it introduction - 2. inside the box

Inside the BoxInside the Box

Arry Akhmad ArmanSchool of Electrical Engineering and InformaticsInstitut Teknologi Bandung, IndonesiaEmail: aa arman@rocketmail comEmail: [email protected]: http://indotts.melsa.net.id/aaArry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

Last update: September 2008

Don’t be stupid in information era!p

Arry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

Basic Function of Computerp

• Receive input: Accept information from theReceive input: Accept information from the outside world• Process information: – Perform arithmetic operations, or – logical (decision‐making) operations• Produce output: Communicate information to the outside world• Store information: Move and store information in memoryArry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

Basic Component of Computerp p

• Input devices – Keyboards and pointing devices (mouse) StorageDevice• Output devices – Display or video monitor– Printer C P U(Central

InputDevice

OutputDevice– Speakers• Central Processing Unit

(CPU)

(Processing Unit)Device Device

CMemory

(RAM + ROM)

Commu-nicationDevice

Othercomputers


Mother board

Basic Component of Computer [2]p p [ ]

• Memory (Primary Memory)– RAM (Random Access

Memory), can be read and written use to store data whileStorageDevicewritten, use to store data while computer is used. Data will be

lost when the power is gone.– ROM (Read Only Memory). U t t BIOS (B i I t C P U(Central

InputDevice

OutputDeviceUse to store BIOS (Basic Input Output System). Data cannot be

altered and deleted.(

Processing Unit)Device Device

CMemory

(RAM + ROM)


Othercomputers


Mother board

Basic Component of Computer [3]p p [ ]

• Storage (Secondary Memory)– Secondary Memory are storage devices that can be stored information for relatively long

StorageDeviceinformation for relatively long term time.

– For example: Harddisk, CD, C P U(Central

InputDevice

OutputDeviceDVD, Blueray Disc, Flashdisk. (


CMemory

(RAM + ROM)


Othercomputers


Mother board

The Real Hardware

StorageDevice

C P U(Central

InputDevice

OutputDevice(


CMemory

(RAM + ROM)


Othercomputers


Mother board

Motherboard

StorageDevice

C P U(Central

InputDevice

OutputDevice(


CMemory

(RAM + ROM)


Othercomputers


Mother board

Digital Systemg y

• Today’s computer is digital computerToday s computer is digital computer• Digital system receive, process, and produce information in digital or binary formg y• Information in digital or binary system only consist of ‘0’ or ‘1’• Any non‐digital information should beconvert to/from digitalfrom.


Bit, Byte, …Bit, Byte, …

• Single ‘1’ or ‘0’ called bit• Four bit called nibble

• 1024 byte = 1 K byte = 1 KB• 1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte = 1 MBFour bit called nibble• Eight bit called byte• 16 bit called word • 1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte = 1 GB• 1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte = 1 TB• 1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte = 1 PB1024 TB 1 Peta Byte 1 PB


More Detail About The Box

CPU (Central Processing Unit)CPU (Central Processing Unit)• CPU implementation is Microprocessor chipCPU implementation is Microprocessor chip• Most today computer using Intel Processor as a CPU: Pentium, Core Duo, …, ,



CPU (Central Processing Unit)CPU (Central Processing Unit)



Improving CPU SpeedImproving CPU Speed• Speed up the clock speedSpeed up the clock speed – Problem: speed limit, over heat• Parallel computing (multi core)– Core 2 duo– Quad Core, etc• Architecture• Word sizeArry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008


RAM (Random Access Memory)RAM (Random Access Memory)• RAM CapacityRAM Capacity– 48 KB (Apple II, 1977)– 256KB (IBM PC, 1981)( )– 512MB‐2GB (Today)


Step by Step Computer Workp y p p

1. Power On2. Find a first program in ROM BIOS (remember, computer cannot work without software/program) and execute th t! Thi ll d b t !that! This process called boot process!3. Find operating system (Windows or Linux) on harddisk and load it into the RAMharddisk and load it into the RAM4. Execute Operating System and give a control to

Operating System5. Find and Load Application (i.e. Powerpoint) into RAM and execute it under control of Operating System


Green Computingp g

• The manufacture of hardware and software canThe manufacture of hardware and software can have an impact on the environment.– Buy green equipment (Energy Star).– Use a Notebook & a solar battery. – Use energy‐saving features (Remember: Screen Savers d ’ )don’t save energy)– Turn off the computer when you’re away.Print only once– Print only once.– Recycle waste products.


Bus, Port, Peripheralsp

• Information travels between components on theInformation travels between components on the motherboard through groups of wires called system buses, or just buses.


Bus, Port, Peripheralsp

• BusesBuses– Typically have 32 or 64 wires – Connect to storage devices in baysConnect to expansion slots– Connect to expansion slots– Connect to external buses and portsp• Slots and ports – Make it easy to add external Arry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

devices, called peripherals.

Interesting Computer Facts:Toy StoryToy Story• Disney's "Toy Story" Uses More Than 100

Sun Workstations t R d I fSun Workstations to Render Images for First All‐Computer‐Based Movie• For the movie, Pixar created a networked bank or "cluster" of 117 Sun(TM) SPARCstation(TM) 20 workstations ‐‐each containing at least two microprocessors, g pand running on Sun's Solaris(TM) operating environment ‐‐to handle the critical task of "rendering" each of the 114,000 frames in the 77-minute movie. • Using one single-processor computer to render "Toy Story" would have taken 43


y yyears of nonstop performance

Interesting Computer Facts:Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov

• Deep Blue, the screen of which is seen here as the computer plays chess against Garry Kasparov in 1997, is an IBM supercomputer that uses scalable parallelthat uses scalable parallel processing to solve complex problems. • Deep Blue uses 256 processors• Deep Blue uses 256 processors working together to calculate between 50 and 100 billion chess moves in under three minutes. Real world applications of computers like Deep Blue include forecasting moves in under three minutes. like Deep Blue include forecasting the weather, drug and genetics research, designing clean-up plans for toxic waste, and powering web servers on the


Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

powering web servers on the Internet.

Interesting Computer Facts:Google PlatformGoogle Platform• Though the numbers are not publicly known, some people g p y , p pestimate that Google maintains over 450,000 servers, arranged in racks located in clusters in cities around the ld ith j t i M t i Vi C lif iworld, with major centers in Mountain View, California; Virginia; Atlanta, Georgia; Dublin, Ireland; and new facilities constructed in The Dalles, Oregon[1] and Saint‐Ghislain, Belgium.[2]• In 2009 Google is planning one of its first sites in the upper midwest to open in Council Bluffs Iowa close to abundantmidwest to open in Council Bluffs, Iowa close to abundant wind power resources for fulfilling green energy objectives and proximate to fiber optic communications links.[3]


Inventing the Futureg

• New laser etching technology calledNew laser etching technology called extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) could reduce chip size and increase performance radically. • Superconductors that transmit electricity without heat could increase computer speed a hundredfold. • The optical computer transmits information in light waves rather than electrical pulses


electrical pulses.

Is it possible?p


Thank youy


Intel Main Office, 2001

Sistem Bilangan Berbasis Posisig• Sistem bilangan yang biasa kita pakai sehari‐hari di b bil b b i i i ( i i ldisebut bilangan berbasis posisi (positional number system).P d i t i i bil di t ik d• Pada sistem ini, bilangan dipresentasikan dengan suatu string yang terdiri dari digit‐digit dimana setiap posisi digit tersebut berasosiasi dengansetiap posisi digit tersebut berasosiasi dengan bobot tertentu. 141031007100011734

0123 10410310710114103100710001 1734

⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=


Representasi Generik (1)

141031007100011734 ⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

p ( )

0123 10410310710114103100710001 1734

⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

+++

22

11

00

11 10101010 −− ⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅= ddddD 2101 10101010 −− +++ ddddD

• Angka 10 disebut basis, base atau radix (r.) dari sistem bilangan g , ( ) gtersebut. • Setiap digit dapat mempunyai nilai antara 0 sampai dengan r‐1. • Sebagai contoh pada sstem bilangan desimal dengan radix = 10, nilai‐Arry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

Sebagai contoh pada sstem bilangan desimal dengan radix 10, nilainilai digit yang diperbolehkan adalah 0 sampai dengan 9.

Representasi Generik (2)p ( )• Bentuk bilangan2

21

10

01

1 10101010 −−

−− ⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅= ddddD

ddddddd LL npp ddddddd −−−−− LL 210121 .bagian pecahanbagian integer

∑−

=1

.p

ii rdD


∑−=

.nii rdD

MSD dan LSD

• Digit‐digit nol diposisi paling kiri serta palingDigit digit nol diposisi paling kiri serta paling kanan boleh diabaikan. • Digit paling kiri disebut high‐order atau most g p g gsignificant digit (MSD). • Digital paling kanan disebut low‐order atau least g p gsignificant digit (LSD).


Bilangan Binerg• Bilangan desimal adalah bilangan dengan radix 10 bil bi d l h bil10, sementara bilangan biner adalah bilangan dengan radix 2.npp bbbbbbb −−−−− LL 210121

∑−

−=

=1

2.p

ni

iibB


Contoh Bilangan Biner

102 191121408016110011 =⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

g

1081

41

21

2

102

125.5)(1)(0)(0112041001.1013410214080160321100010=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

108422

• Pada bilangan biner digunakan istilah lain yaitu• Pada bilangan biner digunakan istilah lain, yaitu MSB (Most Significant Bit) untuk bit paling kiri, dan LSB (Least Significant Bit) untuk bit palindan LSB (Least Significant Bit) untuk bit palin kanan.


Konversi ke Desimal

∑−1p

id∑−=

⋅=ni

ii rdD

100123

16 74001681614161216181 =⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=CE

101210

012316

625286858683845436

618591631610161161531

=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=−

AF

101012

4

108

75.30434243413.132

625.286858683845.436

=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=

=⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅=−


Konversi dari Desimal (1)( )

179 ÷ 2 = 89 sisa 1 (LSB)89 ÷ 2 = 44 sisa 144 ÷ 2 = 22 sisa 022 ÷ 2 = 11 sisa 022 ÷ 2 = 11 sisa 011 ÷ 2 = 5 sisa 15 ÷ 2 = 2 sisa 12 ÷ 2 = 1 sisa 01 ÷ 2 = 0 sisa 1 (MSB)

210 10110011179 =


210

Konversi dari Desimal (2)( )

467 ÷ 8 = 58 sisa 3 (LSD)58 8 7 i 258 ÷ 8 = 7 sisa 27 ÷ 8 = 0 sisa 7 (MSD)

810 723467 =

3417 ÷ 16 = 213 sisa 9 (LSD)213 ÷ 16 = 13 sisa 5213 ÷ 16 13 sisa 513 ÷ 16 = 0 sisa 13 (MSD)

593417 D


1610 593417 D=

Konversi Biner ke Hexadesimalatau Octalatau Octal

822

355651001101110101101011010100111101101114316110001011100101000110011 ==

1622

822

9110011010101111010001010100111101101118111011001000101000110011

35565100110111010110101101010011110110111

DBACE==

==

822

822

2211000010101100101011001011105454.2100101100101.0101011001011.10

911001101010111101000101010011110110111

CB

DBA==

==

1622 2.2110000101011.00101011001011.10 CB==


Konversi Hexadesimal dan Octal ke Binerke Biner

28 1111010110011357 =

28

28

111001.11010000001017.20461111010110011357

=

216

110001100100111110014691101101011101011

==

CFBEAD

216 110001100100.1111100146.9 =CF


Comparison of Several Number SystemSystem

Biner Desimal Octal String 3-bit Hexadesimal

String 4-bit

0 0 0 000 0 00001 1 1 001 1 000110 2 2 010 2 001011 3 3 011 3 0011100 4 4 100 4 0100101 5 5 101 5 0101110 6 6 110 6 0110111 7 7 111 7 01111000 8 10 - 8 10001001 9 11 - 9 10011010 10 12 - A 10101011 11 13 - B 10111100 12 14 - C 11001101 13 15 - D 11011110 14 16 - E 11101111 15 17 - F 1111


Pengkodean Bilangan Desimalg g• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), mengkodekan i di i bil d l bil d i lsetiap digit bilangan dalam bilangan desimal sebagai kode 4 bitDIGIT DESIMAL BCD 4 bit

0 00001 00012 00102 00103 00114 01005 01015 01016 01107 01118 1000


8 10009 1001

EBCDIC

• EBCIC ( Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) terdiri dari kombinasi 8 bit yang memungkinkan untuk k l k k b k

b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

zone bits numeric bitsmewakili karakter sebanyk256 (28 = 256) kombinasi karakter. Pada EBCDIC, high‐order bits atayu 4 bit pertama b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

00 = A - I01 = J - R10 = S - Z11 = 0 - 9

order bits atayu 4 bit pertama disebut dengan zone bits low‐order atau 4 bit kedua disebut dengan numeric bit EBCDIC00 = tidak ada01 = karakter khusus10 = lowercase alphabet11 = uppercase alph + numeric

dengan numeric bit. EBCDIC banyak digunakan pad akomputer generasi ke‐3, sepertu misalnya IBM S/360.Arry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

p y /

ASCII

• ASCII = American Standard Code ForASCII American Standard Code For Information Interchange, dikembangkan oleh ANSI (American National Standard Institute). • Kode ini mungkin merupakan kode yang paling banyak digunakan diseluruh dunia untuk aplikasi komputer serta komunikasi data. • Kode ASCII yang standar menggunakan kombinasi 7 bit, dengan kombinasi kode sebanyak 127 dari 128 (27 = 128) kemungkinan kombinasi.


ASCII Codes (1)( )

• 26 buah huruf kapital (upper case) dari A s/d Z26 buah huruf kapital (upper case) dari A s/d Z• 26 huruf kecil (lower case) dari a s/d z• 10 dijit desimal dari 0 s/d 9• 10 dijit desimal dari 0 s/d 9• 34 karakter kontrol yang tida dapat dicetak hanya digunakan untuk informasi status operasidigunakan untuk informasi status operasi komputer• 32 karakter khusus (special charakter)3 a a te usus (spec a c a a te )Arry Akhmad Arman | School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB | 2008

ASCII Codes (2)( )


ASCII Codes (Special Character)( p )


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