iv. cenozoic (65 - 0 mya). the major groups of mammals had evolved in the jurassic and cretaceous
TRANSCRIPT
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
The major groups of mammals had evolved in the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
The extinction of the dinosaurs opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered by extinctions, too.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
The extinction of the dinosaurs opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered by extinctions, too. Small mammals, however, quickly radiate into most ecological niches except large predators.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated:
Diatryma (Gastornis) in NA/Asia
seed eater?
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated:
Phorusrhacids in SA: Top Predators
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated:
Phorusrhacids in SA: Top Predators
Largest one yet, found in Argentina in Oct. 2006, probably stood over 10 feet tall.
Chiappe and Bertelli. 2006. Nature 443:929.
2.3 ft
condor
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
MAMMALIAN RADIATIONS:
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
The nature of these radiations varied on the different, separated continents
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
The earliest marsupials evolved in North America, but the were practically wiped out there at the K-T. They didn't recover in NA, but weathered the K-T (and ultimately dominated the fauna) in the southern supercontinent of SA, Antarctica, and Australia, eventually radiating into all ecological niches.
late Cretaceous Alphodon, a Didelphiformian (common marsupial group)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
The earliest Cenozoic marsupials are in SA (Paleocene), but by the Eocene they are present in Antarctica and Australia. They begin as insectivores...
Argyrolagus (SA)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
then radiate as large herbivores (in Australia, primarily)...
Diprotodon
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
and finally radiate as top predators.
Thylacoleo
Marsupial "Lion"
(Australia)
'cat-like'
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
and finally radiate as top predators.
'cat-like'
Thylacosmilus (SA and Australia)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
and finally radiate as top predators.
Borhyaena (SA)
'Dog-like'
Thylacine (Australia)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches:
Insectivore
Fossorial
“teddy bear” niche 45 species of terrestrial
herbivores (Wallabies and Kangaroos
Nectarivore
Honey Possum
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches:
Arboreal Glider Arboreal Herbivore/Frugivore
brush-tailed Possum
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches:
'cat-like'
Predator
Quolls (several species)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches:
'dog-like'
Predator
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian
niches:
Omnivore/Scavenger
Tasmanian Devil
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
In SA, in addition to the marsupials, there were placental mammals - but only radiating as large herbivores:
Toxodon
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
and a notable mammalian clade, the Xenarthans - Sloths, Armadillos, Anteaters - were diverse and abundant in SA faunas:
Megatherium
Glyptodon
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Xenarthans – a very primitive mammalian clade
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
and an Africarabian fauna evolved in isolation on Africa/Arabia - the modern group called that Afrotheria:
Aardvarks
Tenrecs
Hyraxes
Elephants
Elephant Shrews
Golden Moles
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Is the Afrotheria polyphyletic?(1995)
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Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, et al. (2006) Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. PLoS Biol4(4): e91.
A more recent genetic analysis says no… (2006)
Curiously, this places the Pangolins (Pholidota) with Carnivores.
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
The multituberculates dominated the "rodent niche" in northern continents. Ptilodus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
The first large herbivores were Pantodonts... including Titanoides and Coryphodon. There are few direct adaptations to an herbivorous lifestyle
Ptilodus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
The next clade of mammals were the Condylarths – omnivorous ancestral to the modern ungulates (Artiodactyls and Perissiodactlys).
Phenocodus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
Many modern groups evolve in the northern continents:
Artiodactyls and Perrissiodactyls replace condylarths
proto- horses (Hyracotherium), tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels, and bats, primates (Purgatorius), and whales (Basilosaurus) evolve.
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Mesonychid (a condylarth)
Ambulocetus
Pakicetus
Basilosaurus
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
Icaronycterus index
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
First Primates - Plesiadapids
(Paleocene)
Purgatorius
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
Many modern groups evolve in the northern continents:
creodonts replaced large birds as major predators
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers and browsers radiate
Mesohippus
Calicotherium
grasses evolve
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers and browsers radiate
Arsinotherium
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - browsers radiate
Indricotherium (Baluchitherium)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
Titanotheres
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Miocene (24 - 5 mya) – “NEOGENE”
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Miocene (24-5 mya)
Extensification of grassland habitats
Radiation of grazer fauna: camelids, horse ancestors, cervids, rhinos
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Miocene (24 - 5 mya)
True Dog and Cat Carnivores replace creodonts
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)
Sloths, Armadillos, Porcupines, Opposum
Deer, horses, monkeys, cats and dogs, rodents
Great American Interfaunal Exchange
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
American Mastodon Mammut americanum
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of Pleistocene Mammoth Mammuthus primigeniusEvgeny I. Rogaev, et al. 2006. PLoS.
Hyrax
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K) - Periodic Ice Ages
391.06 (2010)
379.1 (2005)
Last Maximum ~ 18,000 ybp
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IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
Extinction of the Pleistocene Megafuana
- Human overhunting and keystone effects
- Climate change
- diseases brought by humans and their dogs.