Issues What I Predict Will Happen What Actually Happened

Slaves/Freedmen

Plantations/farming

Government

Government Officials

Confederate military

States joining the U.S.

Infrastructure

Reconstruction Prediction Chart

Lincoln’s Plan (1863)• Wanted UNITY and not REVENGE• Guidelines for re-admittance to the Union

10% of population swear oath of allegiance High ranking Confederate officials punished and

not allowed to vote Full pardon to those who swear allegiance

•Results: Social unrest due to abolishment of slavery Never implemented because he was assassinated

Johnson’s Plan (1865)• Similar to Lincoln’s plan, but just a little

more severe• His guidelines:

10% of population swear oath of allegiance Must ratify 13th Amendment which ended slavery All former military and political officers in

Confederacy not allowed to vote Southern elite must individually request a

personal pardon from Johnson Southerner’s nullify ordinances of secession

Significance and Results of Johnson’s plan:• Nearly eradicated white vote• Punished who he thought was the cause of

the rebellion, the Southern ELITE

Also called Radical Reconstruction (1866)

What did they want?• Protect the rights of newly freed slaves

What was SC’s response?• Constitution of 1865

Black Codes: Basically slavery without the name All old Confederate generals re-elected: trying to

maintain the lifestyle during the Antebellum period

In response to SC’s Constitution of 1865, Radical Reconstruction enforced a radical new way of life for white Southerners.

What did Congress enforce?• NO members of the former Confederacy allowed to hold

public office• Black males could vote• SC had to re-write a new Constitution• Military occupation of the South (SC was 2nd District)• Enforced the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment

Why is this important?

Get into the two groups I assigned you Group A: Give yourselves a name

• You guys argue that Reconstruction is TOO TOUGH.• On your paper, list at least 3 reasons why you

think Reconstruction is too tough• Elect one speaker from your group to try and

persuade your audience Group B: Give yourselves a name

• You guys argue that Reconstruction is TOO LENIENT

• On your paper, list at least 3 reasons to support your thoughts

• Elect one speaker from your group to try and persuade your audience

Lincoln Johnson Radical Republicans

Reconstruction Plan Chart

What was it?

• Amendment that freed all the slaves

Who wanted it?

• Republicans in Congress

What was its significance?

• Social Change

• Separation

• Social Anxiety

• Various viewpoints

What was its purpose?

• Intimidation

What was its significance?

• It upheld “due process” and “equal rights”

for all former slaves

• MONUMENTAL

What was its purpose?

• ALL MALES may vote

• Prez Grant

What was its significance?

• Power Struggle

POLITICAL/ SOCIAL IMPACT: SC boycotted all amendments and refused to elect delegates to the state convention

POLITICAL IMPACT: Because the 1865 Constitution was thrown out, SC was forced to draw a new one in 1868. This constitution was mainly drawn by Radical Republicans.

ECONOMIC IMPACT:• SHARECROPPING: glorified slavery; it was a way

to keep African Americans under white control

FLAP BOOK

13th Amendment(PICTURE)

14th Amendment(PICTURE)

15th Amendment(PICTURE)

*What it did

*Reactions from the people

*What it did

*Reactions from the people

*What it did

*Reactions from the people

What are they?

• Legal Codes

Who made them?

• White Southern males

Why are they important?

• Power Struggle

• Rebellious nature

• Racial Tension

XVI: Illegitimate children, within the ages above

specified, may be bound to the mother.

XVIII: Males of the age of 12 yrs, and females of

the age of 10, shall sign the indenture of

apprenticeship, and be bound thereby.

XXIII: The master shall have authority to inflict

moderate chastisement and impose reasonable

restraint upon his apprentice, and to recapture

him if he departs from his service.

XXIV: The relation of apprentice and master shall be dissolved by the death of the master

XXXV: All persons of color who make contracts for service or labor, shall be known as servants, and those whom they serve, shall be masters.

The class will be divided into Republicans, Democrats, and Independents

Each student will have 1 minute of the floor to argue for or against the Black Codes

The independents ask questions to spark debate

REMEMBER: • Effects of the Amendments

PLANTER/ELITE CLASS: • Social upheaval

Hostility, fear, and anxiety towards African Americans

Sharecropping: African Americans were still DEPENDENT on whites economically.

SMALL FARMERS: Had to compete with freedmen sharecroppers

• Made small farmers even more hostile towards African Americans. (Backcountry heritage)

• Some became “SCALAWAGS”: those who cooperated with the new Republican government for their own gain.

FREEDMEN: some went in search of family but most stayed where they were

Freedman’s Bureau established

• Gave shelter, food, and hope to the freedmen

• African American established separate communities

• In spite of intimidation, many insisted on acting upon the rights they were given

NORTHERN IMMIGRANTS: “CARPETBAGGERS”

WOMEN: Struggled no matter what class or race• Elite women had to negotiate tasks with

former slaves and even do work themselves

• 1868 Constitution gave women some property rights

Let’s do a new version of a flip book activity!

On each flap draw a picture and that particular groups reaction to Reconstruction

Daily Life of Reconstruction

Planters

Small Farmers

Freedman

Northern Immigrant

Women

REVIEW: Because of RR (Radical Reconstruction), South Carolina had to:

• Throw out the Constitution of 1865 (BLACK CODES) and rewrite a new one

• Approve the 3 Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th)

• Become the 2nd military district of the Federally occupied South

Most whites boycotted the convention; some went so far as to threaten those who went

African Americans well represented (over ½) and recent N. immigrants or “Carpetbaggers”

Provisions of Constitution: ***NOT BASED ON THE IDEALS OF POPULATION OF WEALTH***

• Abolished property qualifications for holding office (refer to Head right System: property=wealth=power)

• 21yrs-vote

• Governor -popular vote

• Women -property rights

• Compulsory PUBLIC EDUCATION for all South Carolinians.

Results of the Constitution: • African Americans held EVERY office in government

except governorship

• Most were literate middle class despite white propaganda

• SC was the ONLY state where whites did not have the majority control of both houses in legislature

CARPETBAGGER: Northern whites who moved down to the South after the war. • Supposedly came with a carpetbag but left

with all the Southern wealth• Robert Scott was a Northern immigrant who

became governor under the Constitution of 1868

• “40 Acres and a Mule” Promise

SCALAWAG: White Southerners who had not participated in the Confederacy. Also known as loafers or rascals.

“Once he was respected in his circle; his head was level and he would look his neighbor in the face. Now possessed by the itch of office and the salt of rheum of Radicalism, he is a mangy dog, slinking through the alleys, haunting the Governor’s office, defiling with tobacco juice the steps of the Capitol, stretching his lazy carcass in the square…”

Republicans controlled the legislature from 1866-1876, mainly due to the help of Carpetbaggers and Scalawags.

CARPETBAGGER SCALAWAG

Let’s get started…time to show me your art skills…

Draw a political cartoon about a Carpetbagger and Scalawag. Use your creativity!

REVIEW: Politically and socially better from lawmakers’ eyes BUT in reality, SC was a VERY hostile state to be in during Radical Reconstruction

Freedman’s Bureau

GOALS of the Bureau:• Provided food, shelter, and medical aid to

freed slaves and poor whites

• Resettled freed slaves on confiscated farmlands in the South

• Provided public education for freed blacks (over 3,000 schools started)

Northern Philanthropists:• Created the Penn School in Beaufort• Many men and women traveled to the

South to educate the freed slaves

KKK• Established in response to RR

• “Campaign of Terror”

• By 1868, military control had disbanded in SC, so vigilante groups flourished… KKK Riflemen Red Shirts

KKK continued…• In 1871, Grant sent troops in; some KKK

members were arrested and tried. Unfortunately, this only encouraged more hostilities.

Abel Meeropol wrote this poem under the name, Lewis Allen.

He wrote this song in response to the picture he saw of two men who were lynched.

Song became the anti-lynching movement’s theme song in the 1950s and 60s – made famous by Billie Holiday in the late 1930s

Southern trees bear strange fruit,Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,

Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze,

Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.

Pastoral scene of the gallant south,The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,

Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh,Then the sudden smell of burning flesh.

Here is fruit for the crows to pluck,For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,

For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop,Here is a strange and bitter crop.

REVIEW: African Americans still economically dependent on whites b/c of • Sharecropping• Lack of land ownership• Crop lien system

Republican Reconstruction government incredibly corrupt BUT did established public schools and other public causes (health care and disabilities)

White propaganda exaggerated corruption which helped Northerners grow tired of Reconstruction

SC Governor Election of 1876• CHAMBERLAIN VS. HAMPTON

RESULT• Violence broke out due to struggle of governor election

(HAMBURG MASSACRE)

• Election sent to General Assembly: 2 governors established

• White tax payers refused to support Republican government

• Wade Hampton wins

Federal troops removed from all Southern states except SC, FL, and LA

RESULT: Compromise of 1877

Hayes ended Federal support for Republican governments in the South

Hayes agreed to re-build a Southern transcontinental (important for trade and communication)