it has become a triviality to state the difficulty of finding relevant information on the web
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Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 1
Introduction
It has become a triviality to state the difficulty of finding relevant information on the web
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 2
The Search Problem
Both parameters are ranking low today!
RecallNumber of Relevant Documents in the Collection
Number of Relevant Documents Identified
PrecisionNumber of Relevant Documents Identified
Total Number of Documents Identified
How to evaluate Search Results?
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 3
The Browse Problem
• Topic Trees from categorization schemes and thesauri are rigid and not very expressive
• Machine produced clusters are “flexible”, but very imprecise
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 4
Ways to Resource Description and Discovery
• Statistical: using words as lexical terms, statistical analysis
(word counts), most full text search engines work like this
• Semantical: referring the information resource to a category or to
thesaurus terms
Statistic methods are unprecise by nature; semantic methods depend on the knowledge organization system used
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 5
Knowledge Organization Systems now
AGROVOC
NAL Thesaurus
CABI Thesaurus
Dedicated KOSs
Non-dedicated KOSs
e.g., ASFA thesaurus
e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus
e.g., the Sustainable Development
website classification
e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS
GEMET
Other thematic thesauri
Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)
Common concepts are not declared
No or very limited interoperability
Insufficient subject + language coverage
Severe maintenance problems
Very limited machine readability
Only very simple encoding of semantic relations
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 6
Consequences
• No common topic trees in one domain, no cross navigation between applications in a specific domain
• Keyword searches are based on statistical textanalysis
• Automatic indexing systems show mostly poor results
• Web crawlers and harvesters do good jobs only on already structured information sources
• The semantic Web is very far away
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 7
But there is a solution…
• Development of Application and Domain Ontologies to assure:
a formal description of the application knowledge possibility of machine processing
• Development of an Agricultural Ontology Service to assure:
compatibility reusability sustainability
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 8
Ontologies?
An ontology is a formal knowledge organization system
It contains concepts (and instances) Definitions of concepts and instances Relations between concepts and instances
Nearly everyone tries to build (inexplicit) ontologies Directory structures, navigation trees Humans can overcome bad organization by intuition Machine have no intuition, Machine need formal information
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 9
A Sample ontology for crop pest management
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 10
Why Ontologies?
• Semantic Organization of websites Knowledge maps Guided discovery of knowledge Easy retrievability of information without using complicated
Boolean logic
• Text processing by machines Text Mining on the Web (meaning-oriented access) Automatic indexing and text annotation tools Full text search engines that create meaningful classification
(FAO-Schwartz not related to FAO) (semantic clustering)
• Intelligent search of the Web Building dynamical catalogues from machine readable meta data
• Natural Language processing Better machine translation Queries using natural language
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 11
Guided Browse and Search Facilities
Records found: 5
1. xxxxxxxxxxx
2. xxxxxxxxxxx
3. xxxxxxxxxxx
4. xxxxxxxxxxx
5. xxxxxxxxxxx
BiotopesCropping systems using forestsEconomics of forest productionForestry equipmentSoil science
You may also be interested in...
What would you like to view?
Forest rights issuesParasites of forestsPesticides used in forestsTypes of forest productsUses of forest products
Geographic area
You can further limit by:
x
Africa
Web pageType of resource
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 12
Context Sensitive Knowledge Access
Conservation agriculture
Farmers like it because it gives them a means of conserving, improving and making more efficient use of their natural resources
About camels and llamas
Descendants of the same rabbit-sized mammal, they have become two of humanity's most versatile domestic animals
Agribusiness and small farmers
Well managed contract farming contributes to both increased income for producers and higher profits for investors
Toward biosecurity
Biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture have intensified with economic globalization
Urban food marketing
In the “century of cities”, a major challenge will be providing adequate quantities of nutritional and affordable food for urban inhabitants
Crop science and ethics
In order to continue their contribution to human development, crop scientists must regain credibility
Use your right mouse button to learn more about an italicized word on the page.
Biosecurity:management of all biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture, including forestry and fisheries
See also:BiosafetyFood SafetyRisk Management
Or are you interested in...:Food SecurityBiological Diversity
Agricultural Web Page
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 13
Why an Agricultural Ontology Service?
The production of knowledge organization systems in our subject area can be only
International The Internet must become plurilingual
MultidisciplinaryFAOs subjectarea is broad and needs various inputs
Cooperativedifferent expert knowledge has to be associated and used)
Distributed no central ownership should be looked for
CoordinatedCoordination must ensure reusability and standardization
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 14
AOS: Iterative Knowledge Registration
Application
KOS uses components to build
an application
Discussions and choices for amendments to
components
Partner
Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS)Federated storage and
description facility
Components: terms,
definitions, relationships
Partner
Components: terms, definitions,
relationships
Users search and browse application using
components
User feedback
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 15
The Start of the AOS Initiative
• The first workshop took place in Rome, November 2001
• A launch group was established with participation of
– Content providers (FAO, CABI)– Solution providers in the Agricultural Area (ATO -Wageningen,
University of Florida)
– Ontology development Groups (AIFB Karlsruhe, CNR Italy)
• Now key international partners have to be determined
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 16
AOS Initiative – the development
• The second AOS workshop took place in January in Oxford, prototypes were planned
– Fishery Ontology– Crop Pest Ontology– Microbial Agents Ontology
• The third AOS workshop will take place in May in Florida
– To discuss the prototypes– To get keyplayers from the Americas (IICA already confirmed
participation)
• Are you interested in participation?
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 17
AOS- Intiative - Sustainability
FAO plays a key-role in defining Knowledge Organization Systems since the 70th (AGRIS-Categories, AGROVOC)
But FAO needs committed partners for this project For Subject Coverage, For Language Coverage
External funding is necessary for the first years of the project
The Launch Group is preparing a proposal for the 6th Framework (EU)
Other roads must be explored
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 18
The Evolution of Knowledge Management
Libraries/Archives/File systems
Libraries/Archives/File Systems/Websites
Electronic Repositories
Bibliographic Catalogues on Cards or Computers
Human Indexing
Bibliographies
Reviews
Machine Readable Metadata Repositories
Bibliographic Catalogues Machine Index Catalogues
Human reading, checking and classifying
Human Indexing Machine Indexing
Machine Indexing Human Indexing
Statistical Analysis by Machines
Bibliographies/Output from Fulltext Search Engines
Semantical Analysis by Machines
Knowledge based specialized webportals
Books, Magazines, Articles, ….
Books, Magazines, Articles Databases, Webpages
Defined Electronic Information Elements
Knowledge Mining
Pre- Web Web Semantic Web
Ontologies Thesauri, Classification Schemes, Glossaries,
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural
Ontology Service - project, a
cooperative approach to
improve organization and retrieval
of knowledge on the web.
21-03-2002
Slide 19
Further Information
http://www.fao.org/agris/AOS
http://www.fao.org/agris/AGMES