itm network ppt
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Classification of network
Classification
of network
Local Area
Network(LAN)
Metropolitan
Area Network(MAN)
Wide Area
Network(WAN)
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The main differentiation among theseclassifications is their area of coverage.
LAN, MAN and WAN compared
Classification of network
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A network which consists of less than 500interconnected devices across severalbuildings, is still recognized as a LAN.
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• Easy to share devices(printers, scanners, external drives)
• Easy to share data(homework, pictures)
• Cost of LAN Setup is low.
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• ower - a good LAN is required to be on allthe times.
•
Security - each computer and device becomeanother point of entry for undesirables.
• if all computers running at once, can reducespeed for each.
• Area covered is limited
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A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a high-speed network that connects local areanetworks in a metropolitan area
Example such as a city or town and handlesthe bulk of communications activity
across that region.
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• Efficiency and shared access.
• All the computer-owning residents
of the area have equal ability to goon line.
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• It can be costly(hardware, software, support, etc.)
• Security problems
• As the network consists of manycomputers over the span of a city, theconnection can lag orbecome quite slow.
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A wide area network WAN) is a network thatcovers a large geographic area (such as a city,country, or the world) using a communications
channel that combines many types of mediasuch as telephone lines, cables, and radiowaves thereby increasing cost.
It spans a larger area than a single city.
The internet is world’s largest WAN.
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• Increased efficiency
• Ease of communication
• Lowered costs.
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• Security problems
• Training costs
• Maintenance problems. Largeenterprises will dedicate personnel tomaintaining their WAN.
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CostNetwork
SizeSpeed
Number ofcomputer
Low Small Fastest Smallest
High Larger Slower Large
Higher Largest Slowest Largest
LAN
MAN
WAN
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Mobile communication is needed. Communication must take place in a terrain
that makes wired communication difficult orimpossible.
A communication system must be deployedquickly.
Communication facilities must be installed at
low initial cost. The same information must be broadcast to
many locations.
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Network which has interconnections betweennodes without using wires/physicalconnection.
It uses radio waves as its carrier.
Types of Wireless Networks : Wireless LAN
Wireless MAN
Wireless WAN
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Links two or more devices over a shortdistance
Uses a wireless distribution method
Providing a connection through an accesspoint for Internet Access
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Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless network that connects several
wireless LANs.
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Covers large geographical areas
Circuits provided by a common carrier
Consists of interconnected switching nodes
Traditional WANs provide modest capacity◦ 64000 bps common
◦ Business subscribers using T-1 service – 1.544 Mbps
common
Higher-speed Wireless WANs use satellite , and10s of Mbps common
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Tushar Kumar SinghRoll no. 9
Group No. 2
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The architecture of a network describes itslogical or conceptual arrangement in terms ofhow information is distributed across thenetwork
The topology of a network describes thephysical arrangement and configurationpertaining to actual connections and linksbetween the nodes
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Network architecture describes how nodesinteract with each other for processing anddata.
Network architectures can be described asfollows :
Network
Architecture
Client-Server
Architecture
Two Tier
Architecture
Three Tier
Architecture
Multi Tier
Architecture
Peer-to-Peer
Architecture
P2P Networks
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The client directly interacts with the DataServer
Application/Processing logic is manifested inthe client and hence it’s called a “Fat Client”
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There is an additional application serverwhich hosts the application/processing logic
The client is free of processing logic andhence it’s called a “thin client”
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It’s simply an extension of the 3-tierarchitecture
The functionality of application and dataservers is divided across multiple servers
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Client-ServerArchitecture
Peer-to-PeerArchitecture
Processing power anddata are centralized
More secured as dataresides in centralizedservers
Scalability is limited asone server can serve
finite number ofrequests
E.g Email, CorporateApplications
Processing power anddata are distributed
Security is an issue asdata travels acrossmultiple nodes
As every client can
serve as a server aswell, scalability is notan issue
E.g BitTorrent
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The topology of a network is a physicaldescription of how various nodes are linkedto each other
Various topologies exist but the main ones
are as follows
Bus Ring Star
Mesh Tree
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Every system is linked to a central backboneconnection called the Bus
Any packet of information is transmitted across theentire bus. The intended recipient receives the
packet and others ignore it Maintenance is easy but a single breakage in the
backbone disrupts the whole network
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Every node in the system is connected to two nodes Every data packet passes through the entire
network and the intended recipient accepts thepacket; others simply ignore it
A single breakage in the network renders the entirenetwork non-functional
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Every node is connected to a central hub Every data packet in the network passes through
the central hub which relays the packet to theintended recipient
A single breakage in the system affects only onenode but a fault in the hub disrupts the entirenetwork
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A mesh provides for multiple connections betweentwo nodes
A completely connected mesh provides n(n-1)/2connections between 2 nodes of the network
Even in case of failure in a single path, multiplealternatives may be available for the node to stayconnected
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The number of routes in a complete mesh growsexponentially with the number of nodes
Since such a gigantic number of paths may not beneeded, a reduced version of mesh is more
desirable in case of large number of nodes E.g Hypercube architecture
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A network protocol is a standard according towhose specifications, nodes over a networkexchange data amongst themselves
A network protocol is a set of data formats andspecifications which form a standard for
communication over that network A network protocol ensures that different entities
over the network are able to communicate, hencemakes the system platform independent
Various network protocols exist for the Internet – TCP/IP stack, Bluetooth Protocols, RoutingProtocols, Telnet etc.
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This is a standard network protocol whichdivides entire node to node communication inseven core layers
Each layer uses services of the layer beneath
and provides services to the layer above Each layer adds its own encapsulation to the
network packets OSI is simply an abstract model and various
networking protocols work together atvarious layers of OSI to achievecommunication
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Specifies the physical aswell as electricalconfigurations of theconnection between thenodes
Is concerned about the
bits and signals that aretransmitted across thecommunication medium
Also specifies thecommunication medium
itself(ie coaxial, twistedpair etc.)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Specifies the physical addressingwithin the network
Organizes bits into frames anddeals with transmission offrames
This layer is responsible forphysical addressing
The MAC sublayer ensures thatmultiple nodes communicate ona multiple access network byvirtue of their MAC addresses
The LLC sublayer makes surethat multiple Network layerprotocols are able to interactwith the underlying protocols
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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This layer is responsible forlogical addressing Routers work at this layer
and transmit packets fromone network to the other
IPv4/IPv6 addressing isapplied to packets so that
they could travel acrossdifferent networks
This layer provides thequality of service(QoS)requested by the transportlayer
A lot of additional protocolswork at this layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Responsible for reliableand error freecommunication betweentwo nodes
Segmentation andreassembly of packets
takes place here TCP(Transmission ControlProtocol) and UDP(UserDatagram Protocol) workat this layer
Can keep track of
segments and canretransmit those which fail
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Responsible for initiation,continuity and terminationof sessions between twonodes
Is responsible fordetermining the type of
session operation(full-duplex,half-duplex orsimplex)
Also responsible forsession checkpointing andrestart operations
Provides session servicesto above applications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Responsible for theplatform independence onthe Internet
Different node specificformats are translated intonetwork formats and
encapsulated as sessionlayer packets Provides independence
from data representation Is also known as the
Syntax Layer
E.g conversion from andto XML
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Caters to applicationcomponents which aredependent on network forinformation
Is the closest layer to theUser
Requirement ofcommunication resourcesis represented at this layer
Synchronization ofinformation betweenapplication and OSI is also
represented at this layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Thin Clients are those individual users who can dosimple tasks such as surfing on their devices.
Thin Clients can be Desktops, Laptops, Smartphones
and Tablets.
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Internet- based computing in which largegroup of remote severs are networked so asto allow sharing of data processing tasks(Office 365), centralized data storage
(DropBox) and online access to computerservices or resources ( Amazon EC2).
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Cloud computing gives the user flexibility tobe a Thin Client and access its variousservices as shown below.
Cloud services can be used by any thin client
which has a net connection and a webbrowser (Opera Mini, Chrome, Firefox) etc.
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Used by end users Software delivery method that provides access to
software and it functions remotely as a Web-basedservice
Allows organizations to access businessfunctionality at a cost typically less than paying forlicensed applications
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Used by developers Provides you computing platforms which
typically includes operating system,programming language execution
environment, database, web server etc. Eg: Google App Engine
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Used by system administrators A model in which an organization outsources
the equipment used to support operations,including storage, hardware, servers and
networking components. Eg: Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and
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Cost Efficient Ease of Access
Backup and Recovery
Quick Deployment Automatic Software Integration
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Enterprises used to spend about 32% of their IT budget onin-house hardware in 2011, but that is down to 24% in 2012
Gartner estimates that $326 million (Rs 1,760 crore) worthof cloud computing services were consumed in India,
including software and hardware
Less than one in ten enterprises have adopted cloudcomputing at present, but the market is expected to grow atan average of 50% every year till 2015
A research study conducted by Zinnov ManagementConsulting reveals that private cloud in India will help saveIndian companies up to 50% of their infrastructure costs andwill also create more than 1 lakh jobs by 2015