istoriul-arqiteqturuli kvleva

meliqiSvilis q. #10

Tbilisi noemberi, 2015

meliqiSvilis quCa #10 XX s-is 30-iani wlebis nageboba, adre

Tbilisis tuberkuliozis pirveli saqalaqo instituti, Semdgom

saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis instituti, amJamad kerZo kompaniis

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli obieqti, Tbilisis centralur - veris ubanSi

mdebareobs.

Tbilisis erT-erTi cnobili ubani vera Tavis droze sofeli iyo,

romelic Tbiliss ekvroda. XIX-is 60-iani wlebidan man qalaqTan

integrireba daiwyo, gaCnda pirveli qalaquri tipis dasaxleba, aSenda

aguris qarxnebi. Tbilisis srulfasovan ubnad vera XIX saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi iqca, roca aq intensiuri da regularuli qalaquri ganaSenianeba

daiwyo.

veris ubani moicavs teritorias mdinare veres qveda dinebidan, vidre

elbaqiZis daRmarTamde. veraze gadioda diRmis saqaravno gza (dRevandeli

kostavas q.) da wyneTis gza (meliqiSvilis q.). ubnis urbanuli qsovilis

CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa veris xidis (1883 w. 1952 wels igi

axali xidiT Seicvala) agebam da veris daRmarTis (yofili elbaqiZe,

dRevandeli mix. javaxiSvili) gaWram. xidma qalaqis ori magistrali _

golovinskisa da mixailovis (rusTavelis da aRmaSeneblis) prospeqtebi

daakavSira erTmaneTs. golovinskis prospeqti verisubnis mimarTulebiT

gagrZelda. igi SeuerTda olRas q.-s (kostavas q.), romelic daaxloebiT

veris baRTan mTavrdeboda da wyneTis (meliqiSvilis q.) quCebs. am quCaTa

gasayarze mcire moedani warmoiqmna (dRevandeli filarmonia). verisubnis

gegmareba dResac SenarCunebulia. mas didad gansazRvravs reliefi (ubani

nawilobriv mTis ferobzea ganlagebuli) da masTan misadagebuli quCebis

mrudxazovneba.

1. 1913 w. 2.

qalaqgegmarebiTi TvalsazrisiTac ar daukargavs ubans Tavisi mniSvneloba.

veraze dResac gadis qalaqis mTavari magistralebi (Tavisuflebis

moedni_rusTavelis prospeqti_kostavas q. da meliqiSvilis q. - vake),

romlebic Tbilisis centrs axal ubnebTan akavSirebs.

veris ubnis ganaSenianeba kostavasa da meliqiSvilis quCebis

paralelurad viTardeba. es quCebi ubnis ganaSenianebas quCaTa

perpendikularuli sistemis meSveobiT ukavSirdeboda.

XIX s. bolosa da XX s. veraze axali, qalaquri tipis saxlebis

ufro masStaburi mSenebloba daiwyo. es saxlebi Tavisi gegmarebiTa da

mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli saxiT im drois Tbilisuri arqiteqturis saerTo

tendenciebs mihyveba. XX s-Si vera Tbilisis erT-erT centralur ubnad

iqca.

meliqiSvilis quCis kenti ricxvebis ganaSenianebaSi istoriul-

arqiteqturuli Zeglebi meCxerad aris SemorCenili. amdenad, aseTi

nagebobebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs ZeglTa dacvis organoebis

mxridan.

meliqiSvilis luwi ricxvebiT moniSnuli mxare ramdenime msxvili

moculobiT aRiniSneba. maT Soris gamorCeulia sabWoTa periodis

monumenturi Senoba - sastumro `saqarTvelo~, romlis arqiteqtura e.w.

stalinuri stilis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. sastumro `saqarTvelo~-sa da

meliqiSvilis q. #6 oTxsarTulian sacxovrebel saxls Soris amJamad ori

nageboba mdebareobs: erTi meliqiSvilis #8, uakanasknel aTwleulSi

aSenebuli saofise rvasarTuliani Tanamedrove nageboba da meore -

meliqiSvilis #10 - XX s-is 30-iani wlebis Tbilisis arqiteqturaSi

konstruqtivistuli stilis iSviaTi nimuSi.

konstruqtivizmis stilis Tbilisur Senobebs sisadave,

geometriuloba, simkacre da formis lakoniuroba axasiaTebs. aRniSnuli

stilis gavlena 1920-30ww. TbilisSi moRvawe TiTqmis yvela avtorma

ganicada. miuxedavad imisa, rom es stili gamoZaxilia im WeSmaritad

rusuli fenomenisa, romelmac udidesi wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove

arqiteqturul memkvidreobaSi da XX s-is arqiteqturis istoriaSi,

saqarTveloSi konstruqtivizmi Taviseburi mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli

stilistikiT xasiaTdeba, rac gamoixateba mis gansakuTrebul

arqiteqturul gadawyvetaSi - erovnuli xuroTmoZRvrebis damaxasiaTebeli

mxatvruli formebisa da detalebis CarTvaSi. aseTi xasiaTis aris im dros

aSenebuli arqiteqtor kalginisa da maWavarianis `eleqtroqvesadguri~

(1924w.); puris qarxana - arqiteqtori nesterovi (1928w.); `zaria vostoka~-s

redaqciis Senoba, arqiteqtori Cislievi (1929w.) da sxv. centraluri

komitetis Senoba - arqiteqtori severovi; Tbilisis kanis sneulebaTa

instituti 1930w.

sakvlevi Senobis, meliqiSvilis q. #10 avtori gaxlavT k. a.

leontievi, arqiteqtori, romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba TbilisSi

`zahesi~-s eleqtrosadguris, `goskinpromi~-s avtoroba (mkvlevar T.

gersamias azriT) da `zaria vostoka~-s Senobis Tanaavtoroba.

amave arqiteqtoris naxelavia istoriuli qalaqis rigi sacxovrebeli

saxlebisa, maT Soris kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebad aRnusxuli

gogebaSvilis #11 da mayaSvilis #18.

arqiteqtor leontievis SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasaTebelia

imdroisTvis gasaocari individualizmi da originaluroba, amasTan,

TvalsaCinoa arqiteqtoris gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli istorizmebisadmi

da erovnuli arqiteqturuli motivebis uxvad gamoyeneba.

leontievis es Tviseba gamoixateba iseTi industriuli proeqtis

ganxorcielebaSic, rogorica aris `zaheisi~-s eleqtrosadguri, romelSiac

is ostaturad iyenebs tradiciuli qarTuli arqiteqturis saxasiaTo

motivebs: koSkebs, Seisrul fanjrebs, TaRovan Riobebs.

aseve iyenebs Suasaukuneebis qarTuli arqiteqturis damaxasiaTebel

elementebs kinostudiis Senobis TaRovani RiobebiT da svanuri koSkiT

gaformebisas.

Tbilisis tuberkulozis pirveli saqalaqo instituti 1927 w.

daproeqtda da misi mSenebloba 1930 w. dasrulda, razedac metyvelebs

samSeneblo warwera CarTuli pirveli sarTulis iatakis mozaikaSi.

Senobis arqiteqturul iarsaxeSi urTierTs erwymis

konstrqutivizmis stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisadave da

funqcionalizmi da qarTuli istoriuli arqiteqturis saxasiaTo

elementebi. Senobis mTavari, meliqiSvilis gamzirisken mimarTuli fasadi

asimetriulia rogorc mxatvruli gaformebiT, aseve simaRliT, rac

damaxasiaTebelia leontievis xelwerisaTvis. misi Senobebi mkveTri

individualizmiT da zogjer naivurobiTac ki xasiaTdeba. aseTi

avtoriseuli logikiT aris nakarnaxevi kidura rizalitebis gansxvavebuli

simaRle, romelic cal mxares koSkis motiviT wonaswordeba.

Senoba aguriT aris nagebi. fasadebis zedapiri orfaqturiania.

pirveli sarTuli terazituli lesviT aris gaformebuli, xolo meore -

gluvad aris galesili. es xerxic damaxasiaTebelia leontievis

xelwerisaTvis.

am nagebobaSic leontievi iyenebs pirveli sarTulis TaRediT gaxsnis

motivs, romelsac ornamentirebuli reliefuri kapitelebiT gaformebuli

svetebiT amkobs.

fasadis mxatvruli kompoziciis mTavari Semadgenelia aseve erovnul

motivebze agebuli aivnebis reliefuri gaformeba. nalesi qvis imitaciis

mqone kronSteinebze Sekiduli aivnebi ritmulad anawevreben fasadis gluv

zedapirs.

fasadebze xazgasmulia sadarbazo Sesasvleli Riobebi, romlebic

amjerad sxvadasxvanairad aris gadawyvetili: erTi Seisruli TaRis, xolo

meore nalisebri TaRis saxiT. maT gverdze datanili Riobebi aseve

gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili, rac istoriul fotoze ar aRiniSneba

da wriuli Riobebis nacvlad am rizalitzec mxolod ori Seisruli

Riobi arsebobda.

Senobis gverdiTi da ukana fasadebi kidev metad sadaa da mxolod

saxasiaTo formis Riobebis ritmiT aris gaformebuli. ukana mxaris

mxatvrulad aqcentirebuli arqiteqturuli motivia koSkis formis

moculoba, romelic sadaa da leontievisTvis damaxasiaTebeli svanuri

koSkiviT ar aris gadawyvetili.

interierSi gansakuTrebulad gaformebulia sadarbazos Sesasvleli

vestibiuli da ori kibe, romlebic rizalitebsa da centralur sivrces

akavSirebs. kibeebis safexurebi mopirkeTebulia marmarilos mozaikiT,

xolo moajirebi wriuli dekoriT Semkuli qvis moajirebiT.

ukanaskenel periodSi mkveTrad Seicvala urbanuli konteqsti

meliqiSvilis #10-is irgvliv, kerZod, mis ukan arsebuli e.w. kobis quCis

samSobiaros korpusebis nacvlad, maRalsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxli

da saofise Senoba aigo. meore mxridan, aseve 10 wlis win

mravalsarTliani saofise Senoba gaCnda da istoriuli Senoba am maRal

Senobebs Soris ramdenadme Caikarga, rasac xels uwyobs agreTve

meliqiSvilis quCis mxridan mis win gazrdili platanebis rigi, romelic

mTlianad faravs leontievis arqiteqturas.

daskvna da rekomendacia

meliqiSvilis q. #10 k. leontievis daproeqtebuli istoriuli Senoba,

romelic TbilisisTvis iSviaTi da xanmokle mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli

stilebis konstrqutivizmisa da istorizmis nazavs warmoadgens,

samwuxarod ar atarebs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statuss da

amdenad misi bukvaluri aRdgena-restavracia mis mepatrones ar evaleba,

magram amasTan, yvela zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

proeqtisTvis rekomendirebulia istoriuli Senobis maqsimaluri

SenarCuneba-rekonstruireba da misi integrireba axal proeqtSi.

amgvari midgomiT qalaqi SeinarCunebs 20-30-iani ww. saavtoro

arqiteqturis erT-erT saintereso nimuSs, rac metad mimzidvels gaxdis

sainvesticio proeqtsac. amisTvis, sasurvelia Semdegi rekomendaciebis

gaTvaliswineba:

meliqiSvilis mxares mimarTuli Senobis fasadebi ucvleli

unda darCes da maTze unda ganxorcieldes aRdgena-

restavraciis procesi istoriuli fotomasalis mixedviT;

interierSi aucilebelia SevinarCunoT Zveli kibis ujredebi da

vestibiulis sivrce;

Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli Careva unda moxdes axali

moculobis da Zveli nawilis organuli SeTavsebiT ise, rom

axali, Tanamedrove masaliT Sesrulebuli moculoba gaxdes

foni istoriuli Senobis gamosakveTad. amisTvis, axali

moculobis fasadebi unda Sesruldes neitraluri, fonuri

xasiaTis faqturisagan.

proeqtis sworad dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT

dasavleTSi kargad aprobirebuli istoriuli nagebobebis rekonstruqcia-

revitalizaciis magaliTi, romelic pozitiuri gavlenis mqone iqneba ara

mxolod veris ubnis lokaluri sivrcis ganaSenianebaSi, aramed zogadad

Tbilisis memkvidreobis axali SinaarsiT datvirTvis procesSi.

xelovnebaTmcodne

lali andronikaSvili