iv. electron configuration ch. 4 - electrons in atoms
TRANSCRIPT
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IV. Electron Configuration
Ch. 4 - Electrons in Atoms
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Electron Configuration
The arrangement of electrons in an atom.
A distinct configuration exists for each atom.
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Electron Configuration
Like all systems in nature, electrons in atoms tend to assume arrangements that have the lowest possible energies.
Ground State: the lowest energy arrangement of the electrons.
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A. General Rules
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Each orbital can hold TWO
electrons with opposite spins.
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A. General Rules
Aufbau Principle
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
“Lazy Tenant Rule”
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RIGHTWRONG
A. General Rules
Hund’s Rule
Within a sublevel, place one e- per orbital before pairing them.
“Empty Bus Seat Rule”
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O
8e-
Orbital Diagram
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p4
B. Notation
1s 2s 2p
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Shorthand Configuration
S 16e-
Valence Electrons
Core Electrons
S 16e- [Ne] 3s2 3p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
B. Notation
Longhand Configuration
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© 1998 by Harcourt Brace & Company
sp
d (n-1)
f (n-2)
1234567
67
C. Periodic Patterns
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C. Periodic Patterns
Period # energy level (subtract for d & f)
A/B Group # total # of valence e-
Column within sublevel block # of e- in sublevel
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s-block
1st Period
1s11st column of s-block
C. Periodic Patterns
Example - Hydrogen
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C. Periodic Patterns
Shorthand Configuration Core e-: Go up one row and over to the
Noble Gas. Valence e-: On the next row, fill in the #
of e- in each sublevel.
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[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2
C. Periodic Patterns
Example - Germanium
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Full energy level
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
Full sublevel (s, p, d, f)Half-full sublevel
D. Stability
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Electron Configuration Exceptions
Copper
EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d9
ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d10
Copper gains stability with a full d-sublevel.
D. Stability
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Electron Configuration Exceptions
Chromium
EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d4
ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Chromium gains stability with a half-full d-sublevel.
D. Stability