ori logika - erTia aRiareba msgavsTa,
TanasworTa mxridan da meore, aRiareba masis mier, rac
materializebulia gayidvebis raodenobaSi.
Jurnalistikis veli mudmivad ganicdis bazris zewolas an uSualod
klientTa mxridan pirdapiri sanqciis saxiT, an reitingis meqanizmiT, imis
miuxedavad, uzrunvelyofs Tu ara saxelwmifo met-nakleb
damoukideblobas uSualod bazris zegavlenisgan.
Jurnalistikis veli orientirebulia iseTi produqtis warmoebaze,
romelic malfuWebadia, amitomac brZola am velSi prioritetisTvis, anu
ufro axali ambisTvis brZolis xasiaTs iRebs. swored ufro axali
ambisTvis brZolaSi, sensaciebze gamokideba aris prioritetuli da rac
ufro komerciul poluszea presa, miT metia sensaciuri ambisTvis
brZolis Jini. realurad ki, am sensaciuri masalebis didi niwili, rac
auditoriisTvis brZolaSi mTavar kozirad iTvleba, acxadebs burdie,
ganwirulia imisTvis, rom ar iyos SemCneuli mkiTxvelis mxridan da
iqneba SemCneuli mxolod konkurentebis mier. misi mtkicebiT, swored
Jurnalistebi arian erTaderTni, vinc kiTxuloben yvela gazeTs.
Jurnalistikis velis logika erTi dRiT cxovrebasa da azrovnebas
moiTxovs. es veli mudmivad daZabuli adevnebs Tvalyurs konkurentebs
da maqsimalurad iyenebs sxvebis Secdmobes. gaaSuqon Temebi, romlebic
”ar SeiZleba ar axseno” mxolod imitom, rom amaze sxvebma ukve isaubres,
-
54
gadmoibiro sxvebis Jurnalistebi mxolod imitom, rom xeli SeuSalo
konkurents, aris Jurnalistikis velis maxasiaTebeli. konkurencia,
romelmac unda Svas raRac sruliad originaluri da sxvebisgan
gansxvavebulia, am velSi ar aris aRiarebuli. burdies mtkicebiT, am
velSi konkurencia erTferovnebas Sobs.
patrik Sampani iziarebs burdies pozicias da acxadebs, rom
Jurnalistikis veli ormagadaa damokidebuli. misi mtkicebiT,
Jurnalistikis veli politikis velisa da ekonomikis velis gadakveTaze
imyofeba.
erTi mxriv, Jurnalistikis veli sul ufro aqtiurad cdilobs
gaTavisufldes politikuri gavlenisagan da iyos Tavisufali, meore
mxriv ki, aseve aqtiurad, is iZulebulia daemorCilos ekonomikur
moTxovnebs da iyos bazris kanonebis adeqvaturi. es orobiToba aris
mizezi Jurnalistis profesiisadmi sruliad gansxvavebuli, polarulad
sawinaaRmdego Sefasebisa. erTi mxriv, es aris pativsacemi profesia,
romelic sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovan funqcias - informirebas
emsaxureba, meore mxriv ki, mxolod skandalebze da Worebze, sxvebis
ubedurebaze xelis moTbobis surviliT SepyrobilTa saqme, romelic
pativsacemi sulac ar aris.
informaciis warmoeba Jurnalistikis velis erT logikas - mZafr
konkurenciasa da informaciis Seqmnis siswrafis zrdas emorCileba. am
velis Taviseburebis ukeT gasagebad zogadad maskomunikaciis gaazreba
logikuria, rasac Semdeg TavSi SevecdebiT.
-
55
3.3. politikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis
gadakveTa
Jurnalistebi politikis demagogiur gaubraloebaze arian
orientirebulni; imis SiSiT, rom ar iyvnen mosawyenni, Jurnalistikis
velis agentebi debatebsa da polemikas, argumentebis dapirispirebas
mosaubreTa konfrontacias amjobineben. am demagogiur gaubraloebaSi ki
Jurnalistebi panelistebs aqtiurad iyeneben.
burdie amtkicebs, rom politikaze momuSave Jurnalistebi, romelTa
kompetenciaSi Sedis politikuri samyaros codna, floben codnas ara
dakvirvebaze an kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, aramed pirad kontaqtebsa da
Worebze dayrdnobiT. maT ainteresebT Tavad TamaSi da moTamaSeebi da
ara TamaSis fsoni, uSualod politikuri taqtika, debatebis arsi; maTi
interesis sferoa politikuri velis agentis gamosvlis efeqti da ara
Tavad gamosvlis Sinaarsi.
swored amgvari damokidebulebebi aiZulebs Jurnalistikis velis
agentebs warmoadginon politikis velis sakuTari cinikuri xedva
politikuri komentarebisa Tu interviuebis saxiT.
amgvari realoba, burdies azriT, arc Tavad politikis velisTvisaa
miuRebeli. am realobis SenarCuneba e.w. politikuri marketingis
interesebSic Sedis. amgvari marketingi sul ufro aucilebeli xdeba
politikuri warmatebis misaRwevas.
-
56
Jurnalistikis velis orientireba sensaciebis gacxarebuli Ziebisaken,
informaciebisTvis paradoqsuli da ucnauri Seferilobis micema iwvevs
situaciebis cinikur interpretirebas. rogorc wesi, burdies TqmiT,
Jurnalistikis velis mier gakeTebuli prognozi Tu diagnozi srulebiT
araprofesionaluria, Tumca is swrafad eZleva daviwyebas, radganac
arsebul informacias elvis siswrafiT cvlis axali da informaciaTa
didi nakadi gansakuTrebul gaazrebas TiTqos arc moiTxovs.
es yvelaferi ki, burdies azriT, iwvevs depolitizacias, ufro zustad
ki, imedgacruebas politikiT. ZiriTadi fsonis gakeTeba gasarTob
aspeqtebze TavisTavad iwvevs mayurebelTa yuradRebis gadatanas raime
sanaxaobaze an skandalze yovel jerze, rodesac Cndeba raime
mniSvnelovani, Tumca erTi SexedviT mosawyeni politikuri sakiTxi.
swored amitom xdeba gaxmaurebul sasamarTlo procesebTan erTad
romelime qveyanaSi miwsZvris an raime stiqiuri ubedurebis gaSuqeba. es
ukanaskneli, anu skandali, sensacia, mowyenis saSualebas ar aZlevs
mayurebels da Jurnalistikis velis SiSi, ar iyos mosawyeni, daZleulia.
auditoria politikur TamaSs aRiqvams rogorc profesionalTa saqmes,
rac iwvevs fatalur CaurTvelobas politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT naklebad
politizirebuli auditoriisa da arsebuli wesrigis SenarCunebas.
politikas auditoria Tvals swored Jurnalistikis velis saSualebiT
adevnebs.
informaciis politikuri mniSvneloba, Sampanis mtkicebiT, imazea
damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad xdeba erTi da igive informaciis
kvlavwarmoeba mediis sxvadasxva saSualebebSi. rac ufro metad xdeba
informaciis kvlavwarmoeba, miT metia misi simboluri Rirebuleba.
presaSi gavrcelebuli informacia xSirad aris telesiuJetebis mTavari
Tema da swored es aris presis warmateba, Tumca, arc Tavad presa axdens
-
57
satelevizio siuJetebis ignorirebas da SesaZloa, presaSic daiweros im
movlenebze, romlebic televiziam gaaSuqa.
miuxedavad burdies mtkicebisa, rom Jurnalistikis veli seriozuli
politikuri diskursis gatarebis nacvlad, banalur da sensaciur
Temebzea orientirebuli, is iqve SeniSnavs, rom am poziciiT arc Tavad