issue #94 (march 2014)
TRANSCRIPT
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ISSUE 94, March 2014
An Alexanderson alternator dating from 1918, discovered last year in Japan. (see story page 5)
Static from the Director. . . . . . . . 2
Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Book Authors Wanted
Historical Photos for India’s IEEE
Follow Us on Twitter and Tumblr
Relic Hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Surf City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Things to See and Do . . . . . . . . . 6
Nortbert Wiener
Vintage Computer Festival East
HISTELCON & ICOHTECH 2015
Donors and Supporters. . . . . . . . 7
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
IEEE History Center STATIC FROM THE DIRECTORe newsletter reports on the activities of the IEEE History Center and on new resources and projects in electrical and computer history. It is published three times each year—once in hard copy(March) and twice electronically ( July andNovember) by the IEEE History Center.
IEEE History Center39 Union StNew Brunswick, NJ 08901-8538 USATelephone: +1 732 562 5450Fax: +1 732 932 1193E-mail: [email protected]: www.ieee.org/history_center
IEEE History Committee 2014
David Burger, ChairFiorenza Albert-Howardeodore BickartDavid Santos DiasLyle FeiselJohn ImpagliazzoPaul IsraelHirohisa KawamotoDavid KempXun LuoAlison MarshDavid MichelsonAntonio SaviniMischa SchwartzSampathkumar Veeraraghavan
IEEE History Center Staff
Michael Geselowitz, Senior [email protected]
Sheldon Hochheiser, Archivist andInstitutional [email protected]
Alexander Magoun, Outreach Historian [email protected]
John Vardalas, Senior [email protected]
Nathan Brewer, Digital Content Administrator [email protected]
Robert Colburn, Research [email protected]
IEEE prohibits discrimination,harassment and bullying. For more information visitwww.ieee.org/nondiscrimination
© IEEE information contained in thisnewsletter may be copied without permission,provided that copies for direct commercial advantage are not made or distributed, andthe title of the IEEE publication and its dateappear on each copy.
2
NEWSLETTER SUBMISSION BOXThe IEEE History Center Newsletter welcomes submissions of Letters to the Editor, as well as articlesfor its Reminiscences and Relic Hunting departments. “Reminiscences” are accounts of history of atechnology from the point of view of someone who worked in the technical area or was closely con-nected to someone who was. They may be narrated either in the first person or third person. “RelicHunting” are accounts of finding or tracking down tangible pieces of electrical history in interesting orunsuspected places (in situ and still operating is of particular interest). Length: 500-1200 words. Sub-mit to [email protected]. Articles and letters to the editor may be edited for style or length.
Subscription InformationThe IEEE History Center newsletter is available freeto all persons interested in technological history– whether engineers, scholars, researchers, hob-byists, or interested members of the public. It ispublished in hard copy in March, and in electronicform in July and November of each year.
To subscribe to the IEEE History Center’s free newsletter, please send your name, postal mailing address, e-mail address (optionalif you wish to receive the electronic versions), and IEEE member number (if applicable – non-
members are encouraged to subscribe as well) [email protected]
Current and past issues of the newsletter canbe accessed at: www.ieee.org/about/history_center/newsletters.html
The IEEE History Center is a non-profit organ-ization which relies on your support to preserve, re-search, and promote the legacy of electricalengineering and computing. To support the Cen-ter’s projects – such as the Global History Network,Milestones, and Oral History Collection, please clickthe "Donate Online" tab at www.ieee.org/donateor www.ieeefoundation.org/
The IEEE History Center Newsletter Advertising RatesThe newsletter of the IEEE History Center is published three times per annum; one issue (March)in paper, the other two (July and November) electronically. The circulation of the paper issue is4,800; the circulation of the electronic issues is 22,500. The newsletter reaches engineers, retiredengineers, researchers, archivists, and curators interested specifically in the history of electrical,electronics, and computing engineering, and the history of related technologies.
Cost Per IssueQuarter Page $150Half Page $200Full Page $250
Please submit camera-ready copy via mail or email attachment to [email protected]. Deadlines for receipt of ad copy are 2 February, 2 June, 2 October. For more information, contact Robert Colburn at [email protected].
By Michael Geselowitz, Ph.D.
2014 promises to be a remarkable year forIEEE’s historical activities. In addition to con-tinued expansion of our traditional programssuch as Milestones, and our more recent pro-grams, such as our social media (see page 4)and book publishing (see page 3) programs,the History Center is undertaking a majortransformation of its IEEE Global History Net-work (GHN). Hard work during 2013 has ledto agreement from our fellow Founder Soci-eties to come on board a united web site forthe history of engineering. The IEEE HistoryCenter has received a major grant from the
United Engineering Foundation to adapt theGHN to the new task. We have an opportu-nity to use history to “change the conversa-tion” about engineering—as the U.S. NationalAcademy of Engineering has put it—and tobuild greater appreciation and understandingof the role of engineers in society.
The biggest change, however, is “hot offthe presses.” IEEE has just come to an agree-ment with Stevens Institute of Technology inHoboken, NJ, USA, to relocate the IEEE His-tory Center there in July 2014, when ouragreement with Rutgers University expires.Stevens, which bills itself as “The InnovationUniversity,” is a premier, private research uni-
versity founded in 1870. Its mission to “advance the frontiers ofscience and leverage technology to confront global challenges”dovetails exactly with IEEE’s goal of “advancing technology forhumanity.” Stevens is a leader in distance education, in pre-university STEM education and in technical communication,among other areas. Among its famous alumni are Louis Hazel-tine, inventor of the neutrodyne radio, Peter Cooper Hewitt, in-ventor of the mercury arc rectifier, sculptor Alexander Calder,and Nobel laureate Frederick Reines. Stevens’ College of Artsand Letters engages in research and scholarship at the inter-section of science, technology, the arts, and humanities withthe objective of having a positive and long-lasting impact onsociety and the world. These assets will position the IEEE His-tory Center to move to the next level as a clearinghouse for in-
formation on the global history of engineering and engineers.Look for more details in the July 2014 newsletter!
Finally, the IEEE Foundation is undergoing a strategic trans-formation, and has asked us to partner with them in rethinkingIEEE’s historical activities as a “signature program” that couldundertake even greater philanthropic development. We are ex-tremely grateful to you, our stalwart supporters, for your con-tinued generosity that has enabled all the programs describedabove and throughout this issue. This issue is our annual op-portunity to thank you all in print in our “Honor Roll of Donors”(see page 8, and I add my personal gratitude as well. I lookforward to continuing to work with you and earning your sup-port as our programs move forward in these exciting ways.
Issue 94 March 2014STATIC FROM THE DIRECTOR
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CENTER ACTIVITIES
The IEEE History Center Press is interested in working with authors to publish books on the history of electrical and com-puting-related technologies. For more information and for sub-mission guidelines, please go to www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Archives:IEEE_History_Center_Book_Publishing
THE IEEE HISTORY CENTER ISLOOKING FOR BOOK AUTHORS
When Harish Mysore, Director, India Operations, IEEE visited theIEEE Operations Center in New Jersey in the summer of 2013,he noticed the many historical photographs decorating the Cen-ter’s corridors. He asked IEEE Archivist and Institutional Histo-rian Sheldon Hochheiser if it would be possible to get aselection of photos to use similarly on the walls of the newlarger IEEE India office in Bangalore. Hochheiser sent Mysorea set of 21 photos, but somehow these didn’t fully meet hisand his team’s needs. Some things are just better accomplishedin person. So, in December when Mysore returned to New Jer-sey, accompanied by other members of his team, IEEE Indiastaff member Munir Mohammed arranged to work withHochheiser at the IEEE Archives. The two together went throughthumbnails of the 6,000 photos in the collection, and together
selected 35 photos covering a wide range of both institutionaland technical history. Among the photos selected were the AIEEand IRE Logos; portraits of more than a dozen prominent peo-ple in our fields including Ampere, Faraday, Steinmetz, Bell,Edison, Tesla, and Maiman; and technologies including a dy-namo, an early light bulb, a testing laboratory, a radar dish, aradio telescope antenna, and an integrated circuit. Hochheiserthen rescanned the photos at a resolution suitable for large sizereproduction. To these photos, Munir will add photos portray-ing prominent Indians including Bose and Raman. So, like thePiscataway operations center, the IEEE India office will soon beusing history to inspire today’s technical leaders, and place theirwork in context.
ARCHIvES UpdATE: HISTORICAL pHOTOS FOR IEEE’S INdIA OFFICE
IEEE History Center
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CENTER ACTIVITIES
THANK YOU TO OURHISTORY CENTER
DONORS!Your support helps preserve theheritage of IEEE’s technologies.
Image courtesy of Smithsonian Institution
The IEEE History Center is bringing history to more people via social networking tools such as Twitter and Tumblr. Followthe activities of the IEEE History Center and others involved in the history of engineering on its Twitter feed at http://twitter.com/ieeehistory.
The IEEE History Center maintains a blog on tumblr inwhich interesting images related to the history of technologyare posted. Featured in Tumblr’s history and science categories,the blog has approximately 90,000 followers as of February2014 and more than 18,000 social interactions. Three of theposted images were featured on Tumblr’s radar, a feature thatallows the Tumblr staff to broadcast images they feel are inter-esting to all logged in Tumblr users. To follow the blog or to viewthe images, go to http://engineeringhistory.tumblr.com/.
IEEE HISTORY CENTER SOCIAL ON TWITTER ANd TUMBLR
This visitor to the Center, (an immature red-tail hawk), ate itslunchtime pigeon on top of the utility pole outside Digital Content
Administrator Nathan Brewer’s office window recently.
Issue 94 March 2014
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RELIC HUNTING
By M. Tari, K. Noda, Y. Ishikawa, D. Hiramatsu, K. Miyaike
A mystery was solved at Toshiba’s Keihin Product Operations inearly 2013, when a unique Alexanderson alternator was recog-nized for what it was and its history investigated. It turns out tobe the very first alternator of its type to have been manufac-tured in Japan. In the 1900s, the growing need for a radio sys-tem capable of reliable, long distance communicationaccelerated development of powerful, continuous, long wavetransmitters of a high frequency alternator type. After develop-ment of the 2kW Alexanderson alternator in 1908, General Elec-tric shipped the first 200kW Alexanderson for intercontinentalcommunication in 1918. High power alternators greatly con-tributed to increased communication volumes and decreasedcommunication times.
Japan also wanted to introduce a powerful long wave-length radio system, however the imported equipment andtechnical references were difficult to come by, because in mostcountries the equipment was used primarily in military opera-tions. These difficult circumstances forced Japan to promote itsown development strategy, and its first 125kVA Alexandersonalternator was successfully developed in 1918 and started op-eration at the Hario transmitting station, Nagasaki. This wassoon followed by success in developing 400kW and 500kWunits. Around 1920, powerful electron tubes were made for usein radio communication. The advantages they enjoyed led tomost alternators being scrapped or reused in other applicationsby around the end of 1950.
The 125kV Alexanderson alternator was rediscovered in February 2013. There are very few remaining long wave radio alternators today, and only two stations equipped with highfrequency alternators remain open in the world. The 125kVA alternator is an historic artifact, and the only Japan-made large alternator that exists in Japan.
In June 1944, the 125kVA alternator was moved to the prime mover manufacturer where its application was not clear, and ultimately sent back to Toshiba Corporation.
Alternator Rating and Manufacturer- Rating: 480poles -125kVA - 800V - 156 A - 3,000rpm - 12,000Hz- Driving: Directly driven by DC motor rated 180HP -440V - 350A - 3,000/2,500rpm- Manufacturer: Shibaura Engineering Works Co. Ltd, today’s Toshiba Corporation
MAJOR FEATURES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOUND ON THE 125KVA ALTERNATOR
When the alternator was returned to the manufacturer for
refurbishment, before being moved to another industry, design data was provided and these are still preserved.
Detailed studies show the unit is characterized by manydistinguished design aspects. These design features and majorconstruction are outlined below.
A. Compact and economic designGenerally, the main dimensions of an alternator increase
in proportion to unit capacity, resulting in poor economic ad-vantage due to undue machine volume. The 125kVA alternatorwas designed as a compact machine by application of highspeed, resulting in decreased machine size and the highest“power density.”
B. Higher efficiencyA compact design was secured by adopting a single-disk
rotor with a large diameter, 1244.6mm. Meanwhile a highspeed machine with larger disk induced difficult problems,mostly caused by high circumferential speed and centrifugalforce. In particular, the air friction problem was more criticalthan anticipated. One suitable solution is a disk configurationdesigned on the basis of flow dynamics for steam turbine rotor,which showed that a disk with the right trajectory reducedwindage loss. 240 slots machined as inductors on both disk sur-faces were filled up with a nonmagnetic alloy to get smoothsurfaces, and polished into mirror finish.
For reduction in high-frequency core loss, the 125kVA al-ternator adopted 3mil thick silicon magnetic steel that was de-veloped by Shibaura Engineering Work, and the machinedsurface of the laminated armature core was chemically treatedfor elimination of inter-turn shorting between laminates.
C. Effective generation of electricity by application ofsmall air gap
Effective voltage induction can be realized according topossible reduction in reluctance in magnetic paths. The alter-nator adopted a smaller gap of 1.5mm. The alternator providesinductors on both disk surfaces and two armatures facing eachinductor through air gap. For effective voltage induction, thegaps between disk and armatures on each side should remainequal during operation. The alternator integrated an air gapequalizing mechanism to compensate for thermal expansionand thrust movement of the rotor shaft during operation.
The 125kVA alternator could be successfully developed inrelatively shorter term according to c loser collaboration withraw material suppliers and workers, in particular machine min-ders. The technical experience and knowledge gotten in thecourse of manufacturing were feed backed timely on the worldlargest 400kW high frequency alternator that was manufacturedat the same time.
JAPANESE-MADE 125KVA ALEXANDERSON ALTERNATOR REDISCOVERED IN FEBRUARY 2013
Continued on Page 6
IEEE History Center RELIC HUNTING
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A selection of sites which IEEE History Center staff have comeacross in the course of their work, and which might be of in-terest to our readers:
http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/longitude The archivesof the Royal Greenwich Observatory, held in Cambridge Univer-sity Library, include the complete run of the surviving papers of the Board of Longitude through the eighteenth century until its abolition in 1828. Invention and discovery, the energetic cul-ture of technical ingenuity in the long eighteenth century, andexploration and maritime travel in the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic are featured.
www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102746778Interviews of applied mathematicians and computer science pi-oneers conducted by the Society for Industrial and AppliedMathematics (SIAM)
www.oberlinsmith.org/ A web site devoted to Oberlin Smith,pioneer of magnetic recording
http://blog.archive.org/2013/10/15/microcomputer-software-lives-again-this-time-in-your-browser
www.bl.uk/voices-of-science/ The British Library has one hun-dred oral histories by British engineers and scientists.
http://info.aiaa.org/tac/ETMG/HISTC/Gardner/default.aspxAviation bibliographical resources, the U.S. WPA Bibliography ofAeronautics.
REFERENCES
[1] Thorn L. Mayes, Wireless Communication in the UnitedStates (1989)
[2] James E. Brittain, Alexanderson Pioneer in American Electrical Engineering (1977)
[3] Eiju Matsumoto, Century of Electricity in KEISOKUGIJYUTSU2006.2
[4] "On the Record of High Frequency Alternator" Shibaura En-gineering Works 65 Years History, pp.35.
[5] K. Tanaka, M. Ishida, E. Ishii, O. Kato, E. Matsumoto: “EightyYears History of Yosami Radio Station, and Dedication of IEEEMilestones” Future of Radio Networks, 271(2009), 272(2010),273(2010)
[6] Hikoto Maruyama "On the construction of AlexandersonExtra High Frequency" Journal of IEE Japan 9. 1921 and 5. 1922
[7] E.F.W.Alexanderson, "Alternator for One Hundred ThousandCycles” Trans. AIEE, vol. XXVIII.pp399-412,1909
M.Tari is retired Technology Executive of Toshiba/ex-Senior Re-searcher of National Museum of Nature and Science. (email:[email protected])
Y. Ishikawa is with the Toshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Sys-tems Corporation (email: [email protected])
K.Noda, D.Hiramatsu and K.Miyaike are with Toshiba Corporation (email: [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected])
SURF CITY
THINGS TO SEE AND DO
2014 marks the 120th anniversary of the birth, and 50th an-niversary of the death, of M.I.T mathematician Norbert Wiener,whose work influenced so many fields of interest to IEEE mem-bers, from his work in information theory and prostheses to hisfounding of cybernetics. To honor the occasion, a number ofIEEE units, led by the IEEE Boston Section and the IEEE Society
on Social Implications of Technology, is teaming with a num-ber of other organizations to present a “Conference on NorbertWiener in the 21st Century” to be held in Boston on 24 – 26June 2014. The IEEE History Center is also serving as a techni-cal co-sponsor. Full information on the conference can befound at www.21stcenturywiener.org.
NORBERT WIENER IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Issue 94 March 2014THINGS TO SEE AND DO
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The ninth annual Vintage Computer Festival East will be heldApril 4-6, at the InfoAge Science Center, in Wall, New Jersey,USA. VCF East is a celebration of computer history from the1940s-1980s. This year the IEEE History Center is serving as atechnical co-sponsor. The schedule includes a hands-on exhibithall, technical workshops, lectures, a marketplace, tours of theInfoAge museum complex, a dollar-per-pound book sale, prizes,and much more. This is one of the premier “swap meets” forcomputer and calculator collectors (A new feature on Friday 4April, “VCF East University,” will feature a full day of technicalclasses.)
The main show on Saturday – Sunday, 5 – 6 April, featuresfamily-friendly lectures/workshops and dozens of exhibits.Keynote speakers include former IBM archivist Paul Lasewiczand IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee founder Maris Graube.
Other lectures topics include software preservation and the his-tory of Franklin Computer Corp. Registered exhibits so far covereverything from a real Apple 1 to the M.I.T.S. Altair to DEC mini-computers. In addition, the event's main sponsor MARCH (Mid-Atlantic Retro Computing Hobbyists) will debut its UNIVAC1219-B military mainframe computer, circa 1965. Everything ishands-on!
Tickets for VCF East University are $20 and include a pizzalunch. Tickets for the main show are $15/day and $25/bothdays. Saturday/Sunday tickets are free for ages 17 and younger.A three-day adult admission is $40. Proceeds benefit MARCH.Full details are online at www.vintage.org/2014/east/ or bycontacting MARCH President Evan Koblentz at [email protected] +1 646 546 9999.
VINTAgE COMPUTER FESTIVAL EAST
Once again the IEEE History Committee and IEEE History Centerwill be technical co-sponsors of HISTELCON, the IEEE Region 8history conference held about once every other year. The His-tory Center is particularly happy to announce that HISTELCON2015 will be held at Tel Aviv University in Israel on 16-21 August2015, in conjunction with ICOHTEC 2015. It is being sponsoredby the IEEE Region 8 and the IEEE Israel Section, and is alsobeing organized in cooperation with the Cohn Institute for His-tory and Philosophy of Science at Tel-Aviv University, the Inter-national Society for Science and Religion, and the ElectricalEngineering Section of the Association of Engineers, Architectsand Graduates in Technological Sciences in Israel (AEAI).
Founded in Paris in 1968, ICOHTEC (the InternationalCommittee for the History Of TEChnology) is the premier or-ganization bringing together academic and public historians oftechnology on an annual basis. The HISTELCON series, previ-ously held in Paris (2008), Madrid (2010), and Pavia (2012), isthe recognition by IEEE Region 8 that history is a technical area
worthy of its own conference outside of EUROCON.The co-located conferences will build a comprehensive
view of the worldwide development of high technologies andof their socio-cultural context, without any a priori limit on his-torical period. As always for conferences involving the IEEE His-tory Center, the Conference will serve as catalyst for exchangeof ideas from different technological fields. Participants with dif-ferent backgrounds – engineers, historians, researchers in Sci-ence, Technology and Society, Museum curators etc. – will bewelcome, in order to help in creating a network between re-searchers and practitioners from academia and industry thatencourage interdisciplinary research. Young researchers and en-gineers will be especially welcome. HISTELCON 2015 will alsoprovide a special opportunity to experience Israeli culture andto visit its archeological and historic sites as well as its academicand research institutions.
For more information, contact Jacob Baal-Schem [email protected].
HOLD THE DATE FOR HISTELCON AND ICOHTEC 2015
Born in Bedford, Pennsylvania, in 1920, William “Bill” Middletonspent the majority of his life as an engineer dedicated to pro-moting the growth of engineering and its history.
Following his service in the Unites States Army SignalCorps, Bill received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engi-neering from Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA in 1947. Hewas involved in Section activities in the American Institute ofElectrical Engineers (AIEE), one of the predecessor societies toIEEE. He served as the Vice Chair of the AIEE Sections Commit-tee, which developed into the IEEE Regional Activities Board
(RAB), and is now the Member and Geographic Activities(MGA). In 1990, RAB (now MGA) created the William W. Mid-dleton Award for Distinguished Service to honor his achieve-ments. The award is presented every three years to an IEEESenior member by MGA.
Bill’s influence on IEEE was felt in nearly every aspect ofthe organization. He chaired the committee responsible for Sec-tion Chair training and led the development of the Sections Op-erations Guide. He also assisted in the development of the
A MEMBER’S LEgACY PROMULgATES ENgINEERINg HISTORY
DONORS AND SUPPORTERS
Continued on Page 8
IEEE History Center DONORS AND SUPPORTERS
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United States Activities Board, served asRegion 2 Director, served on the IEEEAwards Board, and was a member of theIEEE Board of Directors. In his 40 yearsof volunteer service, many of his ideaswere implemented as policy, but Billwas never one to gloat about his ac-complishments. “Don’t worry about tak-ing credit for things.” he would say,“there is more personal satisfaction inseeing them happen and knowing youhad a big hand in it.”
In particular, Bill was deeply inter-ested in the history of the engineeringfield. His passion was so deep that heleft two legacy gifts to the IEEE Foundation for the IEEE HistoryCenter totaling US$75,000. These bequests were recently fulfilled more than ten years after his death through the estateof his wife, Joyce Middleton, who passed away during Novem-ber 2012.
The sheer size of his donations, in addition to the fourdecades he spent in service of IEEE, exemplify that he was “ahard worker, dedicated to IEEE and the profession, and over theyears contributed greatly to IEEE's continued advancement andsuccess,” 2008 IEEE President Lew Terman recalls.
Bill’s first bequest for US$25,000 will enable the IEEE History Center to support the development and publishing ofIEEE history, the organization to which he dedicated half his life.The second bequest of US$50,000 combines two of Bill’s in-terests – history and awards. It will support the newly estab-lished IEEE William and Joyce Middleton Electrical EngineeringHistory Award. The award will be bestowed by the IEEE HistoryCommittee and will recognize the author(s) of a book in thehistory of an IEEE related technology that exemplifies excep-tional scholarship and reaches beyond the IEEE and historian oftechnology communities toward a broad audience.
Bill believed in spreading the historyof engineering beyond the borders of the field and into the public eye.“This award will encourage the kind of writing that Bill would have en-joyed,” IEEE Life Fellow and IEEE Foun-dation, Vice President, DevelopmentLyle Feisel explains.
Thanks to Bill’s lifelong dedicationto serving IEEE and his generous dona-tions, the work and history of engineersis now more accessible to members,the engineering community and thegeneral public alike. The IEEE Founda-tion will continue to acknowledge Bill
and Joyce’s extraordinary commitment by including their nameson the roster of the IEEE Goldsmith Legacy League. To IEEE andthe IEEE Foundation, they are Forever Generous. Read moreabout William W. Middleton on the GHN: IEEE Global His-tory Network.
Bequests are the most common form of legacy giving. By leaving a be-quest in your will or trust, you provide the crucial resources that allowthe IEEE History Center to preserve, collect, research and disseminatethe history of IEEE, its member, the profession and the related tech-nologies. Bequests to the IEEE History Center Fund of the IEEE Foun-dation should be worded as follows: “I give the sum of $_______ [orall (or stated percentage) of the rest, residue, and remainder ofmy estate] to the IEEE Foundation, Incorporated, New York, NY forthe benefit of the IEEE History Center Fund.” Notify the IEEE Foun-dation of your intentions to leave a bequest in your will or trust and youwill be invited to join the elite legacy giving donor recognition group —the IEEE Goldsmith Legacy League and be Forever Generous.Donors may choose to remain anonymous. For more information visitwww.ieeefoundation.org or contact the IEEE Development Office at+1 732 562 5550 or [email protected].
William and Joyce Middleton
2013 dONOR LIST
IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietyIEEE Circuits and Systems SocietyIEEE Communications SocietyIEEE Denver SectionIEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility SocietyIEEE FoundationIEEE IncorporatedIEEE Life Members Committee
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques SocietyIEEE Power Engineering SocietyIEEE Electron Devices SocietyIEEE Power Engineering Society IEEE Signal Processing SocietyIEEE Solid-State Circuits SocietyIEEE Laser and Optics SocietyIEEE Magnetics Society
IEEE Signal Processing SocietyIEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society
Laurence R. AvinsEarl BakkenPaul and Evelyn Baran Fund Frank A. Brand Michael D. BrownJohn Bryant*Central Japan RailroadCentral Research Institute of the Electric Power IndustryJules Cohen, P.E.
IEEE History Center Preservationists CircleRecognizing donors who have made significant contributions to the History Center at crucial stages in its founding and development.
Issue 94 March 2014DONORS AND SUPPORTERS
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Lawrence H. CrooksCharles A. Eldon*Electric Power Development Corporation, TokyoElectro-Mechanics CompanyThe Elias Family in Memory of Peter Elias*The Gerald and Thelma Estrin Living TrustGE Yokogawa Medical Systems, Ltd.Hitachi, Ltd.IBM CorporationDon H. Johnson, Ph.D.
Joseph Keithley*Susumu KobayashiHarold. W. Lord*John MeggittJohn K. MenoudakosNECNippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation(NTT)Jun-ichi NishozawaThomas F. Peterson, Jr.
Emerson and Elizabeth Pugh Fund of the Fidelity FundEmerson W. PughTheodore S. Saad*SematechTakashi SugiyamaTokyo Electric Power CompanyTopol Family Fund at the Boston FoundationToshiba CorporationRudolf A. WassmerYokogawa Electric Company
Council of Honor($50,000 to $99,999)William W. and Joyce F. Middleton *
Leader($10,000 to $24,999)Dr. Irwin M. Jacobs
Patron($5,000 to $9,999)IEEE Signal Processing Society
Robert N. Riley *
Associate($2,500 to $4,999)Kiyo TomiyasuDeke Williams
Sponsor($1,000 to $2,499)Leo L. Beranek, S.D.Robert A. DentAnthony DurniakWalter R. KeevilSusumu KobayashiJohn W. & Lorraine MeredithEmerson W. PughSimon RamoHarry E. Schauwecker, PEJohn R. Treichler, Ph.D.Robert M. Walp
Platinum Advocate($750 to $999)John Impagliazzo, Ph.D.
Gold Advocate($500 to $749)Ronald R. BadamoLeopoldo BarriosEleanor BaumJoseph BordognaArnold M. BucksbaumLawrence E. CrooksLyle D. FeiselGeorge W. HailsThomas Kailath, Sc.D.Peter A and Gretchen LewisMatthew S. LoebSamuel H. Maslak, Ph.D.A. Michael Noll, Ph.D.Robert D. SmithTakashi Sugiyama *Mr. Richard P. Waltermeyer, Jr.
Silver Advocate($250 to $499)Anonymous (1)James V. BooneDouglas C. DawsonMichael L. DrewWilliam J. EuskeGE FoundationMr. Clinton R. GillilandIBM CorporationIra M. LichtmanPeter W. Lo
Paul M. LundquistEiichi OhnoWayne H. PerryWilliam F. PickardAnn E. SamuelsonRalph D. SamuelsonLudwell A. SibleyPhillip D. SummersKazuki Takamine
Bronze Advocate($100 to $249)Anonymous (2)Lloyd C. AffleckDr. Charles K. Alexander, Jr.Philip H. AlexanderNicolaos G. AlexopoulosFumio ArakawaWalter O. AugensteinWesley P. AyresRalph H. BaerDavid L. BaileyKeith A. BartelsDavid K. BartonRoger N. BartonPaul E. BassettArthur R. BauerBenton BejachLuc BergerTheodore BernsteinTheodore A. BickartRobert G. BlickMartin C. BlysethMyron J. BoyajianF. M. Brasch
William B. BridgesDavid G. BurksJulian J. BussgangHugh A. CalvinGraham M. Campbell, Ph.D.Thomas A. CampbellTim CarrollMichael A. CarverArthur ClausRussell D. CoanR. R. CoatsworthEarl T. CohenR. G. Colclaser, Jr.Gilmore G. CookeSergio D. CovaAnthony C. CowinCharles T. CurryThomas R. CuthbertCharles F. Davis, Jr.W. Kenneth DawsonWilfred L. De Rocher, Jr.Robert M. DeitersChris L. Demarco, Ph.D.Frank J. DestasiRick DillDouglas E. DillardDominic F. DunlopW. DutfieldDimitri A. DutoffDale L. EmbryRobert R. EverettSamuel L. FaginJames R. FancherPaul M. FergusonMelvin D. Field
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Arthur E. Johnson, Jr.Havis JohnsonWalter A. JohnsonGeorge I. JohnstonEdwin C. Jones, Jr.Carroll F. KaneElmer F. KaprielianHaruo KawaharaHirohisa KawamotoShigeo KazamaSamuel T. KellyPeter KilliusJames L. Kirtley, Jr.Peter E. KiseRobert K. KoslowskyWilliam O. KramerKelly J. KrickLuther W. Kurtz, Jr.Wong Kwok-HoRobert E. LarsonJay T. LastMichael J. LastellaJay W. LathropGregory S. LeachRobert J. LeavySamuel A. LeslieHarry Letaw, Jr.John G. LewisDr. Burn-Jeng LinDr. Joyce Currie LittleJoseph G. Llaurado, M.D., Ph.D.
George C. LoehrFred A. Lotte, Jr.Donald L. LoweMilton J. LowensteinMichael S. LucasAlexander B. MagounKarl-Heinz MahrtJohn F. MalmAugust F. Manz, Sr.John Marczewski
The IEEE History Center gratefully recognizes the generosity and support of the individuals, corporations, and organizations listed here. Your support enables us to fulfill our mission tofurther the preservation, research, and dissemination of information about the history of elec-trical science and technology. All listings acknowledge gifts made to IEEE Foundation fundsdedicated to the support of the IEEE History Center during the calendar year 2013.
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IEEE History Center DONORS AND SUPPORTERSThomas J. Marlowe, Ph.D.Allison C. MarshGordon E. MartinJohn E. MartinGeorge L. MatthaeiGene W. Mc PhersonHenry E. Meadows, Jr.Marlin H. MickleGeorge C. MilliganThomas J. MisaRichard J. MohrStephen T. MurphyAlan G. MurrayDr. Tsuneo NakaharaShoichi NakayamaVenkatesh NarayanamurtiJimmy R. NaylorHans NeukomSaum Tet NgNorman E. NitschkeDonald W. NovotnyAndrew M. OdlyzkoGilbert M. OhlenRyoichi OhnishiKatsuhiko OhsakiToru OkumuraSeymour OkwitAlbertus OosenbrugStefan P. OpalskiJoseph OrrAnton E. PannenborgAntonio Perez Yuste, Ph.D.Robert R. PhillipsRoland PlottelDonald N. PontslerAllan PowersSeth M. PowsnerClarence F. RamstedtPaul M. ReevesGordon P. RibletGunnar RidellJohn H. RinkaCharles RinoCharles W. RosenthalWilliam F. RothHerbert Kenneth Sacks, Ph.D.
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10 *Deceased
Issue 94 March 2014DONORS AND SUPPORTERS
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E. J. FrazerGerald G. FrickJeffrey A. FriedhofferRobert W. FryOsamu FujiwaraTadashi FukaoRobert J. FulmerJames E. FurberRichard J. GablePetros GabrielBipin V. GamiJose GarrigaCarl C. GebhardtFinis E. GentryRhett T. George, Jr.John W. Gesink, Ph.D.Sorab K. GhandhiAdolf J. GigerJohn T. Gill, IIIGrace E. GirasDaniel F. GoesslingA. GoetzbergerBryant R. GoldS. Harold GoldGoleta EngineeringBeverley R. GoochEleanor V. GoodallWilliam H. GorderRichard J. GorzegnoE. GottzeinLeRoy C. GrahamDonald A. GrandisAnders GranhallWillard S. GrantArthur S. GrayMyron GreenbaumAlan E. GreenerLarry J. GreensteinJohn F. GreenwaldPaul E. GregoryThomas N. GrigsbyCornelis A. GrimbergenEdward W. GrimesChris GrossFrancis B. Grosz, Jr.Paul A. Grygier, Ph.D.Godfrey J. GryllsJohn J. GuagliardoJoseph W. GuderjohnChris G. GuentherRalph E. GuionBernard S. GurmanDavid B. GustavsonHammond H. HaasMichael V. HaddadWilliam S. Haddock, Jr.
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Robert H. MeyerMicrosoft CorporationGenaro O. MillanAlvin H. MillerD. Richard MillerDouglas L. MillerJohn W. MillerGus J. MininbergGlenwood J. MitchellDieter A. MlynskiJ. Roger MoodyBernard G. MoraisDavid L. Morton, Jr.Allan S. MoskowitzSteven C. MossCraig A. MottA. V. A. MuellerMarino H. MuellerAllan J. MuiJishnu MukerjiThomas E. MuldowneyJohn P. MulveyKendall H. MurakamiWilliam F. MurphyCharles R. MurrayJames B. MurrayTheodore J. MyersLeonard T. Mygatt, IIIChristian W. MyrstadNorris S. NahmanMichio NaitoTakehiro NakagawaTakuma NakamuraAnthony P. NapikoskiDevarajan NarayanasamyRobert T. NashJuan L. NavarroMarvin A. NeedlerCharles M. NelsonJeremiah NelsonRichard B. NelsonRobert E. NelsonRaymond I. NerenbergRobert L. NevinWon K. NgHieu V. NguyenMr. Richard S. NicholsPaul NielsenMotonao NiizumaN. Joergen A. NilssonMartin NisenoffIsami NorigoeJosef A. NossekTimothy W. OakleyCary B. O'BrienDon R. O'Brien
*Deceased
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DONORS AND SUPPORTERSRichard S. O'BrienWalter ObwegerJohn J. O'DonnellAkira OhteYoichi OkabeNile M. OldhamMichael D. OliverWallace OliverH. George Oltman, Jr.Robert J. O'Malley, Jr.Morio OnoeKarn OpasjumruskiAngelo F. OrazioMichael L. OristaglioMichael R. OsborneJohn M. OsepchukNobunori OuraEdward L. OwenGary L. OwensTerence H. OxleyWilliam J. PalmPaul D. PalmerPaul H. PalmquistThomas A. PanfilJoseph L. PapMichael S. ParcherLouis C. ParrilloJoe D. ParrottPeregrin PascualGerhard F. Paskusz, Ph.D.Annasameb A. PatilDonald A. PattersonJohn D. PattersonWilliam R. PattersonRobert J. PatukonisDavid R. PayneKenneth E. PeacockRobert M. PedigoM. L. Pepper, Jr.Charles E. PerkettEdward G. PerkinsW. R. PerkinsRobert E. PerlissGeorge J. PeroniRobert G. PesslerMichael A. PetersonMary Ellen PetrichCharles A. PfeifferMarcena Phan & FamilyJaime C. PlanaOrville J. PlumRichard G. PogsonCarlos Pomalaza, Ph.D.William R. PondR. H. Potts
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This Donor Roll of Honor recognizes donors who contributed $25 or more to the IEEEHistory Center Funds of the IEEE Foundation during calendar year 2013. The IEEE His-tory Center extends a special thank you to those donors who are not included here.
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Issue 94 March 2014BIBLIOGRAPHY
13
CARLSON, W. BERNARdTesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age Princeton University Press
Nikola Tesla is a name likelyfamiliar to many readers ofthis Newsletter. Tesla is wellknown as the inventor of theAC polyphase motor and theassociated system of powertransmission, as a showman,as a rival to Edison, and as aperson with a devoted publicfollowing in the early twentyfirst century that extends farbeyond those interested inthe history of technology.Much has been written overrecent decades on this fasci-nating inventor; he even ap-peared, portrayed by singerDavid Bowie as an importantcharacter in The Prestige a
2006 movie about competing magicians. Yet, until this magnificentbiography by Bernard Carlson, Professor of Science, Technology andSociety at the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the Uni-versity of Virginia (and past-chair of the IEEE History Committee),there has been no volume that has dealt fully with both Tesla’s suc-cesses and failures while presenting Tesla’s achievements with allthe technical detail and sophistication that engineers will appreci-ate, and placing those achievement in the contexts of their era, thebroader patterns of the history of invention and technology, andTesla’s personality and patterns of invention.
In the introduction, Carlson lays out his plan for the book:Previous biographies of Tesla have tended to be celebra-tory. In this book, I want to strike a balance between cele-brating and criticizing Tesla; as suggested, he had aspectacular ascent (1894-1904) followed by an equally dramatic descent (1895-1905). The task for a Tesla biogra-pher is to piece together his life so that both the ascent anddescent makes sense. (p. 6)
Carlson succeeds in the task he laid out for himself.He begins with two and one half chapters on Tesla’s childhood,
education, and early career in Europe, culminating in his June 1884move from Thomas Edison’s Paris operation to his New York head-quarters, and his separation from Edison after six months. Teslawould make New York his home for the rest of his life.
Tesla then set out on his own, inventing a thermomagneticmotor in 1885-1886, which attracted the attention of two business-oriented backers knowledgeable in electricity, Charles Beck and Al-fred Brown. Tesla next turned to alternating current, and soondevised a polyphase AC motor. With encouragement, advice, andguidance from Peck, Tesla developed this motor into a patentablesystem of motor and an associated transmission system, culminat-ing in a set of seven patents awarded on 1 May 1888. Tesla then setout to promote his invention, in hopes of selling or licensing it to anappropriate manufacturer. Carlson points out that in pursuing thisTesla, Peck, and Brown pursued an alternate business strategy thanthe better-studied late 19th century practice of an inventor going
into business the route followed by inventors such as George East-man and Thomas Edison. The centerpiece of Tesla’s promotional ef-fort was a successful lecture to the American Institute of ElectricalEngineers (a predecessor of IEEE) on 16 May 1888. Peck succeededin selling the patents to George Westinghouse for a combination ofcash and royalties on 7 July. Westinghouse saw AC current as a wayto diversify his company into the new field of electric power. Pecktook ill and died in 1890. Never again would Tesla have a solid part-ner to help shape his ideas into a practical invention and successfullymarket them.
The polyphase AC system, after further development at theWestinghouse Company, achieved striking commercial success in1893, when, with a substantial assist from Tesla, Westinghouse suc-ceeded in selling polyphase AC current for use in the massive hy-droelectric project at Niagara Falls, New York. By 1896, 20 generatorsbased on Tesla’s work were producing AC electric power that wasdelivered for use in Buffalo, 20 miles away. Within a few years, powerfrom Niagara Falls was distributed widely throughout New York State.
In the meantime, Tesla had become interested in high-fre-quency, low amperage AC electrical currents. This led to his inventionof the Tesla Coil, beloved of science demonstrations everywhere, andto an abiding interest in wireless lighting. Tesla addressed the AIEEagain in 1891, but this well received lecture was filled with flashydemonstrations as much as by sober discussion of technical issues.
By 1893-1894 Tesla had become seriously interested in thewireless transmission of power through the earth, an interest thathe would pursue for the next decade, but one which unlike his ear-lier work would ultimately yield neither technical nor commercialsuccess. Carlson carefully traces the path of this work from NewYork to Colorado Springs and finally Wardenclyffe on Long Island.He demonstrates how, in contrast to Tesla’s polyphase AC work,Tesla gradually became so convinced of his theory, his ideal, that inhis research he came to seek confirmation only, rather than look aswell for evidence that might disconfirm what he knew to be true.Tesla stopped being open to alternatives. For this and other rea-sons, he ultimately could not get the financial support needed tocontinue. Financier J. P. Morgan provided $150,000 that Tesla usedto finance his work, and construction of the Wardenclyffe labora-tory, but then refused to provide more; nor could Tesla find other in-vestors. His wireless power work garnered wide interest in thepopular press but skepticism in scientific and technical circles. Inthe early twentieth century, Tesla had become wrapped up in his il-lusion, claiming in a letter to Morgan that wireless power, of whichhe was the inventor, was the most important invention of all time.But wireless power was not to be. Ultimately, there was a discon-nect between what Tesla believed would happen and the way theEarth worked. Tesla suffered a nervous breakdown in 1905. Thoughhe recovered, and lived another 38 years, he would never again pur-sue such grand projects as AC electricity and wireless power. In1917, in recognition of his achievements, the AIEE awarded him itshighest honor, the Edison Medal.
This short summary can only begin to touch on the richness ofthis biography; to get the full measure of Carlson’s portrayal of Tesla,go and read the book. You’ll find it well worth the time.
by Sheldon Hochheiser
Available the Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ.http://press.princeton.edu/ Hardback $29.95. ISBN:9780691057767, 520 pp., index, illus.
IEEE History Center BIBLIOGRAPHY
14
NEW YORK POWERby Joseph J. Cunningham
published by theIEEE History Center
New York City’s density placed uniqueconstraints on its electric light andpower supply. Electrification began dur-ing the 1880s, but many innovationswere required to supply urban serviceat a cost that would make possiblelarge-scale consumption.
New York Power tells the story ofthe electrification of the one of thedensest electrical load areas in theworld, it was also where alternatingcurrent challenged and then ultimatelyvanquished the original direct-currentsystem.
Author Joseph J. Cunningham hasconsulted a variety of historical sourcesto bring us the story of the massiveand sustained effort to develop NewYork City’s electric utility system. Hehas researched and authored numer-ous articles and books on topics suchas industrial electrification and electricrail transportation, and has taughtwidely on the history of electric powersystems and consulted on numerouselectro-technology projects and televi-sion productions. Lionel Trains hasconsulted him on the historical detailsof its model trains.
Available from http://www.amazon.com/New-York-Power-Joseph-Cunningham/dp/1484826515/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383598253&sr=1
-1&keywords=cunningham+new+york+powerin hard copy and on Kindle.
Issue 94 March 2014
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