iv b. tech. i semester regular examination, november 2010...

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IV B. Tech. I Semester Regular Examination, November 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II

(Civil Engineering) Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE questions

All questions carry equal marks

******

1. a) What are the various secondary air pollutants and how they are formed? 8 m

b) What are the Ozone depleting substances? What is their contribution in the

formation of Ozone holes? 8 m

2. a) Explain the principle of working of an Electrostatic Precipitators? 8 m

b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of wet collection devices? 8 m

3. a) What are the various adsorbents that are generally used water treatment? What

is their utility? 8 m

b) What are the various applications of Ion Exchange in water and waste water

treatment? 8 m

4. Describe the various techniques of Strength Reduction in detail? 16 m

5. a) What is difference in properties of urban and rural solid wastes? 8 m

b) What are the various sources of solid wastes? 8 m

6. a) What is Incineration? When is it suitable for solid wastes disposal? 8 m

b) Describe aerobic composting. 8 m

7 a) What are the different ways of disposal of Nuclear Wastes? 8 m

b) What are the various problems with e-wastes? 8 m

8 a) What are the adverse effects of Noise Pollution? 8 m

b) What are the salient features of Environment Act-1986? 8 m

Code No. M0124 /R07 Set No. 1

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1. a) What are the adverse effects of Sulphur Dioxide on human health? 8 m

b) What is acid rain? What are the pollutants that contribute to acid rain? 8 m

2. a) What are the construction features of Electrostatic Precipitators? 8 m

b) What are advantages and disadvantages of Fabric Filters? 8 m

3. a) Explain the Ion Exchange Process with the help of chemical reactions. 8 m

b) What are major differences between Reverse Osmosis and Ultra-filtration

processes? 8 m

4. a) What is Equalisation? How is it going to help in the process of Industrial

waste treatment? 8 m

b) What is Nitrification and Denitrification? What is the necessity of these in

Industrial waste treatment? 8 m

5. a) Describe the process of separation of solid wastes? 8 m

b) What is the general composition of Indian Urban Solid Wastes? 8 m

6. a) What is Sanitary Land Filling? What are the precautions to be taken for Land

Filling? 8 m

b) What are problems in land filling of wastes? 8 m

7. a) What is need for proper disposal of Biomedical Wastes? 8 m

b) What are the precautions to be taken for disposal of chemical wastes? 8 m

8. a) List the various Noise Control methods? 8 m

b) What are the salient features of Air Act-1981? 8 m


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1. a) What are the various manmade sources of air pollution? 8 m

b) What are the Ozone depleting substances? What is their contribution in the

formation of Ozone holes? 8 m

2. a) What are the operational problems with bag filters? 8 m

b) What are the various wet collecting devices? 8 m

3. a) What is Reverse Osmosis? What are the various applications of Reverse

Osmosis in water treatment? 8 m

b) What are the various applications of Ion Exchange in water and waste water

treatment? 8 m

4. Describe the various techniques of Neutralization in detail? 16 m

5. a) What is the typical composition of typical Indian Urban Solid wastes? 8 m

b) What are the various sources of solid wastes? 8 m

6. a) What is Incineration? When is it suitable for solid wastes disposal? 8 m

b) What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic composting? 8 m

7 a) What are the different ways of disposal of Nuclear Wastes? 8 m

b) What are the various problems with e-wastes? 8 m

8 a) What are the adverse effects of Noise Pollution? 8 m

b) What are the powers and functions of State Pollution Control Boards? 8 m


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1. a) Classify the various sources of air pollution with suitable examples? 8 m

b) What is acid rain? What are the pollutants that contribute to acid rain? 8 m

2. a) What are the construction features of Electrostatic Precipitators? 8 m

b) Mention the general techniques of Gaseous Emission Control? 8 m

3. a) Explain the Ion Exchange Process with the help of chemical reactions. 8 m

b) What are major differences between Reverse Osmosis and Ultra-filtration

processes? 8 m

4. a) What is Equalisation? How is it going to help in the process of Industrial

waste treatment? 8 m

b) What is Nitrification and Denitrification? What is the necessity of these in

Industrial waste treatment? 8 m

5 a) What are the various collection equipment of solid wastes? What is suitability?

8 m

b) What is the general composition of Indian Urban Solid Wastes? 8 m

6. a) What is Sanitary Land Filling? What are the precautions to be taken for Land

Filling? 8 m

b) What are the problems of incineration? When is it suitable? 8 m

7. a) What is need for proper disposal of Biomedical Wastes? 8 m

b) What are the precautions to be taken for disposal of chemical wastes? 8 m

8. a) List the various Noise Control methods? 8 m

b) What are the powers and functions of Central Pollution Control Board? 8 m


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IV B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2010

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any Five Questions

All Questions carry equal marks

*******

1. (a) Explain the need of economic load dispatch.

(b) Constant load of 400 MW is supplied by two 210 MW generators 1 and 2, for which

the fuel cost characteristics are given as below:

271805.0 1

2

11 ++=GG

PPC Rs/hr

381406.0 2

2

22 ++=GG

PPC Rs/hr

The real power generations of the units 1GP and 2G

P are in MW. Find (i) the most

economical load sharing between the generators. (ii) The saving in Rs./ day there by

obtained, compared to equal load sharing between two generators.

2. (a) Obtain the condition for optimum operation of a power system with ‘n’ plants when

losses considered

(b) On a system consisting of two generating plants the incremental costs in Rs/ MWh

with 1GP and 2G

P in MW are

5.7007.0 1

1

1+=

G

G

PdP

dC and 0.90011.0 2

2

2+=

G

G

PdP

dC

The system is operating on economic dispatch with PG1 = PG2 = 500 MW and

2.02

=∂

∂

G

L

P

P. Find the penalty factor of plant 1.

3. A two-plant system having a steam plant near the load centre and a hydro plant at a

remote location. The load is 500MW for 16 hrs a day and 350 MW, for 8 hrs a day.

The characteristics of the units are

C1 = 120 + 45 PGT + 0.075 2

GTP Rs./hr

w2 = 0.6 PGH + 0.00283 2

GHP m

3/sec

Loss co-efficient, B22 = 0.002 MW-1

Find the generation schedule, daily water used by hydro plant and daily operating

cost of thermal plant for j� =80 Rs./ m3-hr

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Set No. 1 Code No: M0223 /R07

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4. (a) Develop the linearized modeling of a hydraulic turbine

(b) Explain the effect of varying excitation of a synchronous generator

5. (a) Discuss the ill effects of change in voltage and frequency of a power system. Mention

the acceptable ranges of these changes

(b) A 250MVA synchronous generator is operating at 3000 rpm, 50Hz. A load of 50MW

is suddenly applied to the machine and the station valve to the turbine opens only

after 0.5 sec due to the time lag in the generator action. Calculate the frequency to

which the generated voltage drops before the steam flow commences to increase to

meet the new load. Given that the valve of H of the generator is 6 kW-sec per kVA of

the generator energy.

6. Obtain the block diagram of two area system

7. (a) Explain the combined operation of LFC and ELDC system

(b) What are the requirements of the control strategy in LFC system

8. (a) Explain the effects on uncompensated line under no load and load conditions

(b) A 3-Phase, 50 Hz, 3000 V motor develops 700 HP, the p.f being 0.8 lagging and the

efficiency 0.9. A bank of capacitors is connected in delta across the supply terminals

and the p.f raised to 0.95 lagging. Each of the capacitance units is built of five similar

600 V capacitors. Determine capacitance of each capacitor.

.

Set No. 1

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Code No: M0223 /R07

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*******

1. (a)Obtain the condition for optimum operation of a power system with ‘n’ plants

(b) Determine the saving in fuel cost in Rs/hr for the economic distributes of a total load

of 200MW between the two units with incremental fuel costs

150075.0 1

1

1+=

G

G

PdP

dC and 12085.0 2

2

2+=

G

G

PdP

dC

Compared with equal distribution of same total load

2. (a) Derive the transmission loss formula and state any assumptions made.

(b) The incremental fuel cost for two plants are

170075.0 1

1

1+=

G

G

PdP

dC Rs./MWh and 1508.0 2

2

2+=

G

G

PdP

dC Rs./MWh

The loss coefficients are given as

B11=0.0015 /MW, B12= - 0.0004/MW and B22 =0.0032/ MW for �=25 Rs./MWh.

Find the real power generations, total load demand and the transmission power loss.

3. A two plant system having a thermal station near the load center and a hydro power

station at remote location.

The characteristics of both stations are

C1 = (26 + 0.045 PGT)PGT Rs/hr

w2 = (7 + 0.004 PGH) PGH m3/sec

and �2= Rs. 4 ×10-4

/ m3

The transmission loss co-efficient, B22 = 0.0025 MW-1

Determine the power generation at each station and the power received by the load when

λ = 65 Rs / MWhr

4. (a) Explain the simplified model of a synchronous machine.

(b) Derive the transfer function of an overall excitation system.

Set No. 2

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Code No: M0223 /R07

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5. (a)Explain why it is necessary to maintain the frequency of the system to be constant

(b)Two generators of rating 150 MW and 300 MW are operated with droop characteristic

of 5% from no load to full load. Determine the load shared by each generator, if a load

of 250 MW is connected across the parallel combination of those generators

6. (a) Deduce the expression for static error frequency and tie line power in an identical two

area system

(b) The two control areas of capacity 2000MW and 7000MW are interconnected through

a tie-line. The parameters of each area based on its own capacity base are R = 1Hz /

P.u. MW and B = 0.02 P.u. MW / Hz. If the control area-2 experiences an increment

in load of 180MW, determine the static frequency drop and the tie-line power.

7. Explain clearly about proportional plus integral load frequency control system with neat

block diagram.

8. (a) What are the merits and demerits of different types of compensation

(b) A 35 kW induction motor has power factor 0.85 and efficiency 0.9 at full load, power

factor 0.6 and efficiency 0.7 at half-load. At no-load, the current is 25% of the

full-load current and power factor 0.1. Capacitors are supplied to make the line power

factor 0.8 at half-load. With these capacitors in circuit, find the line power factor at

(i) full load, and (ii) no-load.

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*******

1. (a)Describe the significance of equality and inequality constrains in the economic

allocation of generation among different plants in a system

(b) Three power plants of total capacity 500 MW are scheduled for operation to supply

total system load of 350 MW. Find the optimum load scheduling if the plants have

the following incremental cost characteristics and the generator constraints.

11 1

1

22 2

2

33 3

3

40 0.25 , 30 150

50 0.3 , 40 125

20 0.2 , 50 225

G G

G

G G

G

G G

G

dCP P

dP

dCP P

dP

dCP P

dP

= + ≤ ≤

= + ≤ ≤

= + ≤ ≤

2. (a) What are B-coefficients and derive them.

(b) A system consisting of two generating plants with fuel costs of

2

1 1 1

2

2 2 2

0.03 15 1.0 and

0.04 21 1.4

G G

G G

C P P

C P P

= + +

= + +

The system is operating on economical dispatch with 120 MW of power generation by

each plant. The incremental transmission loss of plant-2 is 0.15. Find the penalty

factor of plant-1.

3. (a) Explain the hydro-thermal coordination and its importance

(b) Derive the condition for optimality of short term hydro thermal scheduling problem

4. (a) Describe the effect of saliency in synchronous machine modeling

(b) Draw the block diagram representation of steam turbine and obtain the approximate

linear model.

Set No. 3

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Code No: M0223 /R07

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5. (a) Draw the schematic diagram of a speed governing system and explain its components

on the dynamic response of an uncontrolled system with necessary equations.

Hence obtain the transfer function of a speed governing system

(b) A 250MVA synchronous generator is operating at 1500 rpm, 50Hz. A load of 50MW

is suddenly applied to the machine and the station valve to the turbine opens only

after 0.35 sec due to the time lag in the generator action. Calculate the frequency to

which the generated voltage drops before the steam flow commences to increase to

meet the new load. Given that the valve of H of the generator is 3.5 kW-sec per kVA

of the generator energy.

6. (a) What is meant by tie line bias control?

(b) Two generating stations A and B have the capacities 400MWand 700MW

respectively are inter-connected by a short line. The percentage speed regulations

from no-load to full load of the two stations are 2 and 3 respectively. Find the power

generation at each station and power transfer through the line if the load on bus of

each station is 200MW.

7. For a single area system show that the static error in frequency can be reduced to zero

using frequency control and comment on the dynamic response of an controlled system

with necessary equations

8. (a) Compare the different types of compensating equipment for transmission systems

(b) What are the specifications of load compensation?

Set No. 3

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Code No: M0223 /R07

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*******

1. (a)Explain the important characteristics of steam unit

(b) The fuel cost of two units are given by

2

1 1 10.2 24 1.0G G

C P P= + + Rs/hr

5.1342.0 2

2

22 ++=GG

PPC Rs/hr

If the total demand on the generators is 250MW, find the economic load scheduling

of the two units.

2. (a) Describe exact coordination equation and derive the penalty factor

(b) A system consisting of two generating plants. The incremental costs in Rs/ MWh with

2

1GP and 2

2GP in MW are

2.7006.0 1

1

1+=

G

G

PdP

dC and 501.0 2

2

2+=

G

G

PdP

dC

The system is operating on economic dispatch with PG1 = PG2 = 350 MW and

25.02

=∂

∂

G

L

P

P. Find the penalty factor of plant 1.

3. In a two plant operation system, the hydro plant is operate for 8 hrs during each day and

the steam plant is operate all over the day. The characteristics of the steam and hydro

plants are

CT = 0.025 PGT2+14 PGT + 12 Rs/hr

wH =0.002 PGH2+28 PGH m

3/ sec

When both plants are running, the power flow from steam plant to load is 200 MW

and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation during 8 hrs is

220×106

m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and cost of water used. Neglect the

transmission losses.

4. (a) Derive state space second order mathematical model of synchronous machine.

(b) Draw the block diagram of IEEE type-I excitation model and explain its functioning.

Set No. 4

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Code No: M0223 /R07

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5. Develop the block diagram of LFC of a single area system.

6. (a) Obtain the mathematical modeling of the line powers in an interconnected system and

draw its block diagram

(b) Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose capacity

is 250MW, operating at a power angle of 35o. If each area has a capacity of 2000 MW

and the equal speed regulation co-efficiency of 3.5 Hz/P.u. MW, determine the

frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load. Assume that both areas

have the same inertia constants of H =5 sec. If a step load change of 100MW occurs

in one of the areas determine the change in tie-line power.

7. Draw the block diagram of single area LFC system with integral control and prove that

the steady state change in frequency is zero.

8. (a) Explain the objectives of load compensation

(b) A star connected 450h.p, 2000V, and 50Hz motor works at a p.f of 0.75 lag. A bank

of mesh-connected condensers is used to raise the p.f to 0.95 lag. Calculate the

capacitance of each unit and total number of units required, if each unit is rated

400V, 50 Hz. The motor efficiency is 95%.

Set No. 4

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Code No: M0223 /R07

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INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

(Mechanical Engineering)


Answer any FIVE Questions


*******`

1. (a) Differentiate among Desired, Modifying and Interfering inputs.

(b) How do you eliminate the effects of interfering and modifying inputs? Explain

2. (a) Define the term Transducer and explain why the output of a transducer should be

in electrical form?

(b) Explain the Thermo Couple laws and also their practical significance.

3. Explain, with neat sketches the construction and working principle of Mc Leod

and Ionization gauges.

4. (a) Describe the Principle of operation construction details, advantages disadvantages

and limitations of an Electromagnetic flow meter.

(b) Briefly explain the Buoyancy force type and Bubbler purge type level indicators.

5. (a) Explain the principle of operation of AC Tachometer generator with a neat sketch.

(b) Describe the basic concept of Seismic instrument and explain how it can be used

for Acceleration measurement.

6. (a) Differentiate between Strain Gauge and Strain gauge rosette.

(b) Derive an Equation for un- balanced voltage of Wheatstone bridge and explain how

the sensitivity varies with number of arms made active.

7. (a) How do you measure the moisture content of gases? Explain with a neat sketch.

(b) How do you classify dynamometers? Explain any one type of dynamometers.

8. (a) Differentiate between Closed loop and Open loop Control systems with examples.

(b) What is a servomechanism? Explain.

�

Code No: M0323 /R07 Set No. 1

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*******`

1. (a) What do you mean by static calibration? Differentiate between “Threshold and

Resolution".

(b) Draw the generalized Input- Output configuration of an Instrumentation system

and Explain.

2. (a) What do you mean by Piezo electric effect? What are the applications of Piezo

electric effect?

(b) Explain the principle of operation of the following devices for displacement

measurement with neat sketches:

(i) LVDT and (ii) Capacitive type

3. Explain with neat sketches the construction and working principle of Mc Leod

and Ionization gauges for low (vacuum) Pressure measurement.

4. (a) What is hot wire Anemometer? Explain its working with neat sketch.

(b) Describe the working of electrical resistance and bubbler purge type level indicators.

5. (a) Derive an expression for the output of a seismic instrument. Indicate when the

output measures the

(i) acceleration and

(ii) amplitude of the input quantity.

(b) Compare AC and DC Tachometers with neat sketches.


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6. (a) How do you classify Strain gauges? What do you mean by Gauge Factor?

(b) Explain the method of measuring force using Strain gauges.

7. (a) Define the various terms related to humidity and explain the working of any one

absorption hygrometer.

(b) Explain the principle of working of Load Cells using Strain gauges.

8. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Closed loop Control System.

(b) Transfer Function and

(c) Position control system.

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*******`

1. �a) How do you classify the Measurement Systems?

(b) What do you mean by functional elements? Explain one such scheme of

dividing an instrument into Functional elements with example.

2. (a) What are the various ways in which variation in Capacitance principle can be

used to construct displacement transducers? Explain with neat sketches.

(b) With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of an optical Pyrometer.

3. (a) Describe the measurement of absolute and differential pressure using bellows gauges.

(b) Explain the principle of working of Pirani gauge for low pressure measurement.

4. (a) Explain the working of Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA).

(b) Describe the working of Pneumatic and Capacitor type level indicators.

5. (a) With the help of neat sketches explain the working of any Two non contact type

Tachometers.

(b) What is the basic difference in design and application between Vibrometer and

Accelerometer.

6. (a) Briefly explain different methods employed to measure torque.

(b) Explain the working of transmission type dynamometer.

7. (a) What is gauge factor of Strain gauges? Write brief note on fixing a stain gauge.

(b) Derive an expression for the change in the output of a Wheatstone bridge circuit.

How do you account for temperature compensation?

8. Write Short notes on:

(a) Speed control and

(b) Temperature control.


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*******`

1. (a) What is a Transducer? Explain why the output of a transducer should be in electrical

form?

(b) Explain briefly:

i) Static Sensitivity,

ii) Threshold and Resolution.

2. (a) Explain the principle of operation of the following displacement measuring

transducers:

i) Light Dependent Transducer(LDR) and

ii) Photo Electric type.

(b) Explain the Thermo Couple laws and also their practical significance.

3. (a) Explain the working of a very high pressure measuring device (Bridgeman gauge).

(b) Enumerate the various manometers that exist and explain the working of any one

manometer with neat sketch.

4. (a) Describe the principle of operation of Ultrasonic and electrical resistance type level

indicators.

(b) With the help of a neat sketch explain the principle of operation of Turbine flow

meter.

5. (a) Describe the working of Dc tachometer generators and Stroboscopes.

(b) Why and how vibrations are measured?


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6. (a) What do you mean by bonded and unbounded Strain gauges? Explain.

(b) Explain how bending compressive and tensile strains can be measured by strain

gauges.

7. (a) Explain the working of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Load Cells.

(b) Explain one method of measurement of moisture content of gases.

8. (a) With suitable examples, bring out the advantages of closed loop systems over

open loop systems

(b) Explain why negative feedback is invariably preferred in closed loop systems?

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RADAR SYSTEMS (Electronics & Communication Engineering)




*******

1. (a) Discuss the range of radar frequencies in electromagnetic spectrum. [8]

(b) Find the maximum range of radar whose transmitted power is 200kw, cross

sectional area of the target is 10sqm.The minimum power received is 1mw. The

power gain of the antenna used is 2000 and the operating frequency is 3GHz. [8]

2. (a) Justify the fact that Radar range depends primarily upon the average power rather

than the peak power. Discuss why the long range Radars uses longer wavelengths. [8]

(b) Discuss the factors of PRF and range ambiguities. [8]

3. (a) What is Doppler Effect? Explain it with an example? What are its Radar applications? [8]

(b) Distinguish between CW Radar and Pulsed Radar. [8]

4. (a) With a neat block diagram, explain how CW Radar is used for determination of relative

velocity of target. [8]

(b) Determine the acceleration of a target if the received signal bandwidth is 40Hz and the

operating wave length is 9cms. [8]

5. (a) Draw the block diagram of non coherent MTI Radar and explain the function of each block.

(b) What are the advantages of non-coherent MTI Radar? [10+6]

6. (a) Give the basic reasons for poor tracking at low angle. [8]

(b) Compare the tracking techniques. [8]

7. Explain the principle and characteristics of a matched filter. Hence derive the expression for its

frequency response function. [16]

8. (a) Explain the different types of feeds and their radiation characteristics suitable to radar dish

antennas. [8]

(b) List out the merits and demerits of phased array antennas. [8]


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*******

1. (a) Derive the Radar range equation and discuss about its limitation. [8]

(b) A Radar operates at a PRF of 1000Hz with a pulse width of 2 micro seconds and

at an average power of 100w.Find the peak power and duty cycle. [8]

2. (a) Explain the significance of probability of false alarm and probability of miss. [8]

(b) Explain about the integration of radar pulses. [8]

3. (a) Explain with necessary block schematics and analysis, how Doppler direction is

Identified with CW Radar. [8]

(b) Explain the Non zero IF receivers with a neat diagram compare it with zero IF

Receiver [8]

4. (a) Draw the block diagram of FM CW Radar and explain its operation with triangular

modulation. [8]

(b) Differentiate CW and FMCW Radars. [8]

5. (a) Discuss the necessity of delay line canceller with an example. [8]

(b) What do you mean by range gated Doppler filters explain. [8]

6. (a) Distinguish between Search radar and Tracking radar. [6]

(b) With a block diagram, sketch and explain the conical scanning method of tracking

an acquired target. [10]

7. (a) Derive the impulse response characteristics for a matched filter. [8]

(b) Three network units each of 6dB noise figure and 10dB, 6dB and 3dB gains

respectively are cascaded. Determine the overall noise figure of the system. [8]

8. (a) Explain various types of radar displays. [8]

(b) Write short notes on feed illumination angle, feed support and f/d ratio with

reference to radar antenna. [8]


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*******

1. (a) Derive the maximum range for a Radar system from the basic principles. [8]

(b) What are the desirable pulse characteristics and the factors that govern them in a

radar system? [8]

2. (a) Define and explain transmitter power in Radar equation and express the Radar

equation in terms of the energy contained in the transmitted wave form. [8]

(b) What do you mean by false alarm? What are the design precautions to be taken to

minimize it? [8]

3. (a) Draw the block diagram of CW Doppler radar with non zero IF receiver and explain

its principle of operation. [10]

(b) With a transmit frequency of 5GHz.Calculate the Doppler frequency seen by a

stationary Radar when the target radial velocity is 100 Km/hr (62.5mph) [6]

4. (a) How do you distinguish between CW Radar and a FM CW Radar? [8]

(b) Determine the operating frequency if the target is moving with acceleration as same

as acceleration of gravity and the received signal band width is 50 Hz. [8]

5. (a) Draw and explain the frequency response characteristics of an MTI using range gates

and filters. [8]

(b) Distinguish between the MTI Radar using range gates and an MTI with a single delay

line canceller. [8]

6. (a) Illustrate the low angle tracking in detail? [10]

(b) Explain in detail about the limitation to tracking accuracy [6]

7. (a) Explain the principle and process of correlation detection. [ 8]

(b) Derive the efficiency of non matched filters. [8]

8. Write short notes on [16]

(a) Radar displays.

(b) Beam steering.


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*******

1. (a) Draw the block diagram of a basic Radar system and explain the operation of each block.

(b) What is the significance of radar ambiguity function explain. [8+8]

2. (a) Obtain the basic radar equation in terms of minimum detectable power gains of

transmitting and receiving antennas. [8]

(b) Discuss the factors governing the relationship between the radar cross section of a target

and its true cross section. [8]

3. (a) Draw the block diagram and explain the operation of CW Radar with side band super

heterodyne receiver. [8]

(b) Discuss the limitations of simple CW Radar with zero IF. [8]

4. (a) Explain the method of measurement of distance by using multiple frequencies CW

Radar in missile guidance systems. [10]

(b) Discuss War and Peace time applications of CW Radar. [ 6]

5. (a) What is the principle of MTI Radar? [6]

(b) Distinguish between MTI Radar and pulse Doppler radar. [6]

(c) What is the need of delay line canceller? [ 4]

6. (a) Explain the block diagram of amplitude comparison mono pulse for extracting error

signals in both elevation and azimuth. [10]

(b) What are the advantages of mono pulse radar over conical scan radar? [6]

7. (a) Explain the principle and process of correlation detection. [8]

(b) Define noise figure and obtain an expression for the noise figure of 3 networks in

cascade. [8]

8. Write notes on [16]

(a) Duplexers

(b) Phased Array Antenna

Set No. 4

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Code No: M0422 /R07

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NETWORK PROGRAMMING

(Common to Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology)



All Questions carry equal marks *******

1. (a) Describe in detail about the steps and buffers when an application writes to TCP

socket.

(b) Explain about UDP in detail. [8+8]

2. (a) Give in detail about socket and different socket address structures.

(b) Discuss different elementary TCP sockets in detail. [8+8]

3. (a) Explain in detail about TCP echo server.

(b) Discuss about shut down of server host. [8+8]

4. (a) Discuss different I/O models in detail.

(b) Under what conditions are socket descriptors ready for? [8+8]

5. (a) Discuss in detail about determining outgoing interface with UDP.

(b) Write dg-cli function that writes a fixed number of datagrams to the server. [8+8]

6. (a) Discuss in detail about domain name server and entries in DNS.

(b) Describe in detail about obsolete IPV6 address lookup functions. [8+8]

7. (a) Give description on name spaces for IPC.

(b) Discuss about message queues in detail. [8+8]

8. (a) Discuss in detail about pseudo terminals and about recording process with pseudo

terminals and about recording process with pseudo terminals.

(b) Explain about control terminals in detail. [8+8]

Code No: N0521 /R07 Set No. 1

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NETWORK PROGRAMMING





1. (a) Explain about TCP connection establishment and termination.

(b) Discuss different UNIX standards in detail. [8+8]

2. (a)Discuss in detail about fork and exec functions in detail.

(b) Explain in detail about byte ordering and manipulation functions. [8+8]

3. (a) Discuss in detail about termination of server process.

(b) Discuss about crashing and rebooting of server host. [8+8]

4. (a) Describe in detail about getsockopt and setsockopt functions in detail.

(b) Discuss in detail about poll function. [8+8]

5. (a) Explain in detail about UDP echo server.

(b) Discuss in detail about lack of flow control with UDP. [8+8]

6. (a) Explain about network related information in detail.

(b) Explain about elementary name and address conversions in detail. [8+8]

7. (a) Compare File locking Vs record locking.

(b) Explain in detail about pipes with client server example. [8+8]

8. (a) Discuss in detail about rlogin .

(b) Discuss in detail about RPC transparency issues in detail. [8+8]


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NETWORK PROGRAMMING





1. (a) Explain about TCP connection establishment and termination.

(b) Discuss in detail standard internet services. [8+8]

2. (a) Explain in detail about connect and bind functions.

(b) Describe in detail about concurrent servers. [8+8]

3. (a) Discuss in detail about handling SIGCHILD signal.

(b) Give differentiation between wait and waitpid. [8+8]

4. (a) Compare different I/O models in detail.

(b) Explain about batch input and shut down functions. [8+8]

5. (a) Explain about connect function with UDP.

(b) Explain about outgoing interface with UDP. [8+8]

6. (a) Describe in detail about reentrant functions .

(b) Explain in detail about gethostbyname functions. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain about system V IPC in detail.

(b) What is a semaphore? Explain in detail about structure of information that

maintained in kernel in detail. [8+8]

8. (a) Give an overview of recording in detail.

(b) Explain about terminal modes in detail. [8+8]

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NETWORK PROGRAMMING





1. (a) Discuss in detail about protocol usage by common internet applications.

(b) Describe about limitations of buffer sizes that affect the data on application can

transmit. [8+8]

2. (a) Explain about connect and bind functions in detail.

(b) Give in detail about relationship and differences among six exec functions. [8+8]

3. (a) Explain about connection abort before accept returns in detail.

(b) Discuss in detail about SIGPIPE signal . [8+8]

4. (a) Explain in detail about select function.

(b) Explain in detail about socket function . [8+8]

5. (a) Write dg-echo function in detail.

(b) What is datagram? Write dg-cli function that verifies returned socket address. [8+8]

6. (a) Describe about gethostbyname functions in detail.

(b) Explain about elementary name and address conversions in detail. [8+8]

7. (a) Discuss in detail file and record locking.

(b) What is FIFO? Discuss in detail about FIFOs with a client/Server. [8+8]

8. (a) Discuss in detail about RPC transparency issues in detail.

(b) Explain about terminal line disciplines in detail. [8+8]

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PROCESS MODELING AND SIMULATION

(CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)




*******

1. (a) What are the principles of formulations of mathematical modeling? Explain

them in detail.

(b) Derive the equation of continuity for the flow of fluid through a pipe. State

the assumptions clearly.

2. (a) Explain in detail the use of mathematical models.

(b) Derive the energy equation applicable for a stirred tank reactor. State the

assumptions clearly.

3. Develop a mathematical model for a batch reactor equipped with cooling/heating

jacket in which the following consecutive first-order reactions take place and

component ‘B’ being the product.

→→ 21 kkBA C

Discuss the optimum batch time and temperature profile for this process and

sketch the concentration profiles.

4. What are iterative convergence methods? Discuss the method of False position for solving

the algebraic equation. What are the relative merits of this method over other methods?

5. Discuss in detail the Milne Predictor corrector method.

6. From the following table of values of x and f(x), determine (i) f (0.21 and (ii) (0.29)

X 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30

F(x) 1.6596 1.6698 1.6804 1.6912 1.7024 1.7139

7. Write the equation for binary distillation column. Assumptions such as equimolal over flow,

constant relative volatility and theoretical plates can be made. Discuss the simulation logic.

8. Write model equations for counter current heat exchanger and explain the application of the

simulation methods to solve these equations.


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*******

1. Consider a continuous stirred tank reactor in which a chemical reaction is taking place in the

liquid in the tank. Component A reacts irreversibly and at a specific reaction rate k to form

product, component B.

BAk→

The concentration of component A in the inflowing feed stream be CAO and in the reactor CA.

Assuming a simple first order reaction, the rate of consumption of reactant A per unit volume

will be directly proportional to the instantaneous concentration of A in the tank. Write the

component continuity equations (component balances) and the total continuity equation (mass

balance) for the above system.

2. A fluid of constant density ρ is pumped at a flow rate Fo into a cone shaped tank of total

volume HπR2/3 where H and R are height and radius of the conical tank respectively. The

flow out of the bottom of the tank F is proportional to the square root of the height h of the

liquid in the tank. Derive the equations describing the system.

3. Develop a mathematical model for an ideal binary distillation column, stating the assumptions

involved. What are the degrees of freedom?

4. What are the iterative methods for the solution of simultaneous linear equations. Explain the

Gauss-Seidel’s method and its merits.

5. Indicate the different numerical integration methods. Discuss in detail Runge – Kutta method.

6. (a) Explain forward difference and backward difference interpolation methods.

(b) Estimate the value of J0(Z) at Z = 3.312 from the values of J0(Z) given in the

following table.

Z 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0

J0(Z) -0.3202 -0.3643 -0.3918 -0.4026 -0.3971

7. Write model equation for batch reactor and explain the application of the simulation methods

to solve these equations.

8. Discuss the general “Newton-Raphson” algorithm to determine the bubble point temperature

for a binary system of components 1 and 2. Assume the system is ideal, Raoult’s and Dalton’s

laws are applicable.


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*******

1. (a) What are the uses of mathematical models in Chemical engineering applications?

(b) Give the appropriate correlations and transport equations for Mass, Momentum and

Heat transfer.

2. An irreversible exothermic reaction is carried out in a single perfectly mixed non-

isothermal CSTR. The reaction is A � B. The reaction is n th order in reactant A and has

heat of reaction λ (energy units/mole of A reacted). Negligible heat losses and constant

densities are assumed. To remove the heat of reaction, a cooling jacket surrounds the

reactor. Cooling water is added to the jacket at a constant volumetric flow rate. Develop a

mathematical model for the system assuming that the CSTR has a perfectly mixed cooling

jacket. State all the assumptions made and explain the notation scheme used clearly.

3. Develop liquid phase dynamic model for single component vaporizer. State the

assumptions clearly.

4. The specific volume ‘V’ of a gas is related to the pressure ‘p’ and temperature ‘T’ by

Vander Walls equation of state by the expression ( )2

ap V b RT

V

� �− =� �

� �; where ‘a’ and ‘b’

are Vander Walls constants for the gas, R is the gas constant. Write the algorithm and the

necessary program to obtain specific volume of the gas at the given temperature and

pressure using Newton – Raphson convergence method.

5. The height h of a liquid in a gravity flow tank and the liquid velocity v leaving

through the outlet of the tank are given by the following equations.

dv/dt = ph − qv2

dh/dt = r − sv

where p,q,r and s are constants. Explain the procedure to solve these equations for

v and h by fourth order Runge − Kutta method.


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6. (a) Explain central difference and Lagrange interpolation methods by considering

suitable examples.

(b) Estimate the value of f (9) by using the following data:

x 5 7 11 13 17

f(x) 150 392 1452 2366 5202

7. What do you understand by simulation? Explain it by means of an example. What are the

necessary tools for carrying out simulation studies? Discuss its importance.

8. Explain the convergence procedure to find the bubble point temperature of a binary

vapour-liquid mixture.


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*******

1. Consider a plug-flow tubular reactor and keep track of temperature changes as the fluid

flows down the pipe. Assume no radial gradients in velocity, concentration, or temperature

(a very poor assumption in some strongly exothermic systems if the pipe diameter is not

kept small). Suppose that the reactor has a cooling jacket around it as shown in the figure

below. Heat can be transferred from the process fluid reactants and products at

temperature T to the metal wall of the reactor at temperature TM. The heat is subsequently

transferred to the cooling water. Write the process energy equation. State all assumptions

made and explain the notation scheme used in the below figure..


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2. An irreversible exothermic reaction A � B occurs in a series of three perfectly mixed

CSTRs. Feed enters the first reactor and product leaves the third reactor. Assume the

reaction is nth order in reactant A. Derive the mass balance and component continuity

equations considering variable holdups. Assume constant density for the system, which is

a binary mixture of A and B.

3. Develop a dynamic model for multi-component flash drum. State the assumptions clearly.

4. Discuss the general “Newton-Raphson” algorithm to determine the bubble point

temperature for a binary system of components 1 and 2. Assume the system is ideal,

Raoult’s and Dalton’s laws are applicable.

5. Discuss in detail any one method of integrating a first order linear differential equation.

Indicate its merits and demerits.

6. Use the method of least squares to fit the best equation of the type Nu = a Prn to the

following data.

Pr 0.46 0.53 0.63 0.74 4.2 5.6 3.0 5.0

Nu 24.8 26.5 28.5 30.0 60.3 69.0 58.4 70.7

7. Discuss the simulation method of the gravity flow tank system for which the velocity of

the fluid passing through an outlet pipe (V) and the liquid head (h) in the tank are

described by the following differential equations:

2

1 2

dVc h c V

dt= − ; 3 4

dhc c V

dt= − , where c1, c2, c3 and c4 are constants obtained from the

physical dimensions of the tank and the fluid properties.

8. Write model equations for non isothermal CSTR and explain the application of the

simulation methods to solve these equations.


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Code No: N1021/R07 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2010VLSI DESIGN

( Common to ECC/EIE)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE QuestionsAll Questions carry equal marks

? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) What are the steps involved in the nMOS fabrication?

(b) In what way PMOS fabrication is different from nMOS fabrication.

(c) Which fabrication is preferred and why? [8+4+4]

2. (a) Derive the nMOS inverter transfer characteristics.

(b) Explain the possibility of using a CMOS inverter as an amplifier. [8+8]

3. Design a stick diagram and layout for two input CMOS NAND gate indicating allthe regions & layers [16]

4. Describe three sources of wiring capacitances. Explain the effect of wiring capaci-tance on the performance of a VLSI circuit. [16]

5. (a) Draw the schematic for tiny XOR gate and explain its operation.

(b) Draw the circuit diagram for 4-by-4 barrel shifter using complementary trans-mission gates and explain its shifting operation. [8+8]

6. (a) Draw and explain the Vialink Structure for programming the PAL device.

(b) What is CLB? Draw and explain the structure of it and also explain how theseare used in FPGA. [8+8]

7. (a) Write a architecture for a 4- bit Counter in both behavioral and structuralstyles.

(b) Explain with example how mixed mode simulator are more for CMOS circuitstesting. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain different fault models in detail.

(b) Draw the general view of the TAP data register and explain how a boundaryscan register is used for testing. [8+8]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) With neat sketches explain the NMOS fabrication procedure.

(b) Draw the cross sectional view of CMOS P - Well inverter. [8+8]

2. (a) Discuss the latch up in CMOS circuits with p- well and n well structure.

(b) Why BiCMOS circuits are less likely to be suffering from latch up problem?Justify. [8+8]

3. Draw the CMOS representation, stick diagram for the following Expression

(a) A (B + C)

(b) AB + C. [8+8]

4. Describe three sources of wiring capacitances. Explain the effect of wiring capaci-tance on the performance of a VLSI circuit. [16]

5. (a) Design a comparator using XNOR and AND gate and draw its schematic.

(b) Design a zero/one detector and draw its schematic and also calculate its delay.[8+8]

6. (a) Draw a self timed dynamic PLA and what are the advantages of it comparedto footed dynamic PLA.

(b) Explain the tradeoffs between using a transmission gate or a tristate buffer toimplement an FPGA routing block. [8+8]

7. (a) What are the different bitwise operators that available in VHDL and write itssyntax with suitable examples?

(b) Explain the method of Circuit simulation for CMOS circuits and name suchsimulators. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain how an improved layout can be reduced faults in CMOS circuits.

(b) Explain how a pseudo random sequence generator may be used to test a 16-bitdata path. How would the outputs be collected and checked. [6+10]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Describe different methods for fabricating integrated resistors. [16]

2. (a) Clearly explain the body effect of a MOS FET.

(b) Clearly explain channel length modulation of a MOS FET. [8+8]

3. Explain the following

(a) Double metal MOS process rules.

(b) Design rules for P- well CMOS process. [8+8]

4. Explain

(a) Propagation delay

(b) Wiring capacitance. [8+8]

5. (a) Draw and explain the schematic of Pseudo-nMOS comparator.

(b) Draw and explain the structure of multiplier which computes the partial prod-ucts in a radix-2 manner. [8+8]

6. (a) How are AND ? OR gates used to construct the Programmable CMOS devices?

(b) What are the advantages of Standard-cell designs compared to gate arrays?What are the fundamental components of Standard-cell? [8+8]

7. (a) What are the advantages of Hardware Description Languages and give someexamples?

(b) Explain the different types of simulators used to predict and verify the per-formance of given circuit. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the gate level and function level of testing.

(b) A sequential circuit with ?n? inputs and ‘m’ storage devices. To test thiscircuit how many test vectors are required.

(c) What is sequential fault grading? Explain how it is analyzed. [6+4+6]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. With neat sketches, explain in detail, all the steps involved in electron lithographyprocess. [16]

2. (a) Show that the pull up to pull down ratio of an nMOS inverter driven byanother nMOS inverter is 4:1.

(b) Show that the pull up to pull down ratio of an nMOS inverter driven throughone or more pass transistors is 8:1. [8+8]

3. What is a stick diagram and explain about different symbols used for componentsin stick diagram. With a suitable example. [16]

4. Explain all the propagation delays of pass transistors. Suggest remedies to reducethe problems due to propagation delays in MOS circuits. [16]

5. (a) Design a synchronous up/down counter using D register and an adders. Drawthe schematic for D register.

(b) How many Full adders, Half adders and AND gates are required for n x nmultiplier and What is the worst-case delay? [10+6]

6. (a) Compare the Antifuse and Vialink programmable interconnections for PALdevices.

(b) What are different typically available SSI Standard-cell types and comparethem. [8+8]

7. (a) Compare the Concurrent signal assignments, sequential signal assignmentsand process statements.

(b) Why resettable registers are preferable and what is the difference betweenSynchronous and Asynchronous resets? [8+8]

8. (a) Why stuck-at faults occur in CMOS circuits? Explain with suitable logicaldiagram and layout.

(b) Draw a schematic for a CMOS edge-sensitive scan-register and also draw somecircuit level diagrams of its implementation. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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Code No: M1121/R07 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2010IMAGE PROCESSING AND PATTERN RECOGNITION

(Bio-Medical Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Mention the conditions of case1, case2, and case3 of linear decision functionsto classify the pattern?

(b) Classify the pattern X = (6,5) into any one of the three classes characterizedby the following decision function.

d1(x) = −x1 + x2, d2(x) = x1 + x2 -5, d3(x) = −x2 + 1. [8+8]

2. (a) What is the relation between error probability of 1-NN rule and Bayes prob-ability of error.

(b) Explain the stylized character recognition system with the help of flow chart.[8+8]

3. (a) Distinguish between consistent and inconsistent inequalities.

(b) Explain the steps involved in preceptorn approach. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain how the speed of convergence in the Robbin Monro algorithm is in-creased.

(b) Explain how Robbin Monro algorithm can be directly extended to multidi-mensional case. [8+8]

5. (a) Give the transformation matrix used to rotate an image by 450 clockwise. Howwould this transformation is used to achieve the desired image rotation

(b) Write short notes on sampling & quantization of an image. [8+8]

6. (a) Name and explain different methods available for image enhancement in spa-tial domain and frequency domain.

(b) Explain the concept of enhancement by point processing using suitable exam-ple. [8+8]

7. (a) How do you measure information?

(b) Describe the compression of image by eliminating coding redundancy [4+12]

8. (a) What is meant by image segmentation? Mention the applications of imagesegmentation. [4+4]

(b) Explain about detection of discontinuities. [8]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Explain briefly about the character recognition system?

(b) Explain briefly about the speech recognition system? [8+8]

2. Assume that the following pattern classes have normal probability density func-tions:

w1: {(0, 0)′, (2, 0)′, (2, 2)′, (0, 2)′}andW2: {(4, 4)′, (6, 4)′, (6, 6)′, (4, 6)′}

(a) Assuming P(W1) = P(W2) = 1

2, obtain the equation of the Bayes decision

boundary between these two classes.

(b) Sketch the boundary. [12+4]

3. Apply the perceptron algorithm to find the solution vector for the following pat-tern classes: ω1: {(0, 0)1

, (1, 0)1}andω2: {(0, 1)1, (1, 1)1}. Sketch the decision surface

obtained, and indicate the positive side of the separating surface. [10+6]

4. Discuss Robbins-monro algorithm for pattern classification and extend the algo-rithm to multi - dimensional case. [16]

5. (a) Define baud rate. Generally, transmission is accomplished in packets consist-ing of a start bit, a byte of information and a stop bit. Using this approach,

i. what is the amount of time required to transmit 512 x 512 image with256 gray level at 300 bauds.

ii. what would the time be at 9600 bauds

(b) Consider the image segment shown below.

3 1 2 1 (q)

2 2 0 2

1 2 1 1

(p) 1 0 1 2

obtain D4, D8, and Dm distances between p and q. Let V = {0,1} [8+8]

6. (a) Explain the meaning of histogram equalization. Give an example where thehistogram equalization technique compresses the discrete gray level range ofan image.

(b) Show that crispened image can be obtained by convolving it with the mask

0 -1 0-1 5 -10 -1 0

[8+8]

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7. (a) How do you measure information?

(b) Describe the compression of image by eliminating coding redundancy [4+12]

8. (a) What is meant by image segmentation? Mention the applications of imagesegmentation. [4+4]

(b) Explain about detection of discontinuities. [8]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Explain one of the bio-medical applications of pattern recognition system indetail.

(b) Classify the pattern x=(4,3) into any one of the three classes characterizedby the following decision function. d12(x) = −x1 − x2 + 5, d13(x) = −x1+3,d23(x) = −x1 +−x2 [6+10]

2. (a) Explain how minimum distance classification is useful for classifying differentpattern classes.

(b) Explain the maximin distance algorithm for pattern classification. [8+8]

3. (a) Derive the condition for weight change in perceptron algorithm

(b) Compare LMSE & perceptron algorithm. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain how the recognition grammars are selected?

(b) Explain how the statistical considerations incorporated into the syntactic ap-proach to account for measurement of random noise. [8+8]

5. (a) With the help of a block diagram explain the different stages of image process-ing and analysis schemes along with the information flow from each block.

(b) Differentiate the spatial image enhancement and image enhancement in fre-quency domain? [8+8]

6. (a) Explain in detail image averaging. [4]

(b) What is the use of smoothing the image? What are the different methods tosmoothen the image? [5+7]

7. Briefly write about the lossless predictive coding and lossy predictive coding. Com-pare their applications. [10+6]

8. (a) A binary image contains straight lines oriented horizontally, vertically diago-nally at 450 and - 450. Give a set of 3 x 3 masks that can be used to detectone -pixel-long breaks in these lines. Assume that the gray level of the linesis 1 and that the gray level of the background is 0.

(b) Prove that the average value of the Laplacian operator

∇2h =

(

r2−σ

2

σ4

)

exp(

−r2

2σ2

)

is zero. [8+8]

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1. (a) Explain in detail about various features used for speech and fingerprint recog-nition.

(b) Differentiate concrete items and abstrat items with examples? [8+8]

2. (a) Explain how minimum distance classification is useful for classifying differentpattern classes.

(b) Explain the maximin distance algorithm for pattern classification. [8+8]

3. (a) What is meant by linear separability of pattern classes.

(b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of perceptron model. [6+10]

4. (a) Can you construct context free grammar for even palinrome? If so, write thegrammar? If not give the reasons.

(b) Can you construct a regular grammar for odd palinrome? If so write thegrammar? If not give the reasons. [8+8]

5. (a) With the help of a block diagram explain the different stages of image process-ing and analysis schemes along with the information flow from each block.

(b) Differentiate the spatial image enhancement and image enhancement in fre-quency domain? [8+8]

6. Explain in detail the different derivative operators used for image sharpening.[16]

7. Briefly write about the lossless predictive coding and lossy predictive coding. Com-pare their applications. [10+6]

8. (a) What is meant by high pass filter? Explain the role of it in image segmenta-tion?

(b) How do you choose the masks for isolating the image pixels which are part ofthe boundary? [8+8]

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DETAILED DESIGN

(Aeronautical Engineering)




*******

1. Explain the aircraft design development progress in the modern aeronautical

engineering? [16]

2. Give brief summary of air craft wing loads and explain variable swept wing of air craft.

[16]

3. Explain about fuselage detailed design. [16]

4. (a) How do you calculate the effective width of skin per side of stringer for [12+4]��

(i) Bending

(ii) Hydrostatic pressure

(iii) Torsion

(b) Explain transverse shear general instability in combined torsion and bending

5. (a) How the structural idealization is help full for analysis of structures. [4+12]

(b) Part of a wing section is in the form of the two-cell box shown in Fig. 1 in

which the vertical spars are connected to the wing skin through angle sections all

having a cross-sectional area of 300mm2. Idealize the section into an arrangement of

direct stress carrying booms and shear stress only carrying panels suitable for

resisting bending moments in a vertical plane. Position the booms at the spar/skin

junctions.


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6. Tricycle of landing gear shown in Fig.2. Find the forces Gv, Fv, Hd, Fd, Hv of brace

struts. Assume the data if necessary. [16]

7. Write a procedure for setting up the reliability block diagram (RBD) for a system with

Four levels. [16]

8. The load on a landing gear bolt consists of an axial pull of 8kN together with a

transverse shear force of 4kN.Estimate the diameter of the bolt required according to

(i) maximum shear stress theory(ii) shear energy theory and (iii) shear strain energy

theory. Assume elastic limit in tension as 240 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio=0.3 and a factor

of safety of 3. [16]

��

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*******

1. Explain in detail what are the design considerations while design the aircrafts? [16]

2. Draw and explain wing spars of air craft wings. [16]

3. Write the Design procedure of landing gear wheels and tires with the help of

Sketches. [16]

4. A 762 mm radius circular cross-section fuselage having 0.8mm skin thickness and 16

number of stringers are equally placed around the circumference. The stringers

number 1 and 9 are placed on y-axis, number 5 and 13 are placed on x-axis. The cross-

sectional area of each stringer is 100mm2 and the vertical distances from mid line of

the section wall to stringer number (1) is 381.0mm, (2) and (16) is 352.0mm, (3) and

(15) is 269.5mm, (4) and (14) is 145.8mm. If the fuselage is subjected to a vertical

shear load of 150KN applied at a distance of 100mm from vertical axis of symmetry.

Calculate the distribution of shear flow in the section. [16]

5. Find the shear centre for the wing section shown in figure. Web 3 has a thickness

1.6mm, and the other webs have thickness of 1mm. Assume G is constant for all cross-

sections. The cross section is symmetrical about a horizontal. [16]

Code No: M2123 /R07

Set No. 2

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6. (a) Explain the working procedure of oleo strut? Explain construction detail with neat

sketch.

(b) Explain design procedure for landing gear. [8+8]

7. Define reliability? Explain bath tub curve with example. [16]

8. A thin cylindrical shell 2.5 m in diameter is composed of plates 12.5 mm thick .The

Yield stress of for the material is 300 N/mm2.Calculate the internal pressure which

would cause yielding according to the following theories of failure.

(a) Maximum shear stress,

(b) Maximum strain energy,

(c) Maximum shear strain energy. Poisson’s ratio=0.25. [16]

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Time: 3 Hours Max Marks:80



*******

1. Explain about discussion of optimum design which leads the engineer in the right

direction in pursing light weight structures? [16]

2. (a) Explain fail safe design of air craft wing with the help of figures.

(b) Explain ribs and bulk heads of air craft wing. [8+8]

3. Explain the terms Ground Handling and take-off in order to understand the varied

design considerations of landing gear. [16]

4. Explain

(a) Skin instability

(b) Panel instability

(c) General instability [4+6+6]

5. The thin-walled single cell beam has been idealized into a combination of direct

stress carrying booms and shear stress only carrying walls. If the section supports a

vertical shear load of 10KN acting vertical plane through booms 3 and 6. Calculate

the distribution of shear flow around the section. Boom areas: B1 = B8 = 200mm2,B2

= B7 = 250mm2, B3=B6=400mm

2, B4 = B5=100mm

2 (Fig. 1) [16]

Code No: M2123 /R07

Set No. 3

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6. A landing gear brace struts (circular in cross section). ED is subjected to an axial

Force of 10 KN and transverse shear force of 5 KN. The yields strength of the struts

material is 300MPa, determine the diameter of brace struts by using 1) maximum

normal stress theory 2) maximum shear stress theory. Take FOS is 2.5, Poisson’s ratio

(µ) = 0.25 (Fig 2) [16]

7. What is reliability, why is reliability? Explain the importance of reliability for

designing aerospace components. [16]

8. The load on a bolt consists of an axial pull of 10kN together with a transverse shear

force of 5kN. Find the diameter of bolt required according to

(i) Maximum shear stress theory

(ii) Maximum strain energy theory and

(iii)Maximum distortion energy theory. [16]

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*******

1. Explain the role of different departments of engineering to build an airplane? [16]

2. (a) Explain what is Monocoque and semi- Monocoque cylinders with the help of figures.

(b) Explain the need of Monocoque cylinders in Aero Space Industry and also write

applications. [8+8]

3. Explain current landing Gear Design of (a) Boeing B747

(b) Lock head C-5

(c) C-141� �

(d) Fighter Airplane Landing Gear� � � � � [4x4]

4. Monocoque cylinder radius r = 1250mm, thickness (t=1.25mm, length(l) = 1875mm,

E = 74KN/mm2. The cylinder subjected to an axial compressive load of 225KN and

internal pressure of 0.03447 N/mm2 what is the margin of safety under this combined

load system with 90% probability and 95% confidence level( for this level Fccr / E =

0.000121) take µ = 0.3, � =1.0 Kc = 280. [16]

5. The thin-walled single cell beam has been idealized into a combination of direct stress

carrying booms and shear stress only carrying walls. If the section supports a vertical

shear load of 10KN acting vertical plane through booms 2 and 7. Calculate the

distribution of shear flow around the section. Each Boom area = 200mm2

(Fig.1) [16]


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6. Calculate the forces (TE, CG, CGv, CGD, BI, BIv, BIS, ES, ED, EV) on the oleo strut

shown in Fig.2. Assume the data if necessary. [ 16 ]

7. Show that for a three parameter weibull distribution, also the time scale parameter �

can be determined (Graphically) on a weibull probability chart. [16]

8. In a steel member, at a point the major principal stress is 180MN/mm2, and the minor

Principal stress is compressive. If the tensile yield point of the steel is 225MN/m2,

find the value of the minor principal stress at which yielding will commence,

according to each of the following

(i) Maximum shear stress

(ii) Maximum strain theory and

(iii) Maximum shear strain energy. Take Poisson’s ratio=0.26 [16]

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IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2010BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

(Instrumentation & Control Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Explain in detail about the electro physical properties of different types ofmuscles.

(b) Explain how the action potentials are transmitted through the muscles. [8+8]

2. (a) Give the classification of heart sounds based on their origin and explain brieflyabout each.

(b) Explain how the heart sounds are measured or recorded? [10+6]

3. (a) Explain with neat sketch the anatomy of the heart.

(b) What is action potential? Where it is originated in the heart? What is theimportance of action potential in heart function. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the measurement of conduction velocities in motor nerves.

(b) Discuss any two types of FM transmitters with their merits & demerits, usedfor the transmission of EMG signal. [6+10]

5. (a) Explain the lead configuration in ECG with neat sketches

(b) Draw the basic building blocks of electro cardiograph and explain. [8+8]

6. (a) Explain the clinical value of the EEG and also describe the various character-istics of an abnormal EEG.

(b) Discuss about the type of electrodes used in the measurement of EEG andalso different locations of these electrodes on the skull in order to take theEEG. [8+8]

7. (a) What is fibrillation? With a schematic diagram, explain the working of a DCfibrillator.

(b) Write brief note on the following:

i. Defibrillator electrodes

ii. Implantable defibrillators. [8+8]

8. (a) With a neat block diagram explain the different elements involved in the bio-telemetry.

(b) What are the problems associated with the implant telemetry circuits. [8+8]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Give the names of the different systems in our body. Explain in detail regard-ing their function and constituents.

(b) Disscuss the frequency and voltage range of ECG, EMG and EEG. [10+6]

2. Write notes on any two of the following:

(a) Sources of Bioelectric potentials

(b) Electro physical properties of muscles. [8+8]

3. (a) What are the requirements for physiological signal amplifiers.

(b) Define CMRR. Give its importance in physiological signal amplifiers. [8+8]

4. (a) What is bio-feedback instrumentation. Explain how it is used in ECG andEMG.

(b) What are the differences in amplification and bandwidth requirement of am-plifiers for ECG and EMG? [8+8]

5. (a) Discuss the various lead configurations of ECG recording.

(b) Give the six positions of the chest electrodes used in the precordial lead system.[10+6]

6. (a) List out typical EEG recording artifacts.

(b) With a neat block diagram explain the principle of operation of an EEGtelemetry system. [6+10]

7. (a) Explain in detail the defibrillation with necessary circuit and waveform.

(b) With a neat diagram describe the working of shortwave diathermy. [8+8]

8. Write short notes on:

(a) Displays used in patient monitoring system.

(b) Calibration and repeatability of patient monitoring equipment. [8+8]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) With neat diagrams explain the terms Resting Potential and Active potential. How are these generated in Muscles?

(b) With the help of sketches explain about polarized cell and depolarized cell.[8+8]

2. (a) With the help of a neat sketch explain about the physiology of the heart.

(b) What are the different parts and how bioelectrical potentials are generatedwithin it? [8+8]

3. (a) What is half cell potential? Explain briefly.

(b) With neat sketches explain the sources of noise while recording low level sig-nals? [6+10]

4. (a) Draw and explain a typical strength-duration curve.

(b) Derive the expressions for rheobase and chronaxie. [8+8]

5. (a) Draw an ECG waveform and label it.

(b) Explain in detail the different waves, segments and intervals associated withthe ECG waveform. Also give their normal values. [6+10]



7. (a) Describe the principle and working of a computer based arrhythmia monitoringsystem.

(b) Explain the indirect methods of measurement of blood pressure in detail. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the types of leakage currents.

(b) What are the precautions to be taken to minimize electric shock hazards?[8+8]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) With neat diagrams explain the terms Resting Potential and Active potential. How are these generated in Muscles?

(b) With the help of sketches explain about polarized cell and depolarized cell.[8+8]

2. (a) Give the classification of heart sounds based on their origin and explain brieflyabout each.

(b) Explain how the heart sounds are measured or recorded? [10+6]

3. (a) Explain any one type of amplifier used for biomedical amplification?

(b) What are the different elements of electrostatic recorder. Explain briefly witha neat diagram? [6+10]

4. (a) Draw and explain a typical strength-duration curve.

(b) Derive the expressions for rheobase and chronaxie. [8+8]

5. (a) Derive the relationship between the standard limb leads and the augmentedlimb leads.

(b) Discuss the interpretation of any four abnormalities diagnosed using ECG,giving the waveforms in each case. [8+8]



7. (a) With the help of a neat block diagram explain the working of an externalpacemaker.

(b) Write short notes on short wave diathermy. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the single channel telemetry system.

(b) Describe the working of FM Telemetry transmitter used in medical field. [8+8]

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IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2010BIO SENSORS AND BIO ELECTRONICS

(Bio-Technology)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


? ? ? ? ?

1. Explain in detail about the mechanism of sensing device. [16]

2. Detail then various methods available for estimating the precision, accuracy andstability of enzyme sensors.

[16]

3. Explain in detail the principle and construction and operation of optical fiberbiosensors.

[16]

4. Describe the fabrication of carbon paste electrode used in biosensors.[16]

5. Write in detail about the detection of organo phosphorous pesticides in water bybutyryl cholinesterase using impedimetric biosensors. [16]

6. Genetically engineered microbial cell-based biosensors show several advantages andlimitations with respect to potential environmental applications, Explain.

[16]

7. Give an account of program self-assembly pathways of DNA monomers formingdendrimers to detect the target nucleation molecule.

[16]

8. Discuss in detail about how the digitally encoded genetic information in DNA canbe manipulated and processed in biocomputers.

[16]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Explain the preparation of Nano fibrous membranes and mention its advantagesand limitations in biosensor technology.

[16]

2. Describe in detail the following:

(a) Immuno sensors based on label-free format.

(b) Importance of imaging ellipsometry system for pathogen detection.[8+8]

3. Write the principle involved and various biological recognition elements utilized inresistometric transducers system.

[16]

4. Give details about the fabrication and working of surface transverse wave (STW)transducers. [16]

5. Give details about neurotoxic pesticides in plants, explain the monitoring and de-tection pesticide content by amperometric biosensors. [16]

6. Is flow injection analysis (FIA) system can be consider as potent tool of measuringbyproducts on line.

[16]

7. What are molecular arrays? Explain how molecular arrays are used as memorystores.

[16]

8. What are biomolecular photonic computers? Explain the advantages over conven-tional computers.

[16]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Define clean technology and detail the zero pretreatment enables the widening thebiosensor applications.

[16]

2. Explain various methods exist for manipulating the environment of native enzymesto improve the analytical stability in biosensors.

[16]

3. Write a detail notes on the following:

(a) Nicolsky-Eisenman equation.

(b) Semi conductor based physico-chemical transducers.[8+8]

4. Give details about the fabrication and working of surface transverse wave (STW)transducers. [16]

5. Write in detail about the detection of organo phosphorous pesticides in water bybutyryl cholinesterase using impedimetric biosensors. [16]

6. Explain a process for online monitoring of lactic acid in fermentation industry bybiosensors.

[16]

7. Explain about the incorporation of molecular switches into logic and memory cir-cuits for nanoscale operations.

[16]

8. How the biomolecule in the photonic computers communicates using light radiationrather than electricity.

[16]

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) what are biosensors?

(b) Give details about the development of biosensors. [4+12]

2. Describe in detail the following:

(a) Immuno sensors based on label-free format.

(b) Importance of imaging ellipsometry system for pathogen detection.[8+8]

3. What is ion-sensitive field effective transistors (ISFET)? Explain the mechanism ofsignal processing at the ion selective membrane interface.

[16]

4. Write in detail about the construction and operation of surface acoustic wave (SAW)transducers. [16]

5. Give an account of the measurement of impedance growth curves permits rapiddetection of microbial proliferation for clinical diagnosis by cell based impedimetricbiosensors. [16]

6. Write the method for detection of agri-pollutant ‘methyl parathion pesticide’usingcell adsorbed glass fiber biosensors

[16]

7. Give detail on fabrication of molecular memory circuits in biocomputer networkanalysis.

[16]

8. How a memory store is formed by a series of domains such as chromophoric proteinand light absorbing pigment, explain.

[16]

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iv b. tech. i semester regular examination, november 2010...

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