itu regional workshop on sms4dc for english speaking countries in africa, abuja, nigeria ,...
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ITU Regional Workshop on SMS4DC for English Speaking countries in Africa, Abuja, Nigeria , 20-31-May 2013. Propagation Models In SMS4DC. Prepared by : Eng.Yasir Mohammed Bashar [email protected]. Radio propagation fundamentals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ITU REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SMS4DC FOR ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES IN AFRICA,
ABUJA, NIGERIA , 20-31-MAY 2013
1
Propagation is a term used to explain how radio waves behave when they are transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth to another.
In free space, all electromagnetic waves (radio, light, X-rays, etc.) obey the inverse-square law which states that the power density of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the inverse of the square of the distance from a point source
Doubling the distance from a transmitter means that the power density of the radiated wave at that new location is reduced to one-quarter of its previous value.
Radio propagation fundamentals
Simplified Description of propagation modes
Point to point communication: Communication provided by a link, for example, radio-relay link between two stations located at specified fixed points
Types of Communications
Point-to-point Radiocommunication Link
Communication provided by links, for example, radio-relay links between single station located at specified fixed point and a number of stations located at specified fixed points.
Point to multipoint communication
Communication provided by links between a station located at a specified fixed point and any number of stations located at non-specified points in a given area which is the coverage area of the station located at the fixed point.
Point to Area communication
Propagation Models In SMS4DC
P.370 VHF and UHF propagation curves for the frequency range 30 -1000 MHz
P.452 Prediction procedure for the evaluation of microwaveinterference between stations on the surface of the Earth atfrequencies above about 0.7 GHz
P.525 Calculation of free space attenuation
P.526 Propagation by diffraction
P.529Prediction methods for the terrestrial land mobile service in theVHF and UHF bands
P.530 Propagation data and prediction methods required for thedesign of terrestrial line-of-sight systems
P.618 Propagation data and prediction methods required for thedesign of Earth-space telecommunication systems
P.1546Method for point-to-area predictions for terrestrial services in thefrequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz
Available sub-items of propagation models in the menu
Unaffected by any consideration other than distance
Free-space waves
Influenced by the action of free electrons in the upper levels of the Earths atmosphere.
Ionospheric waves
Subject to deflection in the lower levels by variations in the refractive index structure of the air through which they pass.
Tropospheric waves
Modified by the nature of the terrain over which they travel.
Ground waves
Radiowave propagation modes
Propagation terms used in SMS4DC(1)Free-spacepropagation
Propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a homogeneous idealdielectric medium which may be considered of infinite extent in alldirections.
Line of sightpropagation
Propagation between two points for which the direct ray is sufficientlyclear of obstacles for diffraction to be of negligible effect.
Radio horizon The locus of points at which direct rays from a point source of radiowaves are tangential to the surface of the Earth.
Troposphere The lower part of the Earth’s atmosphere extending upwards from theEarth’s surface, in which temperature decreases with height except inlocal layers of temperature inversion. This part of the atmosphereextends to an altitude of about 9 km at the Earth’s poles and 17 km atthe equator.
Propagation terms used in SMS4DC(1)Effective Earth-radius factor, k
Ratio of the effective radius of the Earth to the actual Earth radius. For the standard atmosphere, the effective Earth radius is 4/3 that of the actual Earth radius.
Effective antenna height
The effective height of the transmitting antenna is defined as its height over the average level of the ground between distances of 3 and 15 km from the transmitter in the direction of the receiver.
% Time The applicable time percentage values or range of values of the ITU Recommendation; % time is the percentage of time that the predicted signal is exceeded during an average year.
% Location The applicable percent location range of the ITU Recommendation; % location is the percentage of locations within, say, a square with 100 to 200 m sides that the predicted signal is exceeded.
Delta h defines the degree of terrain irregularity
Terrain clearance angle
See diagram in next slides
The Parameter Delta H (Δh)
Terrain Clearance Angle
Some Useful Concepts for Propagation models
Fading :Fluctuation of signal level with respect to stable condition for number of reasons.
Path profile: A vertical cut of terrain along propagation path between transmitter and receiver
NFD: Net Filter Discrimination (NFD) expresses the reduction (in dB) of the interference power if the transmitter and receiver frequencies are different
Polarization: The Locus of Electric field vector fluctuation
Propagation Effects
Diffraction fading due to obstruction of the path; Attenuation due to atmospheric gases; Fading due to atmospheric multipath or beam spreading
(commonly referred to as defocusing) associated with abnormal refractive layers;
Fading due to multipath arising from surface reflection; Attenuation due to precipitation or solid particles in the
atmosphere; Variation of the angle-of-arrival at the receiver terminal and angle-
of-launch at the transmitter terminal due to refraction; Reduction in cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) in multipath
or precipitation conditions; Signal distortion due to frequency selective fading and delay
during multipath propagation.. Attenuation due to sand and dust storms Multipath Fading Cross-polarization discrimination
ITU-R P.370 Intended for prediction of field strength for the broadcasting service for the frequency range 30 to 1 000 MHz and for the distance range up to 1 000 km
Replaced by P.1546 but still used in some bilateral agreementsInput parameters:% Time (range 1 – 50 %): typical 1% for interference contour 50 % for coverage contour% Locations (range 1-99 %): typical coverage contour 99 % interference contour 50 % Δh defines the degree of terrain irregularity; for broadcasting services it is
applied in the range 10 km to 50 km from the transmitter. Typical value = 50 m.
Contour value: appropriate to service type e.g. VHF land mobile fsmin =12dBμV/m
Land/Sea discrimination: if checked will apply correction for % sea/land path
Effective Antenna Height calculation (SMS4DC Tool)
Field strength contour using ITU-R P.370
Select P.370 and Field strength Contour from Propagation Models menu
Select station for contour calculation
P.370 Input parameters
% Time: (1 – 50 %)% Location: (1 – 99 %)Effective radius of the Earth: (k=4/3)System: Analogue/DigitalEnvironment: see inset
Land/Sea discriminationReceiver heightDelta HContour value
P.370: calculation of field strength contours
P.452: Prediction procedure for the evaluation of microwaveinterference between stations on the surface of the Earth at
frequencies above about 0.7 GHz
–N0 (N-units), the sea-level surface refractivity, is used only by the troposcatter model as a measure of location variability of the troposcatter mechanism.
– Delta_N (N-units/km), the average radio-refractive index lapse-rate through the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere, provides the data upon which the appropriate effective Earth radius can be calculated for path profile and diffraction obstacle analysis.
– Beta_e (%), the time percentage for which refractive index lapse-rates exceeding 100 N-units/km can be expected in the first 100 m of the lower atmosphere,
Link calculation
P.525 Calculation of Free Space Attenuation 1
Point-to-area links: If there is a transmitter serving several randomly-distributed receivers (broadcasting, mobile service), the field is calculated at a point located at some appropriate distance from the transmitter by the expression:
where:e : r.m.s. field strength (V/m)p : equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) of the
transmitter in the direction of the point ind : distance from the transmitter to the point in question (m).
Point-to-point links:With a point-to-point link it is preferable to calculate the free-space attenuation between isotropic antennas, also known as the free-space basic transmission loss (symbols: Lbf or A0), as follows:
where:Lbf : free-space basic transmission loss (dB)d : distanceλ : wavelength
P.525 Calculation of Free Space Attenuation
P.525 Calculation of Free Space Attenuation
P.1546
This Recommendation describes a method for point-to-area radio propagation predictions for terrestrial services in the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz
It is intended for use on tropospheric radio circuits over land paths, sea paths and/or mixed land-sea paths between 1‑1 000 km length for effective transmitting antenna heights less than 3 000 m
P.1546
Parameters of different propagation models
Parameters of different propagation models(1)
Parameters of different propagation models(2)
Parameters of different propagation models(3)
P.618 Parameters
Exercising SMS4DC
Step 1 Launch SMS4DC
Step 2: Launch the DEM view using toolbar push button
Step 3 Establish a fix stations A using and set the frequency to 890 MHz
Step 5,6 do the same steps as in 3 and 4 to Establish a fix stations B and set the frequency to 890 MHz
Step 4 Press assign antenna button to chooseantenna “ant_ALE8603_806.ant”
Step 7 Open the administrative part from“Database->licensing”
Step 8: Select “Anonymous Station” and find stationB, open Antenna Information Table of Station B
Step 9 : Push modify button and change the field“class of antenna” from T to C and push save button
Step 10: Find Station A and go to the Frequency tab
and press “Add Receiver” and follow the dialogbox (Choose station B from table under POINT,
andthen close the admin window
Step 11: Open “Database” menu and select “Display Link
Step 12: Select the record of new established hop
Step 13 Open menu “Propagation Model” and select Link item under the ITU-R P.370 propagation model
P.452
P.530
EXCERSISES
THANK YOU