it lab record

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1. IDENTIFYING PARTS OF A COMPUTER

PARTS OF A COMPUTER:-

1. KEYBOARD

2. MOUSE

3. VDU (visual display unit)

4. CPU

COMPONENTS IN A CPU AND ITS FUNCTION:-

1.Motherboard

2. Processor

3. Power supply unit

MOTHERBOARD:

It is a printed circuit board (PCB) that allows other PCBs which take form of riser parts and

Expansion bus adaptors to be installed in it.

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PROCESSER:-

It is also called CPU. It performs mathematical calculations, instructions and co-ordinates

input/output operators.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT:-It converts AC to DC distortion lower voltage DC power to components through out the

computer and provides cooling through the use of a fan located inside the power supply.

COMPONENTS IN A MOTHERBOARD:-

EXPANSION SLOTS:-

1. I.S.A SLOTS:-(industrial standard architecture)

It allows 16 bit data transfer to adapter installed in slots and operators at 10 MHz speed.

2. PCI SLOTS:-(peripheral component interconnect)

It is available in various speeds.

32 bit at 33 MHz.

64 bit at 33 MHz.

64 bit at 66 MHz.

64 bit at 133 MHz.

3. RAM SLOTS:-

SIMM(single in line memory module)

DIMM(Double inline memory module)

RIMM(Rambus inline memory module)

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1. SERIAL PORT:

Generally this will be having two serial ports .one is used for connecting Mouse and the other

is used for connecting an external modem.

2. PARALLEL PORT:-Only one parallel port is available which is used for connected to a

printer.

3. KEYBOARD PORT:-

This is directly soldered to the motherboard.

MOUSE PORT:-

Some mother boards will be having a mouse port directly soldered to the motherboard.

USB (universal serial bus)

This allows a speed of 12M bits per second and you can connect up to 127 devices.

VIDEO CONTROLLER:-

It defines the disulazation capability of our PC.

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2. ASSEMBLING AND DISASSEMBLING OF A PC

The several steps following for disassembling to pc are

Back up, write down or printed CMO's setup configuration.

Donot disconnect the battery from the motherboard if at all possible or CMOS configuration

information will be lossed.

Use proper grounding procedures to prevent ESD (electro static discharge) dimension.

Keep paper and pen near by for note making and diagramming.

Have amble work space.

Chip removes tools (when removing adaptors donot stack the adaptors on one another).

If possible place removed adaptors inside a special ESD protective bag.

Take note of any jumper or switch setting on motherboard before removing then from

computer.

Handle each adaptors or mother board on the side edge.

Avoid touching the gold contacts on the bottom of the adaptors.

TOOLS:-

Multimeter for checking voltages and cable continuity.

Screws pick up tool.

Soldering iron, solder and flux.

Pliers

Floppy disk, read, write head and cleaning kit.

Chip removal tools.

3. INSTALLING WINDOWS XP ON PC

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Keep the windows xp bootable cd in cd rom and, must restart the system.

Partition your hard disk depending upon your requirement generally a 40 GB HDD should be

partitioned in to two 20GBpartitions, namely C and D.

Windows set up screen is shown. Press enter key to set up windows xp.

End user license agreement (EULA) is displayed and press F8 (function key) to agree.

Press escape to continue installation of a fresh copy of windows xp.

Select the desired partition to setup windows xp and press enter.

Format the partition using one of the file system like NTFS orFAT 32.

Press enter key to continue and format the partition.

You can press F3 (function key) any time to quit from setup.

System will copy all the required files in to hard disk in a temporary directory and it

will ask to reboot the system to continue installation.

Once the system is rebooted the installation process in which it under goes various

Process like

A. collecting information

B.dynamic update

C.preparing installation

D.listilling windows

E. initializing installation

The system will prompt for regional and language options. Select the desired language

and press next button.

If will prompt for regional entering name and organization enter the names as per

Four requirement and press next button.

The system will prompt for regional and language options. Select the desired language

and the system will prompt for product key is available with cd. Enter the product key and press

the next button.

The system will prompt for computer name, administrator password and confirm password give

the computer name and password as per your requirement and press next.

Set the date and time of the system.

Depending upon requirement go to network settings or skip that option.

Depending up on the information given the system will be configured and finally WINDOWS XP

will be displayed on the monitor.

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Beg in the Installat ion

1. Insert theW indows XP

CD and restar t

your computer.

2. I f prom pted to

start from the

CD , press

SPACEBAR.

4. INSTALLING LINUX ON PC

.

Keep the Linux CD in CD Rom and reset the system.

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System boots from CD and prompts for testing CD media before installing.

You can skip the above option if you are confident enough about your CD media.

REDHAT menu will be displayed and press next button.

Select the type language to support, select US English and press next button.

Select the type of mouse you have already attached your system.

It will ask for various installations.

a. Personal desktop.

b. Work station.

c. Sever.

d. Custom choose personal desktop.

It will prompt for disk partitioning either automatically or manually. Select the free space for

partitioning.

Select the automatically portion option, then required partitions like root; swap and boot will be

automatically configured according to their requirement.

Choose the network configuration manually.

Set the fire wall configuration to the medium.

Configure the time zone. And select as Asia Calcutta

The system will prompt the root password. Give the root password and confirm the password.

System will prompt for various installation packages by showing a list of packages available in the

system. Select the required package.

Depending up on the all the options already configured the system will format the hard disk with

new file system and required files are copied and required packages are installed in the system.

The system will be rebooted and the next time a menu will be open in which it prompts for

whether to boot using the windows XP or Linux depending up on the option you select from the

system will be booted with either Linux or Windows XP in case of dual boot system.

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Start Installation with CD-1/3 of RH 9. T he User is expected to have the basic know ledge oDrives,

BIOS S etup, Selecting an Item with Mous e etc..

M ake sure that theboot drive is

CDR OM . If not , set

the BIOS options

Insert RH 9 C D-1 in

the drive and restart

the machine

This gives you the

boot: prompt

Press tostart graphic

Installation

Click Nexton the

welcome screen

You can read the

Release notes during

the installation by

clicking it

5. BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX

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1. ls-a:- Show all the files,including files that are hidden.

2. ls-Q:- Long listing including file ownership , date and time and permission.

3. ls-t:- Order the list by date and time instead of alphabetically.

4. mk dir:- To create a new directory or to make a directory.

Syntax:-mk dir

5. ch dir:- To change the current directory.

Syntax:-ch dir

6. rm dir:- To remove a directory.

Syntax:-rm dir

7. cp :- To copy the file and the file is copied to new file of the same name in current directory.

Syntax:- cp

8. ch mode:- To give and take permission.

Syntax:- ch mod

9. ch mod u+r:- To gives the owner user read permission.

10. ch mod o+rx-w:- To gives read execute permission to everyone. But takes away write

permission.

11. is-c:- list entering by columns, colour [when] controls whether colour is used to distinguish file

types when may be never , always or auto.

12. date:- It can be used to set date and time.

13. ps:- It can be used if you want to see who is running what.

14. ps uax:- It can be used to if you want to see who is the user name or the output.

15. user add-m :- This command is used to add a user-m ensures that home

directory is created.

16. group add :- This command is used to add a group

17. pass wd:- This command is used to set a password of current user.

18. pass wd user name:- This command is used for setting of password to another user.

19. who:- This command is used to list the current user of linux.

20. who am i:- This command is used to list the current user.

21. kill :- This command is used to kill a specific process where is a process id.

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6. HARDWARE TROBLE SHOOTING

Laymen checks:

Ac power plug connected

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Ac power switch on

SMPS switch on

SMPS fan rotating

Are the speaker beeps

The DIP switches setting ok.

The printer is on.

The key board connected.

The HDD connected.

Observe the speaker beeps.

Identify the all LED on glow.

All necessary boards present.

Trouble shooting:

There is no power light and you cannot hear any cooling fan. There is sufficient power to the

computer check the Ac power card and see the power switch turned on connected properly.

There is no power light but you hear the cooling fan running. This is usually means that there is some

Ac power reaching the system. Use voltmeter and check. The voltage ofSMPS output signal. If any

output is very low or absent replace power supply.

The system starts but want initialize it was more complicated reattach the power cable at the

mother board if all drives, reinstall all expansion cards check for post errors, and check cmos setup.

The system starts but want power light is on but you hear two or more beeps. Check the video

board first and check the RAM and mother board turn off the system and insert the video card RAM

in the slots.

You see no drive light activity. The boot drive cannot be located. The most frequent problem is

power. Connected and data bus problem attach the power pin and sata cable property.

The system configuration lost in turniltenly. Check correction or debris that may be

interfering with the contacts if problem permits replace the CMOS battery.

7. SOFTWARE TROUBLE SHOOTING

You see a bad or missing file name error on start up:-

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A file used by windows during start up has probably becomes corrupt. Decade the file mentioned

in the error message. If you can find the file erase it and try reinstalling it from the original windows

installation cd.

During booting invalid system disc:-Replace the disc and press any key, your system may be inflected with boot sector virus. Remove

antivirus and check closely for boot sector virus if any remove it.

CMOS mismatch error accruing:-

This error occurs when the PC equipment found during post does not match equipment listed in

CMOS.

No boot record found:-

The drive has never been partitioned or formatted as a bootable drive or re portion the drive.

Data error:-

One or more sectors on the display may be corrupted using DOS run the check disc or scan disc

utility to check the file structure of the hard disc.

System halted press ctrl-alt-del to reboot this error indicates the current boot attempt has been a

booted and the system must be rebooted.

Opening system will not start:

If you are running A windows xp cd, if provides a repair option that can fix start up problems

with system files and more and to perform a clean install of windows xp.

The system boots really, slowly:-

Windows is having difficulty/ viding one of its system related files. Remove some of the programs

that get loaded when windows and clean the requestly using a commercial registry cleaning utility

check the antivirus software.

System software damage:-

Windows software is a built in repair feature. This is scan for all the critical program. Files and

repair them or try uninstalling the software and the reinstalling.

8. ORIENTATION AND CONNECTIVITY BOOT CAMP

Steps to be followed to connect to internet using local area network.

1. Open the insert explorer.

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2. Choose the option tools/internet options and choose connection tab.

3. Choose the LAN setting button.

4. In the proxy sector category check the option check or choose proxy server for your LAN.

5. In the address text book enter the IP address of your proxy server

Example:-192.168.01 and the part of address at 8080.

6. Finally press ok button.

Steps to be followed to connect the system to local area network.

1. On the desktop to click on my network places icon and right click the mouse and select the

properties.

2. LAN properties dialogue box will be displayed and select internet protocol (TAP/IP) option and

click on properties.

3. In the general tab select use the following.

4. Give the IP address to your system and also the subject mask

Example:-192.168.0.101for your system and 255.255.2550 as subnet mask.

5. Finally press ok button for finalizing your options.

9. WEB BROWSERS SURFING THE WEB

Steps to be followed to connect to internet using LAN.

1. Open internet explorer.

2. Choose the option tools internet options and choose connection tab.

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3. Choose the local area network button.

4. In the ploy server category check the option choose ploy server for yourLAN.

5. Finally press the ok button.

Search toolbar and pop up blockers.

1. Open the internet explorer.

2. Choose the option view explorer bar and choose the search option or press Ctrl+ t.

3. Enter the text which you want to search.

4. Select the tool internet option and select the advanced tab.

5. The setting for various categories like accessibility, browsing multimedia will be displayed. Under

various option in form of check box.

6. Depending upon your requirements you can disable or enable the options.

7. In the tools internet options select the security tab and check the option as per your requirement.

.

10. SEARCH ENGINE AND NETIQUETTE

SEARCH ENGINE:-

A search engine is application that accepts the parameter of a search away and returns to you

the websites. Universal resource locater having the closest match with the search query. Some of

commonly used search engine are GOOGLE, YAHOO, ALTA, VISTA etc. search engine provides

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an option where the user can enter his search query, and in case the contents are not available then it

will display the name and possible links of the fellow websites.

HOW TO USE SEARCH ENGINES:-

1. First of all, you need to understand the working of a search engine and you have to open thewebsite by typinghttp://www.google.comin the address bar of the internet explorer.

2. On the homepage of Google appears on the screen enter search query Medical colleges in new

Delhi in the text provided on the homepage for entering queries and press enter key from the key

board.

3. In a few moments GOOGLE will display the links and name of websites that can provide you

information on search query entered by you. You can click on any link to view the information

SOME OF THE SEARCH ENGINES:-

The popular search engines are

GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE

YAHOO SEARCHENGINE

ALTA VISTA

LOOKSMART

NETSCAPE

INFOSPACE.

11. CYBER HYGIENE

ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE:-

A virus is a piece of programming code usually disguised as something else that causes

unexpected and usually event.

CATEGORIES OF COMUTER VIRUSES:-

File infectors

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System infectors

Macro viruses

ANTI-VIRUS:

It protects your computer from unexpected virus attack apart from protecting the system.

CUSTOMISING TO BLOCK POP UP AND ACTIVE X CONTENTS

1. Open internet explorer and select the option tools/internet options and select the security tab.

2. Select any one zone and select the custom level button.

3. Security settings dialogue box will be displayed and go to active x downloads and plug-ins and

select the disable/enable option depending on your requirement.

CUSTOMISING PERSONAL FIREWALL

1. Press the start button and select the settings/control panel option and select the security center icon

click on it.

2. Select the windows firewall option and select the option button ON will be recommended.

3. In the security essentials dialog box your firewall should show the option ON.

4. You also select the anti virus protection ON.

12.LATEX AND MICROSOFTWORD

WORD ORIENTATION:-

Microsoft word is a program that helps us to create a neat and attractive document easily and

quickly .You can draft letters, prepare mailing, reports. As a word processor you can save your

document in your computer and revise it when ever necessary. Features like spellchecking, easy

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insertion of new sentences and paragraphs in the already entered, page numbers, etc., make

functioning of word processor easy.

LATEX:-

Latex is a type setting program and is an extension of original program text written by DONALDKNUTH TEX is a programming language. So that we can write code for additional features. It is

widely used for type setting books, magazines Nero letters, it is recommended in all the universities

and also all the publications are new prepared in LATEX only.

OVERVIEW OF TOOLBARS:-

The menu bar consists of file, edit, view, insert, format, tools, table, window and help.

USING HELP AND RESOURCES:-

Microsoft word provides you a lot of help you can select the Microsoft word help option or press

F1 function key on key board.

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13. CREATING PROJECT

TASK-1

1. Formatting Fonts:-

Ctrl+ D: Change formatting of characters format menu.

Shift+ F3: Change case of letters.

Ctrl+ I: Apply italic formatting

Ctrl+ B: Apply bold formatting.

Ctrl+ U: Applyunderline.

Ctrl+ shift+ D: Apply double underline.

Ctrl+ shift+ H: Apply hidden text format. Ctrl+ Shift+ A:Format letters of all capitals

Ctrl+ shift+ K: Format letters as small capitals.

Ctrl +equal sign:Apply subscript formatting.

Ctrl+ shift+ W:Underline words but not spaces.

Ctrl+ shift+ plus sign:Apply subscript formatting.

Ctrl+ space bar: Remove manual character formatting.

Ctrl+ shift+ O:Change selection to symbol font.

Ctrl+ shift +P:Change font size.

Ctrl+ shift+ minus sign:To subscript a character.

2. Drop cap in word:-

Selectoption format/drop cap then drop capdialogue box will be displayed where we can

select either drop cap or in margin depending upon your option.

3. Apply text effect:-

Select text you want to change.

On the format menu, click font and then click font tab.

Under effects, select the options you want.

4. Using character spacing:-

Select the text you want to change.

On the format menu, click font and then click the character spacing tab.

Do one of the following.

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1. Expand or condense space evenly between all the selected characters click expanded or

condensed in spacing box and specify how much space you want in the box.

2. Kern characters that are above a point size in the points select kerning patterns check

box and then enter the point size in the points and above box.

5. Borders and columns:-

On the format menu, borders and shading and then click the page border tab.

1. To specify an artistic border, such as tree, select an optician in the art box.

2. Click one of the borders options under settings.

3. To specify that the borders, appears on a particular slide of a page such as only.

4. To specify exact position of borders on page click options & then select options you

want.

6. Inserting header and footer:-

1. On the view menu, click header and footer.

2. To create a header, enter the text or graphics on header area.

3. To create footer, click switch between header and footer tool bar to move to footer area

and then enter text or graphics.

4. If necessary, format text by using billions of formatting tool bars.

5. When you finish, click close on the header & footer tool bar.

7. Use date and time option:-

Click where you want to insert date or time.

1. on the insert menu, click the date and time.

2. If you want to insert date or time in different languages format then click languages in

languages box. Languages box include a list of enabled editing languages. Additional date and time

options may also be available, depending upon languages you selected.

3. In available format box, click date or time format.

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TASK -2

Formatting styles: If the styles and formatting task name is not open, click styles and formatting on the formattingtool bar.

Right click the style you want to modify and then click modify.

Select any options you want.

You see more options, click format, and then click the attribute such as font are numbering youwant.

Click after you have changed each attribute and then repeat for any additional attributes youwant to change.

Insert table: Click where you want to create a table.

On the table menu, point to insert and the click table.

Select number of column and rows under table size.

Choose options to adjust table size under auto fit behavior.

To use as built in table format , click auto format

Bullets and numbering:-

Select the text from which you want bullets or removed.

On the formatting tool bar click, bullets or numbering.

MS-word automatically adjusts the number sequence at number list.

Changing the text direction:

You can change the text orientation in drawing object. Such as text boxes and shapes, cells sothat the text is displayed vertically or horizontally.

Click drawing object or table cell that contains text you want to change.

On the format menu click text direction.

Click the orientation you want.

Cell assignment:

Click the cell that contains text you want to assign.

On the tables and borders tool bar select the option for the horizontal and vertical assignmentyou want for example align bottom center or assign top right.

Foot note:- On insert menu, point to reference and click foot note.

Click foot note or end note.

Select weather to create your own custom mark or use a symbol for custom mark

In custom mark box click a mark.

Click symbol to insert a built in symbol.

Click insert.

Hyper link:

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Select text picture you want to display as hyper link and then click insert hyper link or standardtool bar.

Do one of the following links to an existing file or web page.

If you dont know address of the webpage, click browse the web to switch to your browseropen page you want and the switch back to word.

Click one of the locations under took in and then locates and select link you want. If you know the address you want to link to type its in to address box.

Insert symbol: Click where you want to insert symbol.

On insert menu, click symbol and then click symbol top.

In font box, click font that you want.

Double click symbol that you want to insert.

Click insert.

Spell check: On standard tool bar, click spelling grammar.

When word finds possible spelling and grammatical problem, make your changes in spellingand grammar dialogue box.

Track changes: Open document you want to revise.

On tools menu click track changes, when track changes, features is enabled TRK appears onstatus bar at bottom of your document when you twice off change tracking, TRK is dimmed.

Make changes you want by inserting, deleting or remaining text or graphics. You can also

change formatting.

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14. CREATING A NEWS LETTER

Tables of contents:-

Easiest way to create a table of content is to use the built in outline level formats of built in heading

styles, follows these steps.

1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents.

2. On the insert menu, point to reference and click index and tables.

3. Click tables of contents tab.

4. To use one of the available designs click a design in the format box.

5. Select any other table of contents options you want.

New paper column:-

1. On the standard tool bar click column.

2. Drag to select the no. of columns

You want images from files and clip arts.

1. Click where you want the picture to insert.

2. To insert the picture on a drawing canvas, select canvas.

3. On the insert menu, point to picture, and then click from file.

4. Locate to narrow your search both of the followingo To unit search results to a specific collections of clips in search in box click the arrow and

select collections you want to search.

o To limit search results to a specific type of media file in the results should be box click the

arrow and select check box next to the types of clips you want to find click search.

Drawing tool bar and word art:-

To insert a word art,

1. On the drawing tool bar select word art Icon and click on it.

2. Available designs will be displayed, select any one of them.

3. It will prompt for entering text, enter it and your word will be displayed.

Formatting images:-

Double click on the image. Format picture dialogue box will be displayed and you can change the

various settings of images.

Text boxes and paragraphs:-

1. Select option insert/text box to insert text in a text box.

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2. You can press enter to create a new paragraph.

15. CREATING A FEEDBACK FORM

TASK-4:-

CREATE A TEMPLATE HOW ?

1. Start a new document, or open the document or template that you want to base the template on.

2. On the file menu, click same as.

3. In the same as type box, click document template this file type will already be selected if you are

saving a file, that you created as a template.

4. To default folder on the templates folder in the same inbox to same the template. So that will appear

on a tab other than general, switch to the corresponding sub folder with in the templates folder.

Design and layout the form:-

When designing a form, you can sketch a layout first or use an existing form as a guide many

forms such as contracts consists slowly of text, with forms fields inserted through out the document

secures can promote specific information other forms are based on a grid in which you can combine

feature

Tables to help you align text and forms controls tables generally work well when you are

creating a form with a simple layout. How ever,if you can insert several tables and separate them with

blank paragraphs ,use the draw table tool or use the nested tables.

Text boxes are useful when you want to preciously position a block of text a graphic or a

chart. You can then format the text boxes borders background colours text colours and so on.

Border and shading can designate text axis to be filled in and generally help make key

elements in the form attractive and easy as follows. Add form fields for text boxes checkboxes and

drop down lists.you can use forms tool bar to insert field in a form that user will view and compute in

MSWORD or in print in the document .click where you want to insert form field.

Do any of following:-

Insert a field in field where users can enter text:-

Click text form field:-

You can specify a default extray so that the user doesnot have to type an entry except to

change the response.

Insert a check box next to an independent option that users select or clear.

Click check box form field you can also use this bottom to insert a check box next to each item in agroup of choices that are not mutually exclusive that is users can select more than one.

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Insert a drop down list box that restricts available choices to those you specify.

Click drop down form field. If needed, a user can scroll through the list to view additional choices.

Mail merge:-

1. On the tools menu , point to letters and mailings and then click mailmerge wizard.2. Under select document type click letters.

3. Active document becomes the main document.

Click next:- Starting document.click use the current document.

Click next: Select recipients:

1. under click recipients,click type a new list.

2. click create.

3. in the address text dialogue box,type the information you want to includes for the first entry

under enter first address information for example title name and address information .you dont have

to fill in every field.

4. To complete the first entry and move on to a new field entry click new entry.

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you are added all the address entries you want, and then click close.

6. In the same address list dialogue box type as name for the address list in the FILE menu bar,

and select a folder to share the list in the by default the address list is saved in my data sources folder.

Its best to keep the address list here because that is also the default folder in which MS word looks for

data sources. So if you want to use this address list in later mailmerge , you want have to navigate

through files and folders to locate it.

7. Click same.

In the mailmerge recipients dialogue box,select the recipients you designated for the

merge.

Click next:Write your letter.

1. If you have not already done so,in the main document type the text that you want to appear

in every form letter.

2. Insert merge fields where you want to merge name, address and others data from data source.

3. After you have completed the main document and inserted all of the merge fields click same

as on the file menu. Name the document and then click same.

4. click next:-Previous yours letters.

5. click edit:- Individual letters

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6. In the merge to a new document dialogue box, done of the following and click ok.

a. To merge all documents click all.

b. To merge only the document that you see in the document window click current record.

7. To merge a range of documents click from and then type records numbers in the

FROM and TO boxes.

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16. MICROSOFT EXCEL

Excel Orientation:-

It is endured with various features that are quite useful for accountants excel has been developed

to most versatile and popular spread sheet for the pcs and server as an electronic had for accounts. It

can easily perform simple as well as complex mathematical operation, like addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division.

Each file in excel is termed as a work sheet each excel work sheet consists of sheets. A sheet in

excel is divided into rows and columns and each in to sections points of a row and column is termed as

a cell. Cells are used for storing data.

Saving a file:-

To save a file select the option file save or file/save as depending upon the requirement using help

and resources. Microsoft Excel provides you a lot of help you can select the help/Microsoft excel help

option or press F1 function key on the key board.

Rulers:-

Ruler is just a scale which is displayed on top of the document which shows the measurements in

inches of your right and left margins.

Overview of tool bar:-

The menu bar consists of file, edit, view, insert, format, tools, and table, windows and help menu

items.

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17. CREATING A SCHEDULAR

Grid lines:-

Select the area where you want to have gridlines.

Right click on the mouse and select format cell/boarders option and assign borders as per your

requirements.

Format cells:-

Select a cell of range that has the formatting you want to copy.

Do one of the following:

1. To copy the formatting to a cell or range click format pointer on the formatting toolbar.

2. To copy the formatting in the selected cell or range to several locations double click the

format pointer button when you finish copying the formatting click the button again.

Summation:-

It is used to total the values in a column.

Go to the row where you want the sum and press the summation symbol on the standard toolbar or

using keyboard type = sum (range).

Auto fill:-

This option is used to fill the content of a cell with predefined lists or you can used to fill a series

of even or odd numbers.

Enter the sample values in first two rows and drag the mouse so you will get the series till you drag

the numbers

Formatting text:-

Change the font or font size,

1. In the font box on the formatting tool bar click the font you want.

2. In the font size click on the font size you want.

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Change the text colour:-

To apply the most recently selected colour click font color on the formatting tool bar.

To apply a different colour, click the arrow next to font color and then click colour on the pallette.1. Make selected text or numbers bold, italic or underlined.

2. On the formatting toolbar click a button for the formatting you want.

3. Bold-Ctrl+ B, under lined-Ctrl+ U.

4. If a small amount of data is not visible in a cell you can reduce the font size of the

data so that you dont have a resize the column.

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18. CALCULATING GPA

Cell referencing:-

Referencing a cell with its address rather than value is called cell referencing.

There are 3 types of cell referencing. They are 1. Relative, 2. Absolute, 3. Mixed

1. Relative: - When we copy a formula row or column wise row/column will be incremented.

2. Absolute: - When we copy row or column wise the row or column will not be incremented. To

make a cell absolute put $ symbol in front of column and row.

3. Mixed: - Put a $ symbol in front of row or column to make it fixed and other will be relative.

This consists of both fixed and related $ it is called mixed cell reference.

Formula in excel:-

Average: - Average (range) this will gives you the average value of the mentioned range.

Example: - Avg (A1:A8).

Press F9:- Calculate that have changed since the last calculation and formula dependent on them

in all open work sheet. If a work book is set for automatic calculation you dont need to press F9 for

calculation.

Press shift+ F9:- Calculate formula that have change sine the last calculation and formulae

dependent on them in the active work sheet.

Press Ctrl+ Alt+ F9:- Calculate all formula in all open work books regardless of whether

they have changed since last time or not.

Press Ctrl+ shift+ Alt+ F9:- Rechecks depends on formula and then calculates all formula

in the all open work sheets regardless of whether by they have changed since last time or not.

Std. deviation: - STDDEV (RANGE) is used to find the standard deviation of the given range.

Example:-STDDEV(A1:A8)Renaming and inserting work sheets:-

Rename a sheet: - 1.To rename the active sheet on the format menu print to sheet and then

click rename.

2. Type the new name over the current name.

Inserting a new work sheet: -

Add a single work sheet: - Click work sheet on the insert menu.

Add multiple work sheets: - Determine the no of sheets you want to add.

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1. Hold down the shift and select the same no of worksheets tab that you want add in the open

worksheet.

Ex: if you want to add three new worksheets select the three worksheets tab.

2. Click worksheets on the insert menu.

Count function:-

Count the no of cells that contain number and also number with in the list of arguments use count

to get the number of entries in a number field that is in a range array of number.

Syntax:- Count (value1, value2)

Value1, value2.are 1to30arguments that can contain or refer to verify at different types of data

but only numbers are counted H look up / V look up.

The H in H looks up stands for horizontal, range look up .look up value is the value to be find in

the first row of the table. Look up value can be a value of reference (or) a text string.

Table array is a table of information in which data is looked up use a reference to arrange (or) a

range name. The v in v lookup stands for vertical.

V lookup l lookup value, table array, index num, range lookup

Table array is the table of information in which data is looked up used a reference to arrange or a

range name or list.

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And:-Returns all its arguments are true and return false if one or more arguments is false.

Syntax:-And to that can be either true or false.

Not:-Reverse the value of its arguments use not when you want sure a value is not equal to one

particular value.

Syntax:-Not (logical) logical can be evaluated to true or false.

If:- Returns values a condition to true and another value it evaluates to false.

Conditional formatting:- To find all cells that have conditional formatting click any all.

To find cells that has conditional formatting setting identical to that of specific cells.

On the edit menu, clicks go to.

Click special.

Click conditional formats.

Do one of the followingTo find cells with any conditional formatting click all the below data.To find cells with identical conditional format click some below data validation.

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20. CRICKET SCORE CARD

Pivot table:-

Open the work book where you can want to create pivot table and pivot chart report. On the data menu click pivot table and chart report.

On the step one of the pivot table and pivot chart report.

On the step one of the pivot table and pivot under what kind of report do you want to create.

Follow the instructions in the step two of the wizard.

Follow the instruction in step 3 of the wizard that decide weather to layout the report on screenin the wizard.

Importance of the data:-Importing data from data base and files you can import data to excel from most data on the

data menu, clicking import data, the choosing the data you want to import external data on the menu,clicking import data.

Data protection:-

Select the cell to validate.

On the data menu click validation and click the setting tab.

Specify how you want Microsoft excel to respond when valid data is entered.Micro soft excel provide layers of protection to control who can access and change your excel

data.

Work sheet protecting:- You can protect elements on the sheet such as cell with formula from all users access to therange you specify.

Work sheet protection:-

You can give protection to work book elements as you can protect a work book file fromviewing as changes .If work book is shared you can protect it from being returned to exclusive use and

presents the change history.

Data validation:- Specify weather the cell can be left blank.

If allow blank values ignore blank.

If you want to prevent entry of blank check box.

To display optional in put message when that is clicked.

Click the input message to make cure message.

When cell is selected check box is selected and fill for the message.

Specify how you want Microsoft excel respond when invalid data is entered.

it lab record

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