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h f l Iterative techniques f or metal artifact reduction artifact reduction F. Edward Boas Stanford Radiology 20110811

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Page 1: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

h f lIterative techniques for metal artifact reductionartifact reduction

F. Edward Boas

Stanford Radiologygy

2011‐08‐11

Page 2: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

CT metal artifactsCT metal artifacts

X‐ray source Low error

High error, due to:• Poisson noise• Beam hardening• Scatter• Motion

Page 3: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Metal deletion technique (MDT)Metal deletion technique (MDT)Use all of the data to reconstruct the metal pixels

… but only use non‐metal data to reconstruct non metal pixels

X‐ray source Detector array

the metal pixels … reconstruct non‐metal pixels.

Metal

Soft tissueSoft tissue

Page 4: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Metal deletion technique (MDT)Metal deletion technique (MDT)

Delete metal pixels then use forward projectionDelete metal pixels, then use forward projection iteratively to replace detector measurements 

that involve metalthat involve metal.

Page 5: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Simulated scansBoneWaterSoft tissue

FBP LI MDT

Iron

Exact

Poisson noise

Beam hardening

Motion

All errors

Page 6: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Cholecystectomy clips: FBPCholecystectomy clips: FBP

Page 7: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Cholecystectomy clips: LICholecystectomy clips: LI

Page 8: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Cholecystectomy clips: MDTCholecystectomy clips: MDT

Page 9: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Embolization coils: FBPEmbolization coils: FBP

Page 10: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Embolization coils: LIEmbolization coils: LI

Page 11: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Embolization coils: MDTEmbolization coils: MDT

Page 12: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Dental fillings: FBPDental fillings: FBP

Page 13: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Dental fillings: LIDental fillings: LI

Page 14: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Dental fillings: MDTDental fillings: MDT

Page 15: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Hip replacements: FBPHip replacements: FBP

Page 16: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Hip replacements: LIHip replacements: LI

Page 17: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Hip replacements: MDTHip replacements: MDT

Page 18: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Clinical scans  FBP LI  MDT 

Clips 

   

 Coils 

   

 Dental fillings 

   

 Hip replacements 

Page 19: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Image quality rank (raw data)Image quality rank (raw data)

1

MDT LI FBP SART

Best 1

rank

1.0 ± 0.0 *Best

11 scans178 slices

2

e qu

ality 

2.1 ± 0.1 *

178 slices

Average ± S.E.M.

3rage im

ag

2.1 ± 0.1 * statistically significant difference

Aver

3 5 ± 0 1 3 5 ± 0 14

3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.1Worst

Page 20: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Metal artifact reduction from DICOMMetal artifact reduction from DICOM

If raw data is not available it can be simulatedIf raw data is not available, it can be simulated by forward projecting DICOM files generated by 

the scannerthe scanner.

Page 21: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Improved image quality (DICOM)Improved image quality (DICOM)

%

80%

ed Small implants

50%

60%

70%

es im

prove Small implants

Large implants

30%

40%

50%

e of im

age

10%

20%

ercentage

0%

MDT Rubout Rubout plus Wei

Pe

80 slices.  Data from Caroline Golden, Sam Mazin, et al.

Page 22: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Improved diagnosisImproved diagnosis

FBP MDT

Rectal cancerHip replacement

Page 23: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Improved diagnosisImproved diagnosis

FBP MDT

Apparent tip of the pacer wire

Page 24: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Improved diagnosis (DICOM)Improved diagnosis (DICOM)

FBP MDT

 

Stroke     Aneurysm coil 

Page 25: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Improved diagnosis (DICOM)Improved diagnosis (DICOM)

FBP MDT

 

Coil     Hemorrhage

Page 26: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Decreased resolution near metalDecreased resolution near metalHorizontal resolution Vertical resolution

Metal

Page 27: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Decreased resolution near metalDecreased resolution near metalResolution near a 10 mm metal implant

1.4

1.6

m)

0.8

1

1.2

ution (m

m

0 2

0.4

0.6

yresolu

0

0.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Distance from metal (mm)

Page 28: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

ConclusionsConclusions

1 MDT reduces metal artifacts due to Poisson1. MDT reduces metal artifacts due to Poisson noise, beam hardening, and motion.

2 MDT has better image quality than other2. MDT has better image quality than other techniques (p=0.0005), and may change the diagnosisdiagnosis.

3. MDT works on a variety of scans, from hip l i ireplacements to moving pacer wires.

Page 29: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Tips for using MDTTips for using MDT

• Best results are obtained with small stationary implants: dental fillings, hip replacements, surgical clips, aneurysm coils.

• Suboptimal results are obtained with large implants: pedicle screws and complex orthopedic hardware

• Due to potential resolution loss, MDT must be reviewed in conjunction with the conventional FBP images.

• MDT should be performed on axial images.  Coronal or sagittal images should be reformatted from axial MDT images.g

• The metal causing the streaks must be visible on the image.• MDT uses a fixed Hounsfield unit cutoff of 3000 to detect 

metalmetal.

Page 30: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Dominik Fleischmann (Stanford)( )Roland Bammer (Stanford)

Caroline Golden (National University of Ireland Galway)Sam Mazin (Stanford)Jon Abelson (Stanford)Chris Beaulieu (Stanford)

Christoph Panknin (Siemens)

Funding: None

Page 31: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Thank you!Ed Boas ([email protected])

www.revisionrads.comwww.revisionrads.com

Key references:

Boas FE and Fleischmann D. (2011) “Evaluation of two iterative techniques for reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.”  Radiology.  259(3): 894‐902.

Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni P, Gold G, Sofilos M, Pelc NJ. (2011) “A comparison of four algorithms for metal artifact reduction in CT imaging.”  SPIE Medical Imaging Conference 2011, Orlando, Florida.g g g g f , ,

Boas FE. (2011) “Iterative reduction of artifacts in computed tomography images using forward projection and an edge‐preserving blur filter.”  U.S. Patent ApplicationPatent Application.

Page 32: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Further detailsFurther details

Page 33: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Metal deletion technique (MDT)Metal deletion technique (MDT)

Page 34: Iterative techniques for metal artifact reduction · reducing metal artifacts in computed tomography.” Radiology. 259(3): 894‐ 902. Golden C, Mazin SR, Boas FE, Tye G, Ghanouni

Adaptive detector element sizeAdaptive detector element size

7

8

35

40

ze

Exact photon countActual detected photons (with Poisson noise)

5

6

7

25

30

35

lemen

t si

oton

s

Actual detected photons (with Poisson noise)Adjusted photon countAdaptive detector element size

3

4

5

15

20

25

detector e

ber of ph o

1

2

3

5

10

15

Ada

ptive d

Num

0

1

0

5

0 10 20 30 40 50

A

Detector element number