It’s Cellutastic!

Lisa Shue, Period 6, Mr. Thiel’s Biology Class.

*Sources are listed on Show Notes. For easier viewing, go through the slideshow FIRST, then look at the show notes by clicking through each slide in the editing mode*

There are 2 Different Types of Cells! Eukaryotic cells…

Contain a proper nucleii with chromosomes (strands of DNA)

Ex: Animal and plant cells.

Prokaryotic cells…

Have no

chromosomes. Instead, they have a circle molecule of DNA.

Ex: Bacteria cells.

Eukaryotic Cells…

*Have a nucleolus

*Their nuclear body is called a nucleus. (an organelle that holds the cell’s DNA). They also have a nuclear membrane.

*Have 1+ linear chromosomes made of DNA

Prokaryotic Cells…

*Have no nucleolus

*Their nuclear body is called a nucleoid. (Prokaryotic Cells don’t have a nucleus, and, because there’s no nucleus, there’s no nuclear membrane. The DNA floats around in a region of the cell called the nucleoid)

*Have (most of the time) one circular chromosome made of DNA

Animal and Plant Cells.Both of the two types are cells are EUKARYOTIC, so, overall, they are mostly similar.

-Both have a nucleus, which contains their DNA (gentic material), and a cell membrane.

-Both have most of the same organelles - (like Mitochondira, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes)

*They do however have differences…*

Both are eukaryotes>

Plant Cells Plant Cells…

Have a cell wall on the outside of the cell. Have chlorplast, which takes sunlight energy to make food. Have one or more large vacuoles. Have a more rectangular shape because of the hard cell wall.

Animal Cells

While Animal Cells… Do not have a cell wall. Have no chlorplast. Have multiple small vacuoles. Have a more irregular shape because they have no

cell wall as the outer shell.

Did you know???

That cells have all sorts of different shapes! Their shapes are extremely important because it determines their function.

Cell shape is very important so the cell can do its job. If cells change shape, it can cause diseases. For example: Sickle Cell Anemia is caused when the red blood cells (round and flat) change shape and look like crescent moons/sickles. If the red blood cells are not the proper shape, they can get stuck and die in blood vessels that they can’t fit through.

Table of Organelles. Cell Membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Centrioles Plastids Cell Wall *HOW TO NAVIGATE: go down the list in order of the organelles. Once you see a back button on the bottom left,click on it and return to this page; then, click on the next organelle in line. Its best to go in order because there will be a few pop quizzes along the way!

Button looks like this:

Source: page not found – so the image URL is linked.

Insane in the Cell Membrane

-The cell membrane holds in all of the cell’s parts. It’s like a container keeping the cell together.

It also keeps other things out.

-It is NOT solid - it is made of pieces! There are holes in the membrane that let certain materials in and out of the cell.

Phospholipids & Proteins

-The cell membrane is made of proteins and phospholipids~*Phospholipids make up the “container” that holds the cell together. They

have a shape like a head and a tail. Since the tails do not like the water and the heads do, the tails come together while the heads face the watery part surrounding the cell. This structure - the two layers of phospholipids - is called the bilayer. Confused??? Click here

*Proteins are around the holes of the phospholipid bilayer and they help direct movement of the materials passing in and out.

<-- head of the phospholipid

<-- tails

<-- head

The Cell Membrane

The Cell Membrane is like our body’s skin in the Integumentary System. The cell membrane and skin are both barriers between the external and internal environments. It blocks unwanted substances from getting in or out of the human body and the cell.

The Nucleus

There is only ONE NUCLEUS in a cell. (only Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus). It is very important because it contains the cell’s information – DNA. Usually, the nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a double membrane – the nuclear envelope. Nuclear pores on the nuclear envelope are there to regulate the passing of

materials from the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

What’s so important about a Nucleus? The nucleus controls the cell.

It contains most of the cell’s genetic information.

It controls chemical reactions in the cell’s cytoplasm.

It has the information needed when the cell reproduces (divides into two daughter cells by a process called mitosis.)

The Nucleus!

Compared to our body, the nucleus is like the brain. Both control the cell/body and contains information that the cell/body needs. The nervous system senses changes in the environment and fixes whatever

is needed to make sure the body is healthy. Like the nervous system, the nucleus controls reactions and senses

changes in the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticuli – smooth and rough. The Rough ER has ribosomes on their surfaces and is organized in a network of

structures that look like flattened sacs (called cisternae). The Smooth ER is organized as a network made of tubes and vesicles. ER are actually extensions from the nuclear membrane (AKA the nuclear envelope)

rER

The Rough ER: *Contains Ribosomes!!!* Transports proteins needed in membranes or proteins that will be

released from the cell. Connected to the nuclear envelope Connected to the Golgi complex by vesicles. Both organelles

work to transport proteins to where they belong.

sER

The Smooth ER: *Has No Ribosomes!!!* Stores enzymes and calciums. Produces lipids (fats) Makes poisons and harmful materials harmless

(detoxifies them)

The ER

The ER system and the human body’s Circulatory System are the same in the fact that both transport materials and both secrete wastes that are not needed in the body or the cell.

Ribosomes

In Eukaryotic cells, Ribosomes are found on Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum or floating around in cytoplasm.

There are also ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts. There are a lot of ribosomes in cells because they are important and

needed.

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is very important to cells. Ribosomes cause protein synthesis – that is when proteins are made from

amino acids. RNA gives out genetic information that tells the Ribosomes how to create a specific protein by linking together certain amino acids into a chain.

<--picture of protein synthesis in action! Here the amino acids are being linked together by the ribosomes by following the specific genetic code.

The Golgi Complex

The Golgi complex / Golgi apparatus is made of a pile of flat sacs that are stacked. Eached stacked group has a membrane that keeps the cytoplasm and the internal environment separated.

The Golgi complex stores, manufactures, and ships cell materials. It works with the Rough ER.

The Golgi Apparatus

One side of the Golgi complex recieves while the other sends materials. Membranes at one side are different with the other.

The side that recieves products works closely with the Endoplasmic reticulum.

The side that released products has vesicles that send the materials to other places in the cell.

The Golgi Apparatus…

The Golgi complex and the Circulatory System are both similar. They both transport materials throughout the structure.

*QUIZ*

Do you remember anything???? Find Out!

What is the cell membrane made out of? Proteins & phospholipids Phospholipids & vitamins Fats and proteins Proteins & DNA

Correct!

Good job!

Click for next question*

Ooops…..

TRY again!

#2

What does the Smooth ER NOT do? Store calciums. Contain the genetic information of the cell Produce fats Detoxify harmful materials

Oops!

Try again

Awesome!

Continue

Mitochondria…

Contain two membranes. The outer part contains and protects the mitochondria, and the inner one folds over many times to increase the surface area of the organelle. Because of the increased surface area, more work can be done.

Have fluid inside of them called the matrix. Provide the cell it’s energy (creating the energy is called cellular

respiration). They are known as the cell’s POWERHOUSE. Can be created if MORE is needed.

Mitochondria.

These small organelles take in and break down nutrients and materials. The mitochondria can then produce energy for the cell to function.

The matrix of the mitochondria is filled with water and proteins. Food can be digested when proteins take food molecules and combine them with oxygen.

Mitochondria

The mitochondria function very similarly with the digestive system. Both break down foods and take in the essential nutrients. Both provide energy for the body and cell.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are made by the Golgi Apparatus and have very powerful enzymes that digest protein.

Lysosomes are responsible for cleaning up the cell. They break down and absorb materials that are taken in by the cell. Lysosomes can digest bacteria or combine with unwanted materials and release their enzymes.

“Suicide Sacks”

They can also perform Autolysis, which is like a cell’s suicide. If a lysosome in a cell breaks open, the cell’s proteins will be digested. This causes the cell to die.

Lysosomes help clean out old cells.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes act like the Excretory System in a way that both remove wastes that are unneeded.

<--if a lysosome were to be cut…the insides would look somewhat like this!!

Vacuoles

Vacuoles are a space in a cell surrounded by a membrane. It has NO cytoplasm. Both plant and animal cell have one, but ones in a plant are larger.

Store excess water, ions, and soluble compounds in the cell. Help with the water balance of the cell. Provide the cell support and shape. (In animal cells): Vacuoles excrete water and salts

Vacuoles

Although it may not seem like the Vacuole and the human body’s skeletal system are alike, in some ways, they are.

For example, the two share the trait that they provide shape and support. Furthermore, both can act as a storage for nutrients.

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers. It helps maintain the cell’s shape. It helps support the cell and keep it strong. It can help chromosomes separate when the cells reproduce. It can help move organelles within the cell. It can help organelles stay in one place.

Skeletons

The cytoskeleton and skeletal system of the human body are very much alike (can you tell? They both have “skele-” in their names!)

Both provide shape and support for the cell and body.

Centrioles

Made up of nine triplets of microtubules (nine groups of three). Not usually found in plants.

Main function is to separate chromosomes during cell division (meiosis and meitosis)

Centrioles are most similar to the body’s reproductive system than the other systems. Both systems play a big part in reproduction.

Plastids

Found in most plant cells Usually have a shape like a sphere

Types: Chromoplasts: found in cells of flower petals and fruit. In flowers,

their main purpose is to attract organisms for pollination; in fruit, their main purpose is to attract organisms for distribution.

Leucoplasts: found in plant cells that don’t have access to light. Form starch grain. Help with the creation of proteins.

Chromoplast

Leaucoplast-->

Plastids…

Chloroplasts: found usually in leaves (where there is most sunlight). They have enzymes that are necessary for photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts are used in photosynthesis to create oxygen for the air and food for the plant.

Chloroplasts are the most important plastids. They help create oxygen that we breathe!

The Cell Wall

Only found in plant cells! Because of the discovery of the cell wall, we can now tell the

difference between plant and animal cells. The cell wall is usually made of cellulose, which is stiff and not very flexible.

The cell wall prevents the cell from changing shape. It protects the cell from bacteria and viruses. It provides steady building blocks so stems and leaves of plants can be created. It protects the internal environment of the cell.

The Cell Wall…

The cell wall is also similar to the skeletal system. Both give support and protection to the body and cell. And both are not too flexible!

**QUIZ!!*

Leucoplast, a plastid, is found in plant cells whose plants… Are in direct sunlight Get limited sunlight Are fruits Are flowers

BUZZ!

Wrong! Keep trying!!!

Yay!

You got it! Next question? --> coming right up

What is Autolysis?

What is autolysis? When a cell makes food from sunlight When a cell reproduces When a cell destroys itself When a cell destroys another cell

Correct!

Congrats! Next question? Yes please!

Wrong!

Don’t give up!

???

What is the “Powerhouse” of the cell? Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria Membrane

Sorry…

Try again!!!

Hoorah!!!

You did it! Next question?

GO!!!

Eukaryotes VS. Prokaryotes.

Which cell has a nucleus? *You should know this question!*

Eukaryotic cell

Or…

Prokaryotic cell

Oops.

Yes, I know you just “accidentally” clicked the wrong button. No problem, just fix your mistake!

Congrats!

You win!

Hope you enjoyed it!