italian renaissance by kavita

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Italian Renaissance: 15 Century 14001500 In Italian citystates: Ferrara, Florence, Mantua, Naples, Rome, Venice, etc.

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Page 1: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Italian Renaissance: 15th Century

1400-­‐1500  In  Italian  city-­‐states:  Ferrara,  Florence,  Mantua,  Naples,  Rome,  Venice,  etc.  

Page 2: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

•  The  fine  arts  influenced  by  CLASSICAL  styles    •  HUMANISM  emerges  –  stresses  secular  alongside  religious    •  LINEAR  PERSPECTIVE  is  realized  –  arKsts  create  realisKc  painKngs  •  Best  understanding  of  human  anatomy,  large-­‐scale  nude  sculpture    •  Architecture  emphasizes  open  light  spaces,  symmetry,  and  balance  •  ArKsts  encouraged  to  explore  pagan  past  in  relaKon  to  modern  life.    •  European  explorers  venture  out  =  knowledge  •  Growth/appreciaKon  of  the  sciences  and  arts  

History  •  City-­‐states  controlled  by  ruling  families  who  dominate  poliKcs  

•  Big  spenders  in  the  arts.    •  Embellished  palaces  with  innovaKve  painKngs  

•  The  ruling  families  commissioned  architecture  

Culture  

Page 3: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

•  MathemaKcs  important  in  engineering  these  buildings!    •  Geometric  designs  stressed    •  Harmony  achieved  by  ideal  proporKons  (Vitruvius  -­‐  architectural  treaKse)  •  RaKos,  proporKons,  various  elements,  etc.  express  humanisKc  ideals  •  OYen  have  unvaulted  naves  with  coffered  ceilings    

ProporKons  •  Crossing  is  2X  the  nave  

•  Nave  is  2X  the  side  aisles  

•  Side  aisles  2X  the  side  chapels  

 

Page 4: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

SAN  LORENZO  Filippo  Brunelleschi,  1421-­‐1469,  

Florence,  Italy  

•  Ceiling    •  Similar  to  Early  ChrisKan  wooden  

type  •  Rectangular  floor  grids  define  the  spaces  •  Use  of  raKos  

•  Nave  =  two  aisles  •  Aisles  =  two  side  chapels  

•  Interior    •  Cool  and  harmonious  •  Sparse  decoraKon  

•  Light  and  airy  •  Not  much  stained  glass    

Page 5: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

DOME OF FLORENCE CATHEDRAL Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420-1436

Lantern completed 1471

Page 6: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Brunelleschi’s  Dome  •  Older  domes  didn’t  have  as  much  verKcal  thrust    

•  Raised  on  a  drum  to  increase  height  •  Dome  is  OGIVAL  arch  shape  •  New  technique  –  pudng  one  dome  inside  of  another  =  strength/stability  

•  Built  without  centering  devices  •  Lantern  at  top  anchors  dome  into  place  •  Architecture  –  light,  order,  clarity      

•  Buildings  have  wider  window  spaces,  limited  stained  glass,  wall  painKngs  

Page 7: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

PAZZI  CHAPEL  Filippo  Brunelleschi,  1423,  Florence  

•  Rectangular  chapel  afached  to  a  church  of  Santa  Croce  in  Florence    •  Two  barrel  vaults  on  interior  •  Small  dome  over  crossing  •  Restrained  sense  of  color  

•  Muted  tones  •  Glazed  terracofa  Kles    

Page 8: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

PALAZZO  RUCELLAI  Leon  Badsta,  1452-­‐1470,  Florence  

•  Three  separate  floors  •  Separated  by  clear  

“stringcourse”  •  Pilasters  divide  space  in  square-­‐ish  

shapes    •  Strong  cornice  at  top    •  Not  rusKc  like  Michelozzo’s  palazzo  •  Masonry  joints  are  beveled    •  Different  style  plasters    •  Friezes  have  Rucellai  family  

symbols    •  Ex.  Billowing  sails    

Page 9: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

SANT’  ANDREA  Leon  Badsta  AlberK,  1470,  Mantua  

•  Roman  triumphal  arch  •  Huge  pilasters  on  either  side  •  Pilasters  support  pediment  •  First  to  be  used  in  ChrisKan  architecture    

•  Ancient  temple  façade    •  Wanted  idenKcal  width/height  •  Piazza  in  front  of  church  is  small  =  small  

façade  •  Large  barrel  vault  canopy  hangs  over  west  

façade    •  Shields  nave  window  from  sun  

•  Interior    •  Huge  barrel  vaults  •  No  side  aisles    •  Coffered  ceiling    

Page 10: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

•  PALACES  in  Florence  –  dominaKng  facades  –  three  stories  high,  austere  looking  •  First  floor  

•  Public  areas  with  business  transacKons  •  RusKcated  (rough  cut  stone),  heavily  arKculated  stone  

•  Second  floor  •  Much  lighter  •  Strong  horizontal  marking  the  ceiling  of  one  story  and  floor  of  another    •  Family  l  

•  Third  floor  •  Even  more  lightness  •  Less  arKculaKon  of  stone    •  Heavy  cornice  caps  off  roof    

Palazzo Medici-Riccardi Michelozzo, 1444, Florence

•  Interior  courtyard  allows  light  into  interior  rooms  

•  Expresses  civic  pride  and  poliKcal  power  of  Medici  family    

•  Very  symmetrical  

Page 11: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Pain0ng  •  LINEAR  PERSPECTIVE  

•  Afributed  to  Filippo  Brunelleschi  •  Developed  while  drawing  Florence  Cathedral  Bapistry  

•  ArKsts  create  different  arKsKc  effects  •  PROPORTION  

•  ArKsts  start  showing  objects,  scenery,  and  people  proporKonately  •  People  no  longer  dominate  the  image    

•  TROMP  L’OEIL  TECHNIQUE  •  “trick  the  eye”  

•  PERSPECTIVE  •  Even  used  in  sculpture    

•  Carved  at  different  depths  to  create  a  sense  of  space  •  IMAGES  

•  Religious  scenes  •  Portraits  •  Mythological  scenes  •  DepicKons  of  humanist  ideals/aspiraKons    •  ExploraKon  of  the  nude  (especially  male)  

Page 12: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

The  First  Signs  of  One  Point  PerspecLve  

•  Brunelleschi  was  the  first  architect  to  use  mathemaKcal  perspecKve  in  creaKng  designs  for  buildings  during  the  early  Renaissance      

     

Page 13: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

BEFORE  PERSPECTIVE   AFTER  PERSPECTIVE  

Page 14: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

AdoraLon  of  the  Magi  GenKle  da  Fabriano,  1423,  Florence  

Tempera  on  panel  

•  Patrons  •  The  Strozzi  family  

•  Figures  in  fancy  dress    •  “Courtly”  ouKng  to  see  baby  Jesus  at  

the  Epiphany  •  ExoKc  animals  reflect  private  zoos  of  

Renaissance  princes    •  Gold  leaf  used  in  frame  and  painKng  •  Kings  are  shown  at  various  ages  

•  Symbolizes  the  ages  of  man  •   Animals  seen  at  different  angles  

•  NATURALISM    

Page 15: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

AdoraLon  of  the  Magi    

Page 16: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Holy  Trinity  Masaccio,  1427,  Florence  

Fresco  in  Santa  Maria  Novella    

•  Patrons  •  The  Lenzi  family  •  Created  as  a  tombstone  for  the  family  •  Kneel  outside  arch  •  Faces  show  realism  

•  Christ  appears  in  two  roles    •  Crucified  Christ  •  Second  person  of  the  Holy  Trinity    

•  God  supports  him  •  Dove  of  the  Holy  Spirit  is  between  the  two  of  

them  •  Mary  and  Saint  John  flank  Christ    

•  Typically  in  crucifixion  scenes    •  Triangular  figural  composiKon  dominated  by  

Brunelleschi-­‐inspired  architecture    

Page 17: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Holy  Trinity  •  Vanishing  point  at  the  foot  of  the  cross  •  Skeleton  below  painKng  symbolizes  death  

•  “I  once  was  what  you  are;  and  what  I  am  you  will  become.”  

Page 18: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Mary   Saint  John   Christ  

Holy  Spirit  •  As  a  dove  

•  T  he  tradiKonal  symbol      

Page 19: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Tribute  Money  Masaccio,  1425,  Florence  

Fresco  in  Santa  Maria  del  Carmine  

Page 20: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Tribute  Money  •  Scene  from  New  Testament  

•  Jesus  is  asked  if  he  should  pay  tribute  to  civil  authoriKes  •  One  big  narraKve  

•  Peter  gets  money  from  the  fish  (leY)  •  Jesus  confronts  the  tax  collector  •  Peter  pays  tax  collector  (right)  

•  NarraKve  moves  from  center,  to  leY,  to  right  •  Figures  are  dominant  and  cast  shadows  on  the  ground    

Page 21: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Expulsion  from  the  Garden  of  Eden  Masaccio,  1425,  Carmine,  Florence  Fresco  in  Santa  Maria  del  Carmine,    

•  Bold  use  of  nude  forms  •  Intense  expressions  

•  Adam  •  Hides  face  in  shame  

•  Eve  •  Hides  body  in  shame  

•  Bleak  background  •  DesolaKon  outside  Garden  of    Eden  

•  Angel  is  foreshortened    

Page 22: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

BaSle  of  San  Romano  Paolo  Uccello,  1455  Tempera  on  wood  

Page 23: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

BaSle  of  San  Romano    •  Bafle  between  Florence  and  Siena  (1432)  

•  Looks  more  like  a  ceremony    •  Strong  use  of  perspecKve  and  vanishing  points    

•  Orthogonals  in  figures  and  weapons  

Page 24: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

AnnunciaLon  Fra  Angelico,  1438-­‐1447    

Fresco  

Page 25: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

AnnunciaLon  •  Architecture  of  painKng  reflects  

architecture  of  monastery  •  Serene  and  religious  •  Humility  of  figures  •  Solid  forms  –  like  Giofo  •  Smoothly  modeled  figures  

•  Extreme  delicacy  •  Spare  environment  

•  Focus  on  figures’  gestures  and  simple  sedngs  

•  Corinthian  columns  •  Brunelleschi-­‐type  arches  

Page 26: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

The  Last  Supper  Andrea  del  Castagno,  1447,  Sant’  Apollonia,  Florence  

Fresco  

Page 27: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

The  Last  Supper  •  Painted  for  a  convent  of  cloistered  nuns  

•  Red  brick  in  painKng  matches  red  brick  Kles  in  the  convent  

•  Figures  are  individualizes    •  Lifle  communicaKon  between  them  

•  Everything  in  sharp  focus  with  precise  edges    •  Judas  is  on  the  front  side  of  the  table  

•  Apart  from  others    •  Symbolic  of  his  guilt    

•  Marble  pafern  behind  Judas’  head    •  Symbolizes  lightning  poinKng  to  his  head    

•  Six  marble  panels  on  leY  and  back  walls  and  four  panels  and  two  windows  on  right  wall  •  Implies  the  room  is  square  –  doesn’t  appear  

square  •  2:1  raKo  of  loops  on  stringcourse  on  back  wall  

implies  the  room  is  rectangular  

Page 28: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

BaSle  of  Ten  Naked  Men  (BaSle  of  the  Nudes)    Antonio  del  Pollaiuolo,  1465-­‐1470  

Engraving  

•  Dense  vegetaKon  •  Contrasts  with  figures  

and  “pushes”  them  forward  

•  Imprecise  anatomy    •  Expressive  flexed  muscles    •  AcKve  posses  •  Figures  seem  to  be  in  

mirroring  posiKons  

Page 29: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

ResurrecLon  Piero  della  Francesca,  1463,  San  Sepolcro  

Fresco  in  the  Palazzo  Comunale  •  Geometric  shapes    •  Christ  

•  Stepping  out  of  tomb  or  has  foot  on  lid???  

•  Enormous  figure  who  conquers  all  

•  Holds  a  labarum  •  Symbol  of  victory  over  

death  •  Height  of  drama    

•  Landscape  (flat  background)  •  Might  symbolize  death  and  

new  life  (live  tree/dead  tree)    •  Morality  

•  LeY  is  bare  area  with  strong  and  mature  trees    •  Hard  path  

•  Right  is  prefy  with  less  mature  trees  •  Easy  path  

Page 30: Italian Renaissance by Kavita
Page 31: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Room  of  the  Newlyweds  Andrea  Mantegna,  1465-­‐1471,  Mantua  

Fresco  in  Ducal  Palace  

•  Cube-­‐shaped  room  “domed”  with  painted  central  panel  •  There  is  no  real  dome    

•  Oculus  •  Two  groups  of  women  

leaning  over  a  balustrade  •  Some  look  down  at  viewer  

•  Foreshortening  •  Angels  seen  from  front  and  

back    •  Rest  their  feet  on  painted  

ledges  •  Bird  and  flower  pot  are  

unsefling      

Page 32: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Christ  Delivering  the  Keys  of  the  Kingdom  to  Saint  Peter    Pietro  Perugino,  1482,  SisKne  Chapel  in  Rome  

Fresco  

Page 33: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Christ  Delivering  the  Keys  of  the  Kingdom  to  Saint  Peter    •  LeY  background  

•  Tribute  money  •  Right  background  

•  Stoning  of  Christ  •  Vast  piazza  in  one-­‐point  perspecKve    •  Arch  of  ConstanKne-­‐like  structures  •  Central  basilica  reminiscent  of  

Brunelleschi  or  AlberK  •  Open  space  around  keys  =  emphasis  •  Figures  in  contrapposto  •  Many  contemporary  faces    

Page 34: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Birth  of  Venus  Sandro  Bodcelli,  1485,  Florence  

Tempera  on  canvas    

Page 35: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Birth  of  Venus  •  Commissioned  by  MEDICI  family  •  Venus  

•  Emerges  from  sea  foam    •  Dreamy,  far  away  look  in  her  eyes  •  Roses  scafered  before  her    

•  Roses  created  at  same  Kme  as  her    •  Thorns  =  love  can  be  painful  

•  Physical  beauty    •  LiYs  mind  to  God  (divine  love)  

•  Plato  •  Venus  was  an  earthly  goddess  of  human  

physical  love    •  Heavenly  goddess  who  inspires  intellectual  

love    •  LeY  

•  Zephyr  (west  wind)  &  Chloris  (nymph)  •  Right  

•  Handmaiden  rushes  to  clothe  her    •  Figures    

•  FloaKng,  not  anchored  to  ground  •  Crisply  drawn  

•  Many  pale  colors  •  Landscape  flat  and  unrealisKc    

•  Simple  v-­‐shaped  waves  

Page 36: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Spring  (La  Primavera)  Sando  Bodcelli,  1482,  Florence  

Tempera  on  wood  

Page 37: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Spring  (La  Primavera)  •  LeY  

•  Mercury  holding  a  caduceus  up  to  the  air  to  dispel  storm  clouds  

•  Right  •  Zephyr  reaches  out  to  Chloris  •  Chloris  transforms  into  Flora,  

goddess  of  Spring    •  Center  

•  Venus  wears  a  bridal  wreath  on  her  head  

•  Cupid,  son,  is  above  her    •  Three  Graces  dance  together  

•  Embodiment  of  beauty  Venus  creates    

•  Loose,  long  hair  is  a  symbol  of  virginity  

•  Narrow  stage  sedng  •  Figures  closer  to  viewer    

•  FERTILITY  SYMBOLS  •  Fruit,  flower,  spring,  Venus,  

Cupid  •  Large  oranges  may  refer  to  Medici  

coat-­‐of-­‐arms  

Page 38: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Birth  of  the  Virgin  Domenico  Ghirlandaio,  1485-­‐1490,  Santa  Maria  Novella,  Florence  

Fresco  

Page 39: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Birth  of  the  Virgin  •  Religious  scene  in  FlorenKne  

home  –  MODERN  sedng    •  St.  Anne  (Right)  

•  Mary’s  mother  •  Reclines  in  palace  room    

•  Midwives  to  St.  Anne    •  GIOVANNI  TORNABUONI  

•  Daughter  of  patron  •  Center    

•  High  status    •  Upper  leY  corner    

•  Story  of  Mary’s  parents,  Joachim  and  Anna  meeKng    

Page 40: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Damned  Cast  into  Hell  Luca  Signorelli,  1499-­‐1504,  Orvieto  Cathedral  

Fresco  

Page 41: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Damned  Cast  into  Hell  •  End  of  world  scene  –  very  common  •  Upper  right  

•  Heaven  guarded  by  angels    •  Upper  leY  

•  Angels  carry  off  the  damned    •  Made  to  go  against  ideas  of  some  ChrisKan  

hereKcs  who  quesKoned  existence  of  hell  and  heaven  and  purgatory  

•  Impenetrable  mass  of  human  bodies    •  Many  figures  die  by  strangulaKon  •  Largest  treatment  of  human  nudes  to  date    •  Devils  discolored  =  evil  

Page 42: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

•  Interest  in  HUMANISM/Rebirth  of  Classical  sculpture    

•  Peak  an  interest  in  Greek  and  Roman  sculpture  

•  Medieval  arKsts  thought  nudes  were  pagan  

•  15th  century  Italian  sculptures  glorified  the  nude    

•  Like  the  ancients  

•  Revival  of  life-­‐size  nude  sculpture  

•  Increased  study  of  human  anatomy  

•  Heroic  bodies  in  stone  and  bronze  

***Much  sculpture  made  for  Florence  Cathedral  BapKstry  

Sculpture  

Page 43: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Sacrifice  of  Isaac  Lorenzo  GhiberK,  1401-­‐1403,  Florence  

Gilt  Bronze  

•  Made  for  a  compeKKon  to  do  a  set  of  bronze  doors  for  Florence  Cathedral  •  Brunelleschi’s  lost    

•  Story  •  God  asks  Abraham  to  prove  his  love  

by  sacrificing  son  Isaac  •  Abraham  is  about  to  kill  Isaac  when  

an  angel  appears/reveals  it’s  a  test    •  Tells  Abraham  to  kill  a  ram  

instead    •  Gothic  quatrefoil  pafern  

•  Had  to  match  Gothic  doors  already  on  the  BapKstery  

•  Influence  of  Gothic  style  •  Gestures  are  graceful  

•  Figures  are  separated    •  Helps  with  story’s  clarity  

Page 44: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Sacrifice  of  Isaac  Filippo  Brunelleschi,  1401-­‐1403,  Florence  

Bronze  

•  Lost  the  compeKKon  •  Dense  group  •  Great  drama  •  DramaKc  tension  and  rigor  •  Figures  are  heavy  looking  •  Figures  spill  over  the  edges  of  the  

quatrefoil  

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Gates  of  Paradise  Lorenzo  GhiberK,  1425-­‐1452,  Florence  

Gilt  bronze     •  GhiberK  gets  this  commission  aYer  winning  

“Isaac  contest”  •  More  sophisKcated  spaKally  than  his  other  

doors  •  Figures  have  more  convincing  volume    

•  Lean,  elegant,  elongated  bodies  •  Different  facial  expressions    

•  10  Old  Testament  scenes    

Page 46: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Four  Crowned  Saints  Nanni  de  Banco,  1409-­‐1417  

Part  of  “Or  San  Michele”  in  Florence  Marble  

•  Built  for  guild  of  wood  and  stone  carvers  •  Shows  four  ChrisKan  sculptors    

•  Refused  to  carve  a  statue  of  a  pagan  god  for  the  Roman  Emperor  DiocleKan/martyred  for  that  

•  Saints  •  Wear  Roman  togas  •  Heads  look  like  portraits  of  Roman  emperors  •  Seem  to  be  discussing  their  fate    •  Feet  step  outside  of  arch    •  Pedestal  carved  in  arc  

•  Follows  their  posiKoning      •  Figures  are  independent  of  the  niche    

•  Bofom  scene  has  view  of  sculptors  at  work  on  their  craY  

Page 47: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

David  Donatello,  1420’s  –  60’s  

Bronze    

•  First  large-­‐scale  bronze  since  anKquity  •  Exaggerated  contrapposto  of  the  body    •  Probably  displayed  in  Medici  palace  •  David  

•  Looks  androgynous  •  Stance  is  nonchalant  •  ContemplaKng  victory  over  Goliath    

•  Foot  on  Goliath’s  head  •  Head  lowered  to  show  humility    •  Hat  has  laurel  leaves  on  it  

•  Means  he  was  a  poet  •  Special  strength  comes  from  God    

•  Story  of  triumph  of  good  over  evil  •  Story  

•  Israelites  fighKng  PhilisKnes  •  PhilisKnes’  best  warrior  wants  to  fight  Israelites  

best  warrior  –  David  volunteers  •  David  refused  armor,  hits  Goliath  in  the  head  

with  a  stone/cuts  off  his  head    

Page 48: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Mary  Magdalene  Donatello,  1430-­‐1450,  Florence  

Wood    •  Mary  

•  Was  a  reformed  sinner  –  followed  Christ    

•  Hair  covers  her  body  •  Wiped  Christ’s  feet  with  hair  •  Gilded  hair  indicated  spirituality  

and  former  beauty    •  Emaciated  from  30  years  of  penitence  

•  Hallowed  cheeks,  missing  teeth,  sunken  eyes    

•  Face  shows  torture  of  a  badly  leY  life  •  Ravages  of  Kme  on  her  body  

•  Gesture  of  prayer  expresses  a  world  of  spirituality    

•  Eyes  focused  on  an  inner  reality  and  a  higher  form  of  beauty    

•  Completely,  introspecKvely  fixated  on  Christ  

 

Page 49: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

GATTAMELATA  Donatello,  1445-­‐1450,  Padua,  Italy  

Bronze  

•  Nickname  for  warrior  •  “Honeyed  Cat”  

•  Gatamelata  •  CommemoraKve  monument  

for  a  cemetery  •  Face  reflects  stern  

expression  of  a  military  commander  

•  Horse  is  spirited,  resKng  one  leg  on  a  ball  

•  Rider  is  in  control  

Page 50: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Madonna  and  Child  Luca  della  Robbia,  1455-­‐1460,  San  Michele,  Florence  

Terra  cofa  

•  White  glazed  terra-­‐cofa  of  flesh  areas  simulates  marble    

•  Ceramic  is  cheap  •  Retains  color  and  polish  even  

outdoors  •  Drapery  has  rich  colored  glazes  

•  Creates  luminous  ceramic  forms  •  SoY  quality  of  ceramic  adds  genKlity  to  

the  arKsKc  expression  

Page 51: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Hercules  and  Antaeus  Antonio  del  Pollaiuolo,  1475,  Florence  

Bronze  

•  Shows  ancient  myth  •  Hercules  must  liY  Antaeus  off  the  ground  

to  defeat  him  •  Antaeus  gets  his  strength  from  his  mother,  

who  is  the  earth  goddess  •  AcKve  composiKon  with  limbs  judng  out  in  

various  direcKons  •  Strong  angles  of  the  body  •  Sinewy,  strong  muscles  

Page 52: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

Colleoni  Andrea  del  Verrocchio,  1481-­‐1496,  Venice  

Bronze  •  Military  leader,  fought  for  the  

VeneKans  •  Very  powerful  and  spirited  

animal  tamed  by  an  animated,  victorious  leader  

•  DramaKcally  alive  and  forceful  appearance    

•  Bulging,  fiery  eyes    •  Erect  posiKon  in  saddle  

Page 53: Italian Renaissance by Kavita

VOCABULARY    

1.   BOTTEGA  –  the  studio  of  an  Italian  arKst  2.   HUMANISM  –  an  intellectual  movement  in  the  Renaissance  that  emphasized  the  secular  

alongside  the  religious.  Humanists  were  afached  the  achievements  of  the  classical  past,  and  stressed  the  study  of  classical  literature,  history,  philosophy,  and  art  

3.   LANTERN  –  a  small  structure  with  openings  for  light  that  crowns  a  dome  4.   OTHOGONAL  –  lines  that  appear  to  recede  toward  a  vanishing  point  in  a  painKng  with  linear  

perspecKve    5.   PILASTER  –  a  flafened  column  afached  to  a  wall  with  a  capital,  a  shaY,  and  a  base  6.   QUATTROCENTO  –  the  1400s  (15th  century)  of  Italian  art  7.   RUSTICATE  –  to  deeply  and  roughly  incise  stones  to  give  a  rough  and  rusKc  texture  to  its  

appearance  8.   STRINGCOURSE  –  a  horizontal  molding  9.   TROMPE  L’OEIL  –  “fools  the  eye”  –  a  form  of  painKng  that  afempts  to  represent  an  object  as  

exisKng  in  three  dimensions,  and  therefore  resembles  the  real  thing