it fundamentals of computer mark anthony p. cezar, mit

IT Fundamentals of Computer

Mark Anthony P. Cezar, MIT

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain what a computer is and how it processes data to Explain what a computer is and how it processes data to produce informationproduce information

Identify the four operations of the information processing Identify the four operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output and storagecycle: input, process, output and storage

Explain how the operations of the information processing Explain how the operations of the information processing cycle are performed by computer hardware and softwarecycle are performed by computer hardware and software

Identify the major categories of computersIdentify the major categories of computers Explain the responsibilities of information system Explain the responsibilities of information system

personnelpersonnel Explain the use of computers in our worldExplain the use of computers in our world Describe and discuss the evolution as well as the history Describe and discuss the evolution as well as the history

of Computersof Computers 22

Computer DefinedComputer Defined

An electronic device designated to An electronic device designated to manipulate useful informationmanipulate useful information

An electronic device, operating under the An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data, memory unit, that can accept data, process data arithmetically and logically, process data arithmetically and logically, produce output from the processing, and produce output from the processing, and store the results for future usestore the results for future use

33

Generations of ComputersGenerations of Computers

First Generation (1952 – 1958)First Generation (1952 – 1958) Awesome in sizeAwesome in size Controlled by thousands of vacuum tubes or valvesControlled by thousands of vacuum tubes or valves Consumes great amount of power that often resulted Consumes great amount of power that often resulted

in overheating and failurein overheating and failure The operators cannot recognize whether the The operators cannot recognize whether the

breakdown was in the programming or in the breakdown was in the programming or in the machinemachine

Information were stored on punched cards as well as Information were stored on punched cards as well as on magnetic tapeson magnetic tapes

The language level used was machine language The language level used was machine language which used numberswhich used numbers

44


Second Generation Computer (1959-1964)Second Generation Computer (1959-1964) Development of assembly or symbolic Development of assembly or symbolic

language language Development of high level language such Development of high level language such

as as Fortran Fortran (1954) and (1954) and Cobol Cobol (1959) (1959) allowed programmers to give more allowed programmers to give more attention to solving problemsattention to solving problems

Uses transistors (used less power and did Uses transistors (used less power and did not get so hot quickly)not get so hot quickly)

55


Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)Third Generation Computers (1965-1970) Uses Uses Integrated Circuit, Integrated Circuit, commonly commonly

known as the known as the silicon chip, silicon chip, which which revolutionized electronic revolutionized electronic

If later progressed to If later progressed to Large Scale Large Scale Integration Integration (LSI), where few chips could (LSI), where few chips could replace several hundred thousands of replace several hundred thousands of transistorstransistors

66


Fourth Generation Computer (1971-present)Fourth Generation Computer (1971-present) Uses Uses microprocessormicroprocessor, a chip which contains all , a chip which contains all

the main electronic components of a compoundthe main electronic components of a compound If made possible to build computers to enormous If made possible to build computers to enormous

logical capacity and reliability, more cheaply and logical capacity and reliability, more cheaply and in a very small spacein a very small space

Very Large Space Very Large Space Integration (VLSI) was Integration (VLSI) was achieved achieved

Microprocessors led to the development of Microprocessors led to the development of microcomputers microcomputers

77

History of ComputersHistory of Computers

500 BC – the Chinese invented the Abacus, 500 BC – the Chinese invented the Abacus, considered to be the first computer device, considered to be the first computer device, which can perform simple addition and which can perform simple addition and subtraction operations.subtraction operations.

1617 – John Napier, a Scottish 1617 – John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, invented the NAPIER’S Bone mathematician, invented the NAPIER’S Bone – a table of logarithms made of ivory– a table of logarithms made of ivory

1630 – William Oughtred, an English 1630 – William Oughtred, an English mathematician, invented the SLIDE RULE, a mathematician, invented the SLIDE RULE, a device made of wood with movable scales device made of wood with movable scales arrange to slide opposite each otherarrange to slide opposite each other

88


1642 – Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, 1642 – Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented the PASCALINE – the first mechanical invented the PASCALINE – the first mechanical calculating machine calculating machine

1694 – Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German 1694 – Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German mathematician. His machine, the LEIBNIZ mathematician. His machine, the LEIBNIZ MACHINE, considered of a stepped cylinder that MACHINE, considered of a stepped cylinder that could perform the four fundamental operations could perform the four fundamental operations and square root.and square root.

1801 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French weaver 1801 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French weaver and designer, devised the JACQURD LOOM and designer, devised the JACQURD LOOM which used hole-punched cards. This machine which used hole-punched cards. This machine wove variety of patternswove variety of patterns

99

History of ComputersHistory of Computers 1822 – Charles Babbage, an English mathematician 1822 – Charles Babbage, an English mathematician

and is known to be the “Father of Modern Computer”, and is known to be the “Father of Modern Computer”, invented the DIFFERENCE MACHINE. This machine invented the DIFFERENCE MACHINE. This machine was capable of computing mathematical tables and was capable of computing mathematical tables and solves polynomial equationsolves polynomial equation

1833 – Charles Babbage also invented the 1833 – Charles Babbage also invented the ANALYTICAL MACHINE designed to perform complex ANALYTICAL MACHINE designed to perform complex mathematical calculations. This was considered to be mathematical calculations. This was considered to be the first general purpose computerthe first general purpose computer

1887 – Herman Hollerith, an American statistician and 1887 – Herman Hollerith, an American statistician and founder of Tabulating Machine Company (now called founder of Tabulating Machine Company (now called International Business Machine or IBM) invented the International Business Machine or IBM) invented the CENSUS MACHINECENSUS MACHINE

1010

History of ComputersHistory of Computers 1892 – William Seward Burrough, an American 1892 – William Seward Burrough, an American

inventor, designed a key-driven machine that inventor, designed a key-driven machine that produced a hardcopy. This was called produced a hardcopy. This was called ADDING/CALCULATING MACHINE. ADDING/CALCULATING MACHINE.

1944 – Burrough invented the MARK 1 or ASSC 1944 – Burrough invented the MARK 1 or ASSC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) machine (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) machine that contains more than 15,000 vacuum tubes some of that contains more than 15,000 vacuum tubes some of which are 3 feet tallwhich are 3 feet tall

1945 – John Presper Eckert, Jr. and William Mauchly 1945 – John Presper Eckert, Jr. and William Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania invented the from the University of Pennsylvania invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) that had the capacity of 5,000 Computer) that had the capacity of 5,000 computations per secondcomputations per second

1111


1948 – The IBM developed a more different 1948 – The IBM developed a more different design than the ENIAC – the SSEC design than the ENIAC – the SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator)(Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator)

1950 – Eckert Jr. and Mauchly again 1950 – Eckert Jr. and Mauchly again developed a machine The UNIVAC 1 developed a machine The UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer)which could (Universal Automatic Computer)which could perform 10,000 computations per second. perform 10,000 computations per second. The IBM again developed a machine that The IBM again developed a machine that could perform 100,000 computations per could perform 100,000 computations per second and can store data internally. The second and can store data internally. The machine was the IBM 704machine was the IBM 704

1212


1963 – Digital Equipment Corp. introduced the 1963 – Digital Equipment Corp. introduced the PDP-8, regarded as the first successful PDP-8, regarded as the first successful minicomputerminicomputer

1977 – Two young computer enthusiasts, Steven 1977 – Two young computer enthusiasts, Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak, collaborated to create Jobs and Steve Wozniak, collaborated to create and build their Apple II computer on a makeshift and build their Apple II computer on a makeshift production line in Job’s garageproduction line in Job’s garage

1981 – IBM introduced its hat into the personal 1981 – IBM introduced its hat into the personal computer ring with the announcement of the IBM computer ring with the announcement of the IBM PC. It sold 35,000 on its first year of release. PC. It sold 35,000 on its first year of release.

1313

Applications of ComputersApplications of Computers

In the scientific and engineering fields, it In the scientific and engineering fields, it provides inexpensive and accurate provides inexpensive and accurate computation for better designs of devices or computation for better designs of devices or machines and more discoveries made in less machines and more discoveries made in less timetime

In the business world, it is used in the In the business world, it is used in the preparation of payrolls, in recording accounts preparation of payrolls, in recording accounts receivables, in keeping tracks or inventionsreceivables, in keeping tracks or inventions

In banks, insurance companies, hospitals, In banks, insurance companies, hospitals, and government offices, records are and government offices, records are computerizedcomputerized

1414

Applications of ComputersApplications of Computers

Large firms and offices such as PLDT, Large firms and offices such as PLDT, Meralco and MWSS prepare invoices with Meralco and MWSS prepare invoices with computerscomputers

Provide instantaneous and accurate data Provide instantaneous and accurate data for airlines, hotels and check-out counters for airlines, hotels and check-out counters in the department storesin the department stores

Now becoming an everyday tool not only Now becoming an everyday tool not only in the offices but in homes as wellin the offices but in homes as well

1515

Characteristics of ComputerCharacteristics of Computer

It is a machine – can only do things for it was It is a machine – can only do things for it was designeddesigned

It is electronic – runs on electrical energy through It is electronic – runs on electrical energy through its electronic componentsits electronic components

It is automatic – runs continuously once started It is automatic – runs continuously once started It can manipulate data – following specified It can manipulate data – following specified

instructions, it can perform arithmetic functions instructions, it can perform arithmetic functions and can compare dataand can compare data

It has memory – the ability to read instructions and It has memory – the ability to read instructions and store these store these

It has logic functions – can produce results after It has logic functions – can produce results after instructions were fed into it instructions were fed into it

1616

Computer LimitationsComputer Limitations

Dependence on prepared instructionsDependence on prepared instructions Inability to derive meanings from objectsInability to derive meanings from objects Inability to generate informationInability to generate information It cannot correct wrong instructionsIt cannot correct wrong instructions

1717

Why Computers Sometimes FailWhy Computers Sometimes Fail

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out). GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out). Computer error may result from Computer error may result from erroneously entered input.erroneously entered input.

Programs contain errors or “bugs” that do Programs contain errors or “bugs” that do not become evident until a specific set of not become evident until a specific set of circumstances arises.circumstances arises.

““Users” do not understand each other’s Users” do not understand each other’s needs or have not communicated needs or have not communicated successfully.successfully.

1818

Why Computers Sometimes FailWhy Computers Sometimes Fail

Improper controls can lead to sabotage the Improper controls can lead to sabotage the company and invasion of privacycompany and invasion of privacy

Lack of standard results in problems when an Lack of standard results in problems when an organization obtains new equipment, hires organization obtains new equipment, hires new computer professionals, and attempts to new computer professionals, and attempts to provide some consistent set of procedures to provide some consistent set of procedures to be adopted by its computing staffbe adopted by its computing staff

Manufacturer fails to supply needed spare Manufacturer fails to supply needed spare parts, trained technicians, or that particular parts, trained technicians, or that particular machine model is no longer in productionmachine model is no longer in production

1919

Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers

Classification by purposeClassification by purpose General-Purpose Computers - A computer General-Purpose Computers - A computer

that has the ability to store different that has the ability to store different programs of instructions and thus to programs of instructions and thus to perform a variety of operations.perform a variety of operations.

Special-Purpose Computers - A computer Special-Purpose Computers - A computer designed to perform one specific taskdesigned to perform one specific task

2020


Classification by Type of Data HandledClassification by Type of Data Handled Digital Computers – a machine that specialize in Digital Computers – a machine that specialize in

counting of items that are distinct from one another, counting of items that are distinct from one another, e.g. Text, integers, morse codee.g. Text, integers, morse code

Analog Computer – machine that deals with quantities Analog Computer – machine that deals with quantities that are continuous variable. This means that no that are continuous variable. This means that no individual elements can be identified from any other individual elements can be identified from any other element, e.g. Light, voice, and videoelement, e.g. Light, voice, and video

Hybrid Computers – machine that combines the Hybrid Computers – machine that combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computerlogical and control capabilities of the digital computer

2121


Classification of Computers Acc. to CapacityClassification of Computers Acc. to Capacity Microcomputers – it has from 4K to 64K Microcomputers – it has from 4K to 64K

storage locations and is capable of storage locations and is capable of handling small, single-business handling small, single-business applications such as sales analysis, applications such as sales analysis, inventory, billing and payroll.inventory, billing and payroll.

Minicomputers – usually have from 8K to Minicomputers – usually have from 8K to 256K memory storage locations. They can 256K memory storage locations. They can do operation like airline reservationsdo operation like airline reservations

2222

Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers Medium-size Computers – it usually has memory sizes Medium-size Computers – it usually has memory sizes

ranging from 32K to 512K. They can serve the needs of a ranging from 32K to 512K. They can serve the needs of a university.university.

Large Computers – it has storage capabilities from 512K to Large Computers – it has storage capabilities from 512K to 819K. Speed is measured in terms of nanoseconds as 819K. Speed is measured in terms of nanoseconds as compared to smaller computers where speed is measured in compared to smaller computers where speed is measured in terms of microseconds. They can be used in government terms of microseconds. They can be used in government agencies and in the development of space technologyagencies and in the development of space technology

Supercomputers – machines that have capabilities far beyond Supercomputers – machines that have capabilities far beyond even the traditional large-scale systems. Their speed is in the even the traditional large-scale systems. Their speed is in the 100-million-instruction per second. They are essential for 100-million-instruction per second. They are essential for applications ranging from nuclear weapon development to applications ranging from nuclear weapon development to accurate weather forecasting.accurate weather forecasting.

2323

Thank You!!!Thank You!!!

To download the copy of this lecture please To download the copy of this lecture please log on to:log on to:

2424

it fundamentals of computer mark anthony p. cezar, mit

Documents

computer device

machine language

computer hardware

leibniz machine

use of computers

french mathematician

information processing

english mathematician