issue 28 police · pdf fileissue 28 october/november 2016 policeproductinsight.com ......

Issue 28 OctOber/NOvember 2016 pOliceprOductiNsight.cOm

ISSN 2050-4713

POLICEP R O D U C T I N S I G H TInternational technology and services for police and national security





the trouble with in-car accident alert systems

close call

is the emergency services Network project too high risk?

radIosIlence

BLACK EAGLE® TACTICAL

www.haix.co.uk

Quality shoes for police, rescue services, firefighters, hunting, forest, military, work- wear and leisure time

> Waterproof and breathable with GORE-TEX®

> Improved damping with HAIX® Absorption

> Slip resistant Rubber/PU sole

> HAIX® Climate System

Sporty boot based on advanced running technology






ISSUE 26 JUNE/JULY 2016 POLICEPRODUCTINSIGHT.COM

ISSN 2050-5329






The UK has been building its cyber resilience, but has it done enough?

BIT BY BIT

How to improve identity matching rates for facial composite images

MAKING FACES

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

Use of in-car video, automatic location and ANPR in the US

ISSUE 9 AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2013






POLICEPRODUCTINSIGHT.COM

How through-the-wall radar is changing hostage incidents

TACTICAL ADVANTAGE

ISSN 2050 -4713

Downloading crash evidence from vehicle EDRs

DATA IMPACT

READ THE

SMALL PRINTThe pitfalls of public safety ICT contracts

ISSUE 5 DECEMBER 2012/JANUARY 2013 POLICEPRODUCTINSIGHT.COM






ISSN 2050-5329

LEGACY ICT

ISRAEL FOCUS

Attempts to modernise police data sharing in the UK

Cybersecurity, covert surveillance, infrastructure protection

ISSUE 11 DECEMBER 2013/JANUARY 2014







Extreme flame resistance testing methods for PPE

UNDER FIRE






ISSN 2050-4713

ISSUE 13 APRIL/MAY 2014 POLICEPRODUCTINSIGHT.COM

As debate around the tension between surveillance and

privacy grows, law enforcement makes its case clear

WATCHERS' WISH LIST

ISSN 2050-4713







ISSN 2050-5329






A locked iPhone put Apple on a collision course with the FBI

LOCK AND KEY

How biometric systems are leveraging police sketches

LINES OF INQUIRY

ISSUE 22 OCTOBER.NOVEMBER 2015 POLICEPRODUCTINSIGHT.COM

ISSN 2050-4713






Make the most of your ANPR deployments

FULL STOP

Facial recognition systems are fast

approaching technological

maturity

FACE THE FACTS


ISSN 2050-4713






THE BIG BANGThe NYPD's gunshot

detection system

How robotics, cybercrime and nanotechnology will change policing

THE FUTURE OF CRIMEFIGHTING


ISSN 2050-4713






BODY ARMOUR CYBER CRIME FORENSICS FOCUSHow to choose the right kit for the job

Better education is vital to security

Reducing costs by sharing services

UK officers patrol with UAVs and take over control of enforcement

THREATS ANDOPPORTUNITIES

DRONES


ISSN 2050-5329






Biometric powers formugshot databases

ABOUT FACE

How forensic anthropology is helping investigations

ANATOMYOF A CRIME

Subscribe today for the free

international technology and

services magazine for the police

and national security industries.

As well as the latest issue, you will

be able to download our entire

archive of issues, containing a

wealth of policing product news,

knowledge and expertise.

Get your free subscription now

Simply visit:www.policeproductinsight.com

O C T O B E R / N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 6 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m 3

Editor Gary Mason Advertising Sales Manager Scott Docherty +44 (0)203 119 3355 [email protected] Web Designer and Manager Stuart TraynorArt Editor David Devonport 07902 812377

Subscribe at: policeproductinsight.comPaid print & digital subscription Free digital-only subscription

Published by RS Media, publishers of PoliceOracle.com. 77 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PZ, UK – Copyright 2014 Red Snapper Media. Articles published may not be reproduced in any form without express permission of RS Media. (Print) ISSN 2050-4713 (Online) ISSN 2050 -5329

a publication

Editorial submissions and queries: [email protected]






policeproductinsight.com

N E W S 6 - 8Voyeur convicted with digital forensics

National uniform supply contract

Ontario force wins data analytics accolade

Tetrapol network covered Olympic Games

Anti-ransomware tool goes online

Mission critical radio put to the test

‘Textalyser’ aims to catch motorists

Advanced footprint measuring method

Chicago eyes body-worn video roll-out

a N a ly S i S 1 4 - 1 5r i S i N g c a r t h E f t S The UK Home Office is calling for a ‘third wave’ of security upgrades to tackle rising car theft in London and elsewhere.

S c i E N c E S u p p o rt Collaboration on forensic science support is boosting the efficiency of the police forces in Yorkshire and the Humber

p r o d u c t S 1 4 - 1 5

f E at u r E S 1 6 - 2 6

f i N g E r o N t h E p u l S E 1 6Kevin Kearley reviews the next generation of latent fingerprint technology, which has speeded up the forensic process and significantly reduced its carbon footprint

i d E N t i t y c r i S i S 2 0As face-to-face encounters are replaced by virtual ones and online shopping with a smartphone becomes our preferred way to buy things, the task of verifying someone’s identity is more critical than ever to our financial security, writes David Poole

c l o S E c a l l 2 4Vehicle telematics systems that contact the emergency services in the event of an accident could save countless lives, but Gary Mason finds that an EU initiative to broaden their use could leave emergency control rooms struggling to cope

22

24

2016

CO

VER

AN

D IN

SID

E: I

STO

CKP

HO

TO

o N t h E c o v E rr a d i o S i l E N c E 1 6With the UK Emergency Services Network in danger of falling short, Gary Mason looks at the problems facing the world’s most advanced first responder network

enforcetac.com

International Exhibition & Conference

Law Enforcement, Security and Tactical Solutions

3 – 6.3.2017 Nuremberg, Germany

www.iwa.info

Information: Overseas Trade Show Agencies Ltd. | T + 44 (0) 20.7886 3102 | [email protected]: Persons under the age of 18 and private citizens are not admitted. Proof of eligibility required.







ISSN 2050-5329






The UK has been building its cyber resilience, but has it done enough?

BIT BY BIT

How to improve identity matching rates for facial composite images

MAKING FACES

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

Use of in-car video, automatic location and ANPR in the US

ISSUE 9 AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2013







How through-the-wall radar is changing hostage incidents

TACTICAL ADVANTAGE

ISSN 2050 -4713

Downloading crash evidence from vehicle EDRs

DATA IMPACT

READ THE

SMALL PRINTThe pitfalls of public safety ICT contracts







ISSN 2050-5329

LEGACY ICT

ISRAEL FOCUS

Attempts to modernise police data sharing in the UK

Cybersecurity, covert surveillance, infrastructure protection

ISSUE 11 DECEMBER 2013/JANUARY 2014







Extreme flame resistance testing methods for PPE

UNDER FIRE






ISSN 2050-4713


As debate around the tension between surveillance and

privacy grows, law enforcement makes its case clear

WATCHERS' WISH LIST

ISSN 2050-4713







ISSN 2050-5329






A locked iPhone put Apple on a collision course with the FBI

LOCK AND KEY

How biometric systems are leveraging police sketches

LINES OF INQUIRY

ISSUE 22 OCTOBER.NOVEMBER 2015 POLICEPRODUCTINSIGHT.COM

ISSN 2050-4713






Make the most of your ANPR deployments

FULL STOP

Facial recognition systems are fast

approaching technological

maturity

FACE THE FACTS


ISSN 2050-4713






THE BIG BANGThe NYPD's gunshot

detection system

How robotics, cybercrime and nanotechnology will change policing

THE FUTURE OF CRIMEFIGHTING


ISSN 2050-4713






BODY ARMOUR CYBER CRIME FORENSICS FOCUSHow to choose the right kit for the job

Better education is vital to security

Reducing costs by sharing services

UK officers patrol with UAVs and take over control of enforcement

THREATS ANDOPPORTUNITIES

DRONES


ISSN 2050-5329






Biometric powers formugshot databases

ABOUT FACE

How forensic anthropology is helping investigations

ANATOMYOF A CRIME

Subscribe today for the free

international technology and

services magazine for the police

and national security industries.

As well as the latest issue, you will

be able to download our entire

archive of issues, containing a

wealth of policing product news,

knowledge and expertise.

Get your free subscription now

Simply visit:www.policeproductinsight.com

O C T O B E R / N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 6 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m 5

c o m m e n t

eCall benefits are worth working forthe investigation potential of in-vehicle telematics technol-

ogy has long been recognised by the police. In fact, within the UK, the police service has been engaged in a major

project looking at how telematics in police vehicles will allow managers to increase the cost effectiveness and performance of their large and expensive fleets. It will also allow forces to address the important issue of bad driving by their own staff.

The EU’s mandate that all vehicles are fitted with telematics systems that automatically alert the emergency services when a vehicle has been involved in a serious collision is fast approach-ing (see features page 24). Are the UK’s blue-light services ready to take advantage of the benefits of such a system?

The answer is a bit of a curate’s egg – good in parts. Several ve-hicle manufacturers who have large markets in the UK and Europe are already building these systems into their vehicles as standard. Some are also providing a third-party call management service to filter alerts to the relevant 999/112 service. And BT, which already

answers all the 999 calls made in the UK, is already handling a small number of telematics calls from such vehicles.

Yet there are some emerging problems. A high percentage of telematics alerts turn out to be false alarms. This is because they can be accidentally activated manually by a driver by pushing a red button on the dashboard.

Three police control rooms cannot currently receive telematics data from a crashed vehicle, because their systems need to be upgraded. Meanwhile, BT is the middle of a major 999 call centre upgrade itself, so the EU’s added telematics deadline is an unwel-come complication. There are also some funding issues too.

Nonetheless, this is an important tool. If a motorist on a remote road crashes and rolls into a ditch out of sight of other motorists and is too seriously injured to make a 999 call, the onboard eCall system will automatically alert the emergency services to the incident and provide a GPS location. So, it could save lives. Gary Mason

Editor’S iNSight

Send letters to:[email protected]

LE adv_EMEA.indd 1 09/06/16 16:40

6 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m

N e w s

O C T O B E R / N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 6

Now, for the first time, NUMS pro-vides a single national platform, enabling cost reductions and product improvements through collaboration, scale efficiencies and supplier consolidation.

While the Met is the first adopter, NUMS was developed as a national solution, and great-er savings are projected as more forces and other public sector organisations come on stream.

To provide an uninterrupted supply of equipment, there is a dedicated and secure e-com-

DHL Supply Chain has been awarded a seven year contract to deliver a national uniform managed service (NUMS) to the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) as part of a wider initiative to supply other forces in the UK.

Under the new contract, DHL will design and deliver police uniforms and equipment, creat-ing product improvements and significant cost savings for the Met and providing similar op-portunities to other forces and public sector bodies nationwide.

The requirement was for an end-to-end service provider to design, procure and fulfil police uniform and equipment orders right through to the end user. His-torically, UK police forces have sourced products individually.

The Brazilian Federal Police were equipped with a radio communi-cation system based on Tetrapol technology during the Olympic Games 2016 in Rio de Janeiro.

Airbus Defence and Space supplied the Tetrapol system, which was integrated with the existing radio networks of other forces, allowing the Command and Control Unit of the Rio de Janeiro Public Safety Secretary to manage all communications between the various agencies.

The existing network in Rio de Janeiro had complete coverage in all crucial locations, including the main venues, such as Ma-racanã and the Olympic village. Radio communication for public

merce site, which allows officers to place orders as simply as they would through any other online shopping site. DHL says it will act as a neutral vendor, partnering with the best and most cost-effi-cient suppliers to deliver contin-uous improvement.

Paul Butcher, of the MPS, said: “The benefits on a national scale will come through the adoption of additional forces or organisa-tions, as well as the standardisa-tion of the new process.

DHL says it will engage with the market in a fair and transpar-ent manner and ensure that any copyright or intellectual proper-ty is vested with customers.

DHL has set up a team of spe-cialists to lead the NUMS De-sign Council, which will improve product quality and functional-ity. It has already identified areas for improvement.

Paul Richardson, managing director of specialist services at DHL Supply Chain, said: “This solution proves that best prac-tice private sector experience can be applied to the public sec-tor to deliver real value.”

All forces will be able to use the NUMS to buy uniforms

National uniform supply contract

Tetrapol network covered Rio Olympic Games

u N i t E d K i N g d o M

B r a Z i l

Procurement deal promises to deliver savings in design and delivery of police uniforms to England and Wales

Vulnerable callers protected by new handling system


North Wales Police is using a contact management system to help identify vulnerable callers.

Addressing caller vulnerabil-ities is a key requirement for North Wales Police and other forces throughout the UK. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Con-stabulary (HMIC) has previously drawn attention to the need to effectively protect vulnerable people and support victims.

The new module builds upon North Wales Police’s existing I/CAD system from Hexagon, an incident management software suite. The new Hexagon system improves the collection of infor-mation from the caller through a configurable workflow that supports the principle of “collect once, use many times”.

It uses a specialised rule en-gine that helps avoid double entry of information. It also auto-mates the search of data already held by the force, reducing the time spent by the communica-tions operator on basic checking of intelligence.

protection agencies was also available within the venues and basement of Maracanã.

This network also covered stadiums in the cities of Brasília, São Paulo, Salvador, Belo Hori-zonte and Manaus, where foot-ball matches would take place as part of the Olympics. Federal Police officers based there are interconnected with the central Federal Police co-ordination unit of the games in Rio de Janeiro.

The radio system in Rio consists of 11 Tetrapol base stations with eight channels supporting more than 2,000 TPH700 terminals being used simultaneously in more than 40 conversation groups.The Tetrapol service was available in the venues and airport

w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m 7

N e w s


An innovative digital forensics technique has been used by Surrey Police in securing the successful conviction of a man for voyeurism.

The technique, which has previously only been used by two other forces in securing convictions for two child sex offence cases, is a scientific method of proving that specif-ic digital images recovered in the course of an investigation come from a specific camera.

The method can also be used to prove that images were taken by the same camera in cases where the camera is not recovered, and can also be ap-plied to video footage.

In October 2014, a female member of staff at a school in Surrey located a hidden re-cording device in a unisex staff toilet. The device was cleverly concealed within a plastic pipe and attached alongside other plumbing to disguise it.

No physical evidence was recovered from the device or location where it was found. After digitally examining the

device, it was found to contain both images and videos of staff using the toilet. It had recorded at multiple locations within the school, including another toilet. However, it appeared that noth-ing further could be done with the footage evidentially.

All of the victims captured by the device were identified and spoken to. All lines of enquiry were exhausted and the inves-tigation stalled, with no suspect identified. In February 2015, De-tective Constable Ben Andreas asked staff to come forward with their suspicions about who might be responsible. Several people named the same person and a man who worked at the school was subsequently arrest-ed. His house was searched and electronic devices and media were seized, including a mobile phone and memory card.

Investigators recovered a se-ries of “deleted” files on the memory card that appeared to be a series of stills from a vid-eo depicting a woman getting changed in a bedroom. They looked similar to the images re-

covered from the hidden device, but there was no evidence to support this theory.

DC Andreas contacted Pro-fessor Jessica Fridrich at Bing-hamton University in New York, an expert in the electrical noise produced by a camera’s digital sensor when creating an image. She extracted a “digital finger-print” unique to the camera sensor used to create the de-leted images and compared it with the video footage from the school toilets. They were found to have been produced by the same camera, with a chance of error less than 1:10,000,000.

The data was later ratified by further analysis carried out by Professor Chang-Tsun Li at War-wick University.

The suspect was charged with voyeurism and maintained a not guilty plea throughout multiple pre-trial hearings. However, af-ter being confronted with the findings from the digital foren-sics tests, he changed his plea to guilty and was sentenced to 10 months’ imprisonment at Guild-ford Crown Court last month.

Voyeur convicted thanks to cutting edge digital forensics

The Halton Regional Police Ser-vice (HRPS) in Ontario has won a Computerworld Data+ Editors’ Choice award for its use of data analytics to manage growing de-mand on public safety services,.

HRPS created a new analytics unit to exploit data and make policing more efficient. Working with Hexagon, the police depart-ment deployed the Intergraph Business Intelligence for Public Safety system and built a data warehouse to consolidate data from various sources.

Ontario police force wins data analytics accoladec a N a d a


Investigators were able to link images to a specific camera

All police data is now pro-cessed through the system. Each action performed by of-ficers is time-stamped and classified based on the nature of the activity. The data is an-alysed to allow supervisors to better determine how to allo-cate teams and their resources.

“[The system] provides the raw materials our analysts turn into actionable insights that support the service,” said Jo-seph Glover, police analytics co-ordinator at HRPS.

Facial recognition system in custody suite wins award

a u S t r a l i a

The Northern Territory Police (NTP) and NEC Australia have won an iAward for their Watch House facial recognition project.

Watch House takes under 10 seconds to identify people brought into custody, which can take hours using traditional sus-pect identification methods.

Facial recognition for the sys-tem is enabled by NEC’s Neo-Face technology, which can match images from CCTV foot-age, body cameras or phones against police databases.

The system can also help identify people with medical is-sues or who might pose a risk to themselves, the public or police.

NTP estimates the technology has saved 108,000 minutes of administration work, as well as 1,800 hours of printing time, giv-ing officers more time to spend away from the police station.

Watch House identifies people brought in to custody

All police department data goes into the intelligence system

O C T O B E R / N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 68 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m

N e w s

Anti-ransomware tool goes onlineE u r o p E

An alliance of public and private organisations offers a ray of hope to victims of ransomware

the latest developed in June 2016 is for the Shade variant.

Shade is a ransomware-type trojan that emerged in late 2014. The malware is spread via malicious websites and in-fected email attachments. After getting into the user’s system, Shade encrypts files stored on the machine and creates a .txt file containing the ransom note and instructions from cy-bercriminals on what to do to get user’s personal files back. Shade uses a strong decryption algorithm for each encrypted file, with two random 256-bit AES keys generated: one is used to encrypt the file’s contents, while the other is used to en-crypt the file name.

Since 2014, Kaspersky Lab and Intel Security say they prevented more than 27,000 attempts to attack users with the Shade trojan. Most of the infections occurred in Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Austria and Kazakhstan. Shade activity was also registered in France, the Czech Republic, Italy and US.

The Shade command and control server used by crimi-nals to store keys for decryption was seized, and the keys were shared with Kaspersky Lab and Intel Security. That helped to create a special tool that victims can download from the No More Ransom portal to potentially re-trieve their data without paying the criminals. The tool contains more than 160,000 keys.

The project has been envi-sioned as a non-commercial ini-tiative aimed at bringing public and private institutions under the same umbrella. Due to the changing nature of ransomware, with cybercriminals developing new variants on a regular basis, the portal is open to new part-ners’ co-operation.

Jornt van der Wiel, a secu-rity researcher on the global research and analysis team at Kaspersky Lab, said: “The biggest problem with crypto-ransom-ware today is that when users have precious data locked down, they readily pay criminals to get it back. That boosts the under-

A technology tool containing more than 160,000 digital keys has been set up by the Dutch National Police, Europol, Intel Security and Kaspersky Lab to help victims of cy-ber crime. No More Ransom (nomoreransom.org) is a new online portal aimed at helping victims to recover their data without having to pay ransom to cybercriminals after their systems have been attacked.

Ransomware is a type of malware that locks the vic-tims’ computer or encrypts their data, demanding they pay a ransom in order to re-gain control over the affected device or files.

Europol estimates that al-most two-thirds of EU member states are conducting investi-gations into this form of mal-ware attack. While the target is often individual users’ devices, corporate and government networks are affected as well.

The number of victims is growing at an alarming rate, according to Kaspersky Lab. It says the number of users at-tacked by crypto-ransomware rose by 448 per cent in only the past year, from 131,000 in 2014-2015 to 718,000 in 2015-2016.

Users of the portal can find information on what ransom-ware is, how it works and how to protect themselves. The project provides users with tools that may help them re-cover their data once it has been locked by criminals.

In its initial stage, the portal contains four decryption tools for different types of malware,

ground economy, and we are facing an increase in the num-ber of new players and attacks as a result. We can only change the situation if we co-ordinate our efforts to fight against ran-somware. The appearance of decryption tools is just the first step on this road. We expect this project to be extended, and soon there will be many more companies and law en-forcement agencies from other countries and regions fighting ransomware together”.

Wilbert Paulissen, director of the national criminal investiga-tion division of the National Police of the Netherlands, said: “The Dutch police cannot fight against cybercrime, and ran-somware in particular, alone. This is a joint responsibility of the police, the justice depart-ment, Europol, and ICT compa-nies, and requires a joint effort. This is why I am very happy about the police’s collabora-tion with Intel Security and Kaspersky Lab. Together, we will do everything in our pow-er to disturb criminals’ money making schemes and return files to their rightful owners without the latter having to pay loads of money.”

Wil van Gemert, deputy di-rector operations at Europol, said: “Ransomware has be-come a dominant concern for EU law enforcement. It is a problem affecting citizens and business alike, computers and mobile devices, with criminals developing more sophisticated techniques to cause the high-est impact on the victim’s data. Initiatives like the No More Ran-som project shows that linking expertise and joining forces is the way to go in the successful fight against cybercrime.

“We expect to help many people to recover control over their files, while raising aware-ness and educating the popu-lation on how to maintain their devices clean from malware.”

The No More Ransomware website provides keys that could unlock files that have been encrypted by Shade ransomware

INCORPORATING

The UK’s Flagship Event for a Global End-User Security Audience

www.uksecurityexpo.com/PO

• 8000+ visitors from the public and private sector

• 250+ exhibitors showcasing the latest security solutions

• Live response demonstrations and technology workshops

• 6 CPD certified free to attend conferences

TRANSPORTSECURITY CONFERENCE

CNI CONFERENCE

DESIGNING OUT TERRORISM CONFERENCE

PROTECTING CROWDED PLACES CONFERENCE

GLOBAL COUNTER TERRORISM CONFERENCE

MAJOR EVENTS CONFERENCE

FREE TO ATTEND REGISTER NOW

DESIGN | SECURE | RESPOND

TRANSPORT GOVERNMENTENERGY MAJOR EVENTS

COMMUNICATIONS UTILITIESFINANCE PRIVATE SECTOR

1 0 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m

N e w s


Dr Sarah Reel developed the technique during her PhD

Digital forensics extraction company Cellebrite, is devel-oping a device, dubbed the “textalyser”, which will enable police officers to detect mo-bile phone usage by the driver at the roadside, while main-taining the privacy of data stored on the device.

Development is being driven by legislative moves in New York seeking to allow police to use such a device against mo-torists who are stopped after

being suspected of using their phones while driving.

An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could also ask for the phones of any drivers involved and use the device to tap into

the operating system to check for recent activity.

The technology could de-termine whether a driver had used the phone to text, email or do anything else forbidden by

‘Textalyser’ aims to catch motorists who have been texting and driving

An academic at Huddersfield University has developed an advanced system for measuring footprints at crime scenes. It has been dubbed the Reel meth-od and is beginning to be em-ployed by forensic podiatrists.

Dr Sarah Reel developed the technique during her PhD stud-ies. “Footprints are measured for all sorts of purposes, but in forensic science it is important that you get the measurements right and that everybody is mea-suring footprints to the same standard,” said Dr Reel.

She realised that forensic podiatrists were using a wide range of different measurement techniques. Dr Reel reviewed the various methods, identified the best elements and devel-oped ways of using modern technology to replicate them.

Advanced footprint measuring method developedu N i t E d K i N g d o M

u N i t E d S t a t E S

Device to be used at the roadside will prove that a phone has been used illegally while driving

laws prohibiting drivers from holding phones to their ear. Failure to hand over a phone could lead to the suspension of a driver’s licence, similar to the consequences for refusing a breathalyser test.

Democratic assembly mem-ber Félix W Ortiz, who spon-sored the bipartisan Textalyzer bill, said it would not give the police access to emails or texts, but it would give them a way to catch people using their mo-bile devices while driving.

“We need something on the books where people’s behav-ior can change,” said Ortiz, who backed the 2001 ban on driving and using hand-held devices. If the bill becomes law “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cellphone.”

As part of her research she used an inkless paper system to collect static and dynamic foot-prints from more than 60 volun-teers. The footprints were digi-tised and their widths, lengths and angles were measured us-ing freely available software.

The result is a valid and reli-able approach to footprint mea-surement, said Dr Reel, who has therefore made a key contribu-tion to a forensic discipline that has fascinated her since 1986, when she was a newly qualified podiatrist working for the NHS.

She was contacted by police who asked for help in identi-fying a body found in a canal, where it had been submerged for a long time, but an appliance attached to one of the cadaver’s feet was a possible means of identification.

“Shortly after that, I was bur-gled and the perpetrator left a clear shoeprint on the back door where they had gained entry,” said Dr Reel. “Not only could you make out the size and make of

the trainer, but I could also see that there was a distinct area of wear on the outsole print, which would have coincided with a particular joint of the foot. This made me wonder if my burglar had a certain pathology or prob-lem of the foot that could relate to the shoeprint.”

She decided to gain some forensic expertise and was mentored by the University of Huddersfield’s Professor Wesley Vernon, who leads the Masters course, shadowing him on many high-profile cases including a triple murder in Australia. Hav-ing acquired her PhD she is now being consulted in her own right as a forensic podiatrist, usually being supplied with digital im-ages of footmarks from crime scenes and carrying out detailed analysis for the investigators.

It is illegal to hold a phone to your ear while driving in New York

w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m 1 1

N e w s


The body-worn cameras will come bundled with Tasers

which were provided by Air-bus Defence and Space. Some 10,000 military troops from the Sentinelle operation for enhanc-ing security in France were at times also involved in providing public protection.

Tactical cells were set up to ensure communications for the special forces. Several fixed Tet-rapol repeaters were also placed

The Tetrapol radio networks Ru-bis and INPT have been used to co-ordinate operations between the police, gendarmerie, res-cue services and special forc-es during this summer’s Euro 2016 football tournament, at a time when the country was on a heightened state of alert due to terrorist attacks.

During the event, 42,000 po-lice officers, 30,000 gendarmes and 5,000 rescue service per-sonnel all worked towards se-curing the stadiums and host cities. They co-ordinated their actions via the mission-critical radio networks Rubis and INPT,

at strategically important sites, such as police headquarters and stadia. These cells were inter-connected over a virtual private network, so law enforcement agencies could exchange in-formation in the usual manner, inside and outside the grounds. This meant they could also stay in permanent contact with the crisis management team in Paris.

“With any new technology you roll out – and that’s not just with CPD – you have to train people properly and give them a chance to get acclimated to using the new equipment,” he said.

The CPD started piloting BWV cameras in the Northwest Side

Shakespeare District in 2015. About 2,000 cameras are now in use in seven of the city’s 22 police districts. Johnson said the department will use CPD’s operating budget, and grant funding totaling to buy about 5,000 additional cameras.

Mission critical radio networks put to the testf r a N c E

u N i t E d S t a t E S

Chicago eyes body-worn video roll-out

Euro 2016 event during terrorism alert required special measures to co-ordinate law enforcement and security agencies

The Chicago Police Department (CPD) plans on spending about $8m on body-worn cameras for all frontline officers following a partial roll-out in 2015.

CPD Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson said all officers on patrol will have the cameras by the end of 2018.

The Department of Justice has pushed the use BWV across the US following public con-cerns about police use of force during a number of incidents in which black people have been shot dead by officers.

Supt Jones said federal of-ficials may eventually require Chicago police to use camer-as so that a visual record of each incident is available for post-shooting investigators.

Apps deployed to support remote officer working


Sussex Police is using mobile technology to support remote working. The services, which include the Pronto application suite from Airwave, will enable remote working and access to the Sussex Police Records Man-agement System (Niche) as well as national policing systems and other police services.

Loaded on to smart devices, the Pronto suite of applications synchronises any information captured on the frontline with back office systems.

Sussex Police is one of 16 po-lice forces in Great Britain that has equipped frontline police officers with this technology.

Thierry Becker, a vice-president for secure land communications at Airbus Defence and Space, said: “Our technology stood up to the test throughout the en-tire tournament and the security forces were able to communicate easily against the complex back-drop of this event.” The infra-structure will play a decisive role in future events, he said.

Agencies co-ordinated their actions via the mission-critical radio networks Rubis and INPT

O C T O B E R / N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 61 2 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m

n e w s a n a l y s i s

Organised vehicle thieves have adapted to modern security technology, developing more sophisticated techniques to combat keyless entry systems and immobilisers.

A recent Home Office report reveals that the Metropolitan

Police, for example, has seen the first rise in vehicle thefts in 20 years. The Home Office is now calling for a “third wave” of vehicle security technology to help combat the problem.

The report suggests that, after years of successive re-

ductions in car crime – due in large part to the development of in-vehicle anti-theft technol-ogy – this rising trend may be having a significant impact on vehicle crime figures.

The report reveals that tech-nology to overcome immobil-isers is now readily available on the internet and is likely to pass from more seasoned of-fenders to casual, opportunis-tic thieves, meaning that thefts are likely to increase beyond existing levels.

Despite this worrying devel-opment, the report, Reducing criminal opportunity: vehicle security and vehicle crime says that electronic immobilisers have remained a strong de-terrent for more than two de-cades. It concludes that the speed with which a new secu-rity measure spreads is almost as important as the effective-ness of the device itself. High-ly effective security may have little effect on overall crime if it protects only a minority.

For the report, the research-ers studied vehicle crime in England and Wales, Scotland, the US, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands and Sweden and the spread of electronic im-mobilisers. While the devices first appeared between 1989 and 1992 in all seven coun-tries, estimates suggest it took between eight and 14 years for half the vehicle fleet to be-come protected. During that period, theft trends varied. While vehicle crime fell in En-gland and Wales, it continued to rise until 2001 in Australia, where the initial effects of improved security were most likely overwhelmed by other upward crime pressures until the pool of unprotected vehi-cles became sufficiently small.

The spread of electronic immobilisers happened more quickly in Europe and Australia than in the US or Canada, due partly to the presence and tim-ing of legislation mandating the installation of electronic

Home Office calls for security upgrades to tackle car theft rise


Criminals are becoming better at circumnavigating current vehicle security measures

A tracking device won’t stop a car from being stolen, but they have proven to be high-ly effective in recovering sto-len vehicles.

These systems work like an electronic homing device. A covert transmitter is hidden in one of several dozen places around the vehicle. There is no visible aerial, so the thief won’t even know it’s there. Some systems can locate a vehicle anywhere, even if it has been hidden inside a ga-rage or shipping container.

Andy Barrs, a spokesman for Tracker Network, which supplies very-high frequency

trackers capable of working even past signal jamming de-vices, said: “Tracking devices are only currently installed on a minority of vehicles. There is a common misconception that they are the preserve of prestige car owners, but there are a range of competitive tracking products that suit a broad range of vehicles, from mopeds to classic cars.

“All car owners, particularly those in London, where vehi-cle crime is now rising, need to invest in tracking technology as a means of thwarting to-day’s car thieves and protect-ing their assets.”

B r o a d E N i N g t r a c K E r u S E

O C T O B E R / N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 6 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m 1 3

immobilisers in new vehicles. According to the report, this creates a “natural experiment” for determining the effective-ness of the devices and the timing of their impact. Once electronic immobilisers were installed on around half the vehicle fleet, all these coun-tries saw a decline in vehicle thefts of around 40 per cent.

Analyses of theft rates by age of vehicle show that only vehicles manufactured from 1992 onwards had markedly lower theft rates, even though car alarms and central locking began appearing in new mod-els in the mid-1980s.

The fact that thefts increased so sharply in the early 1990s, as central locking, mechanical immobilisers and car alarms were spreading through the vehicle fleet, also suggests they were not the catalyst for the initial drop in crime.

Even taking into account all the improving combinations of security devices, there was still a large pool of unprotect-ed vehicles during the 1990s and both Car Theft Index data and findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) show that during the initial period of the vehicle theft decline, rates fell sharply in vehicles without security as well as in protected vehicles.

Overall then, the analysis suggests that vehicle securi-ty – and electronic immobil-isers in particular – made an important contribution to an already falling trend, rather than causing the initial crime turn-around.

The latest figures for the year to June 2015 showed a three per cent increase in po-lice-recorded thefts of vehi-cles in England and Wales, the first rise in two decades.

According to the report, ev-idence shows that tools are available (and easy to buy via the internet) which allow thieves to bypass current car security. Recent research stud-ies have examined this phe-nomenon and concluded that “electronic immobilisers are now prone to getting hacked”.

The report says most vehi-cle theft offenders operating today are more organised criminals capable of bypass-ing current security levels. Tracking devices may be high-ly effective, but they are only installed on a minority of vehi-cles currently.

Anecdotal evidence from officers working on vehicle crime in the Metropolitan Po-lice suggests that some of-fenders routinely park a vehi-cle in a safe location for a few days immediately after steal-ing it to check it is not being tracked. This would suggest that boosting the number of vehicles with tracking devic-es might reduce the rump of more organised vehicle theft that remains, the report con-cludes. However, trackers may also have limitations. Jamming devices, which prevent some stolen vehicles being tracked, are also available online.

The researchers say that de-spite these setbacks current theft rates suggest this tech-nology is not being used by a large number of offenders. The report presents four possible reasons for this:

l There are simply fewer would-be offenders now – so even though the technology exists, it is not being used. l The price, and the need to buy the technology in advance may raise the bar sufficient-ly to deter many opportun-ist car thieves. “If high crime levels of the past have been predominantly about less-or-ganised offenders exploiting straightforward opportunities that required little preparation

Yorkshire and the Humber Sci-entific Support Service (YHSSS)is using a command and control system to support the first col-laborative crime scene investi-gation (CSI) operation in the UK. West Yorkshire Police is leading this collaboration on behalf of the four police forces within Yorkshire and Humberside.

Resources from West York-shire, South Yorkshire, North Yorkshire and Humberside will be managed from one central command centre in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.

The software will receive, manage and report on incidents, and will ensure that the appro-priate resource is deployed to a crime scene. This 24-hour service is the first time the Storm system has been used to support collaborative CSI

operations in the UK. Storm will improve efficiency across the region, reducing travel times for units and helping to improve the quality of investigation opera-tions the forces say.

John Gilbody, head of opera-tions for YHSSS, said: “By man-aging and controlling all of our teams from one central location it will ensure that we are placing our people in the right place at the right time. This will allow us to maximise our use of resourc-es and improve the quality of our CSI services. Sopra Steria’s Storm system is integral to this.”

The forces estimate that mov-ing from independent units to a regional asset will save them £11m. It also offers some out-sourcing opportunities, poten-tially becoming a national lead-er in evidence gathering.

Collaboration on science support boosts efficiency

Resources will be managed from a command centre in Wakefield

“New theft methods may have only a small impact on crime levels”

u N t i E d K i N g d o M

or planning, then it is possible that the new methods of theft may have only a small impact on crime levels,” it says.l Other security, such as CCTV or number-plate recognition technology, continue to make vehicle theft unattractive to more opportunistic offenders. l Word simply has not spread yet. The report says that this is the most worrying option, because “once the knowledge of electronic compromise

spreads from more seasoned offenders to more casual ones, thefts will start to rise.”

The report adds: “Presently it is hard to know which of these explanations applies. Either way, but particularly in the case of the fourth, there is a case for manufacturers and others to be thinking carefully about a ‘third wave’ of vehicle security to ensure they stay ahead of the technological curve.”Gary Mason


Rohde & Schwarz has been awarded a contract by the Pro-curement Office of the German Federal Ministry of the Interior for millimeter-wave security scanners. The three-year frame-work agreement encompasses 300 systems, plus accessories and services.

The QPS200 scanners will be used by the federal police for security checks at airports throughout Germany. The scanners can also be used for security access control in other sensitive places, such as government ministries.

The security scanner auto-matically detects potentially dangerous objects under cloth-ing or on the body, whether they are rigid, flexible, fluid, metallic or non-metallic, the developers say. If the scanner reports an alarm, the location of the object is marked on a symbolic graphic of the body.

It takes milliseconds to com-plete a scan. The target simply stands in front of the scanner with their arms held slightly away from the body.

Germany selects security scanners

d E t E c t i o N

A service to help protect events and sensitive areas from unwanted drones has been launched by Drone Defence. The company says it has teams of counter-drone specialists who have the train-ing and equipment to protect up to 1km of airspace around a location.

Their equipment includes the Dynopis E1000MP por-

table drone jamming system that uses electronic counter measures and GPS disruption to stop drones in the air before they can pose a threat. It also uses a Net Gun X1 device that shoots a net to capture a drone while in the air, causing it to fall to the ground under control, or ensnares it once it has landed.

The service includes an assessment of the protected

Anti-drone service protects eventsu a v c o u N t E r M E a S u r E S

area to look at the physical and human terrain to identify likely actors, launch locations and approach routes.

The company says potential applications for the service include Premier League football matches where it has now become policy for match officials to suspend the game if they see an unauthorised drone flying overhead.

Devices include a jamming system and net guns to capture unmanned aerial vehicles

Carbon pen cleanses delicate opticst a c t i c a l E q u i p M E N t

A molecular carbon cleaning pen that has been used by the military and recreational hunters for firearms scopes and other optical equipment is now available on the law enforce-ment market.

According to the develop-ers, the LensPen is suitable for cleaning scopes and night vision goggles of tactical units, lenses on forensic photogra-phers’ cameras, and the lenses on dashboard and body-worn video cameras.

The company says the device cleans with a simple two-step process. First, the retractable

natural brush is used at one end to remove any loose dust or dirt. Next, users twist the cap off the other end and use the cleaning tip to remove any dirt, grease or fingerprints from the lens. Every time the user twists the cap back on, the carbon in the cleaning tip is recharged. Each pen will provide enough material for more than 500 cleanings, the developers say.

The company will be intro-ducing their new law enforce-ment products at the Interna-tional Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) 2016 conference in San Diego on 15-18 October.The carbon tip removes dirt, grease and fingerprints


p r o d u c t s

A new application that will run on the Tactilon Dabat radio has been designed to help police and security staff recognise watch list suspects.

The Tactilon Dabat com-bines a Tetra handheld radio with a rugged smartphone and camera in one device. It allows secure communication in standard Tetra networks and in an LTE environment.

The developers say this means police officers on the

move and security personnel in enterprises can share complex information and verify suspects via Facewatch’s picture data-base in real time.

They can also take photos or videos and exchange visual data securely.

Facewatch provides intelli-gence about criminals on an independent web-platform. Us-ers can look up data from watch lists, facial recognition tools and automatic number plate

recognition systems, according to the developers.

“This method of investigation is unique, because Facewatch apps on the Tactillon Dabat enhance crime analyses and optimise the collaboration among police officers and various security services,” says Nick Koiza, global head of applications at Facewatch.

The Facewatch mobile app will be available for the Tactilon Dabat in 2017.

Two bright, waterproof torch models designed for law en-forcement have been devel-oped by Peli.

The 7600 provides up to 944 lumens of light in a 157mm long unit, while the 7100 provides up to 695 lumens in a 130mm long device. Each has five lighting modes to choose from. Both have a USB re-chargeable lithium ion battery and an indicator to display the current level of charge. App helps to ID suspects

M o B i l E d E v i c E S

Jellyhead offers adaptive cyber-security suitec y B E r - S E c u r i t y

A pair of tactical flashlights for police officers

o f f i c E r E q u i p M E N t

Emergency services tech-nology company j3llyh34d 1ndu5tr135 (Jellyhead Indus-tries) has signed a deal with Chemring Technology Solu-tions to become a reseller for Perception Cyber Security.

Perception was originally developed for the UK Gov-ernment and the developers claim it is the world’s first bio-inspired network security system. Jellyhead provides cy-ber security services to several British police and fire services.

Perception has no rigid “rules-based” architecture and adapts to the network’s chang-ing profile to automatically identify malicious activity,

making it more difficult for malware to evade detection. It will also detect the slow, unau-thorised external extraction of information from the network, even when sophisticated ob-fuscation techniques are used.

Simon Twigg, managing director at Jellyhead, said: “Perception is a revolution-ary approach to dealing with advanced threats, such as ze-ro-day vulnerabilities, targeted vectors and black market rootkits, as well as information leakage... Perception is the first security solution we have seen that gives the good guys a sustainable advantage over the bad guys.”

The Facewatch mobile app will be available for the Tactilon Dabat in 2017

Perception is the first network security product inspired by organic systems, according to its developers

radio SilENcE

With the UK’s Emergency Services Network in danger of

falling short, Gary Mason looks at the problems facing the

most advanced first responder network in the world

last year, an article in Police Product Insight asked wheth-er the Emergency Services Network (ESN) programme was in serious danger of failing to deliver on a

number of important fronts. Some 12 months later, a major progress report on the project by the National Audit Office (NAO) has cast similar doubts about the deadlines set for the switchover from the Airwave system – it described the £5.2bn programme as “high risk”.

The main focus of concern for our article last August was the notion that a job-critical emergency services commu-nications system could move seamlessly from a bespoke network, which guaran-teed coverage and service levels for all three blue-light services in the UK, to one essentially supplied by commercial network providers. A key point was that the new system would need to somehow fill the coverage gaps in commercial 3G and 4G networks.

Two years ago, the Home Office scrapped plans for a national extension to mobile services to improve areas with a poor mobile signal, as it believes these will be covered by commitments by the UK’s four big mobile network operators: BT’s EE, Vodafone, O2 and Three.

Initially, areas of the UK with poor or non-existent mobile coverage that were not expected to be covered by the main ESN contract – called Lot 3 – were expect-ed to be guaranteed coverage by an extra “extension to mobile services” contract or Lot 4.


Mike Penning, then minister for policing, crime, criminal justice and victims, said: “On an enhanced commercial network, the emer-gency services will have priority over other users, which will avoid the need for separate and expensive mobile radio spectrum. Cov-erage for the emergency services will at least match what is currently provided.”

The NAO report published in September has cast serious doubts on whether that promise can be met within the timeframes agreed for the switchover. It says Airwave is expensive, but questions whether the existing marketplace networks and devices can realistically fill the gap. The report says: “The existing system, provided by Airwave, works, but at £1,300 per device is expen-sive. The need to save money and exit a dif-ficult commercial relationship with Airwave has led the government to try and move to an approach not yet used nationwide any-where in the world and carries significant implementation risk. ESN is the right direc-tion strategically, but we are concerned that the risks with getting there are under rated in the Home Office and elsewhere.”

The NAO commissioned Kable to look at emergency services networks being developed in Australia, Germany, South Korea and the United States. It concludes that ESN is the most advanced programme in the world at the moment. It is one of only two globally looking to run its emergency communications with a major commercial network component. The other, South Korea, has considerably higher 4G coverage than the EE network on which ESN will rely. South Korea is also planning to use dedi-cated radio spectrum, rather than spectrum shared with commercial users, as in ESN.

Australia is planning to use commercial 4G services for data first and move to using it for voice later, once the technology is more mature. An option like that adopted in Australia was examined by the UK pro-gramme, but not shortlisted as, compared to ESN, they considered it to be either too expensive, if commercial 4G coverage was extended into rural areas, or not sufficiently beneficial if coverage was not extended.

c o v E r a g E a N d d E v i c E SEE’s existing 4G network must grow to match Airwave’s. EE is already increasing its 4G network coverage to meet contractual and wider operating requirements but, as of July 2016, it only reaches 70 per cent of the UK. Airwave’s was measured at 97 per cent in December 2015. As well as tailored solutions for London Underground and air-to-ground communication with police helicopters and aircraft, elements of EE’s network must be made more resilient and capacity improved to match Airwave’s current functionality. This work is shared between EE and projects managed by the

programme. Current predictions suggest sufficient coverage should be available by September 2017.

The NAO report also notes that, as of July 2016, there are no devices, such as mobile phones, that will work with the ESN, as it uses software standards only just coming into use. These devices are needed for the end of 2016 to allow for testing on the network. The programme says it is working with manufacturers to achieve this.

The report says: “We are unconvinced that the programme needed to adopt ESN to get the data capabilities the emergency services need. During our field visits we observed extensive use of mobile-data services by the emergency services using existing 4G contracts. In most cases, the use of mobile data today is through dedicated devices, meaning personnel face the operational in-convenience of having to carry two devices. However, some dual-mode devices capable of running both Airwave and mobile data currently exist and programme officials are considering the need for more as a contin-gency during the transition to ESN.

“In the long term, emergency services communications would move to a mo-bile-data solution as the security and func-tionality of mobile data improved. However, at the moment the standards that underpin mobile data have only recently started to look at embedding the requirements of emergency service communications and are not yet fully developed. That standards are evolving to cover these requirements is partly a response to lobbying by the UK government and other jurisdictions.”

The NAO report says the ESN end-to-end solution will require more points of network integration than the solution under Airwave due to the greater number of suppliers involved. All these networks must work to-gether, have sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the emergency services and be reliable enough for voice communications.

When using a commercial communica-tions network in this way, the emergency services must be given priority over other users. The software and standards for doing this exist, but have not yet been deployed on the EE network. This and other software

upgrades need to be developed for ESN to match Airwave’s current functionality. The most significant of these are push-to-talk and group-call applications that would al-low ESN to emulate radio-like functionality of talking to control rooms and each other. Software to do this exists, but requires up-grades to fully meet the ESN requirements.

The NAO report says: “Delivery by the programme against these technical chal-lenges is by no means certain and while total failure seems unlikely there remains a risk that the programme will not be able to overcome these challenges for the cost or timetable proposed.”

S W i t c h o v E r c h a l l E N g E SThe transition to the ESN is due to start in September 2017. However, programme officials have agreed with representative organisations and the devolved govern-ments in Scotland and Wales that they will not force the emergency services to move to ESN. Instead they can stay on Airwave until they agree ESN is “at least as good” as the service provided by Airwave.

This may prove to be a difficult standard to agree, the report concludes. “Current users of Airwave told us that ensuring the coverage and resilience of the EE network matches Airwave was their main concern with moving to ESN. There were indications in these discussions that users may be very demanding of ESN; expecting an almost exact match of where is covered compared with Airwave. The ESN contracts do not specify which areas of the country are to be covered, instead replicating the overall coverage standard of the Airwave contract. This means there may be specific locations covered by the Airwave network not cov-ered by the ESN network. Since payments to suppliers commence once contractual standards have been met, there is a risk of payments being due before the emergency services agree that ESN is ready.”

The report notes the emergency services and other Airwave users were concerned that ESN will not replicate all of Airwave’s functionality. It is unclear, for example, whether it will meet the security needs of counter-terrorism and covert operatives, who often use direct device-to-device voice calling. Motorola Solutions’ bid states that this functionality will initially require a work-around, such as using a Tetra Airwave-compliant device, and will not be available on ESN for some time.

Programme officials expect the emergen-cy services will be considerably worse off if the transition is not completed to time and that this will be an incentive against unduly delaying the process. However, this is uncertain as the costs and benefits of delay fall beyond 2020 – a period for which budgets have not been set.

“ESN is the right direction strategically, but the risks of getting there are underrated”


c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

In line with current government policy, the programme is replacing the prime-con-tractor arrangement in place with Air-wave (where government contracts with Airwave, which provides some services and sub-contracts other elements) with multiple direct commercial relationships. The ESN commercial arrangements will in-clude at least seven frameworks, contracts or grant agreements put in place by the programme, as well as a number of locally sourced arrangements. The structure is designed to bring commercial benefits and make it easier to respond to trends in the ICT and telecommunications market, such as 5G. It achieves this by having multiple suppliers on shorter contracts, each of which can be changed if a cheaper or more innovative supplier becomes available. It is also designed to reduce the risk of being locked-into a single supplier and manage the overall cost by having the programme bear the risk of integrating separate com-ponents. The NAO report concludes: “The commercial arrangements should make the achievement of these benefits easier than under Airwave, although it is too early to as-sess whether they can actually be realised.”

The NAO notes that the way the pro-gramme has put in place the commercial structure means that the emergency services do not have commercial levers over the full service they are receiving. For example, their contract with EE will give them very limited direct recourse for poor service. They will also have no contract with Motorola Solutions or the provider of the control room interface into ESN, despite the importance of these suppliers in the end-to-end service. The report concludes: “This structure means that the opera-tional responsibilities of the emergency services have been partly separated from the commercial responsibility held by the programme. In 2014, we looked at contract management in the Ministry of Justice and found that operational and commercial re-sponsibility had been separated. We found that this had led to instances where oper-ational managers felt unable to influence performance so that it met their needs.”

The report notes that the price for build-ing, testing and early operation of ESN was fixed in December 2015, before detailed designs were agreed. As a result, the risk that costs need to rise due to unforeseen technical challenges has been largely passed to suppliers. The report concludes: “Programme officials have done this as they consider that suppliers are best able to bear this risk. While this may be true if the risk materialises on a small scale, we consider that these arrangements could be detrimental to the overall commercial relationship if technical challenges prove difficult to overcome, resulting in high cost

The ESN will replace the dedi-cated radio-based infrastructure

used under Airwave with a mo-bile-data (4G) based technology

ISTO

CKP

HO

TO


increases or long delays. A large num-ber of programmes, including the Home Office’s own e-borders programme, have demonstrated that suppliers are often not well placed to bear technical design risk in complex ICT programmes. This is particularly acute for ESN, where Motorola Solutions and EE are each delivering part of the overall solution and only had eight hours of discussions with each other prior to contract signature.”

u S E r W o r K S h o p SFor the report, the NAO ran a number of workshops with programme staff and emergency services personnel, includ-ing police representatives drawn from the communications police user group, where police users meet regularly to give feedback on their current and future communications systems. During these workshops, it emerged that delivering ESN on time was consistently seen as one of the highest risks for the programme. Staff said, for example, that the 21 months currently allowed for designing, building and testing ESN contains no contingency.

There is a difference of opinion between the programme and the emergency ser-vices over whether the transition phase can be delivered on time. Programme officials consider the 27 months currently planned for transitioning to ESN includes contin-gency. This typically allows 12 months for a region to transfer, but programme officials think it should only take 10 months. They also believe the plan can be compressed. At the moment, two-thirds of regions will be transitioning at peak in June, July and October 2018. The officials think this could be compressed so the peak is either higher and/or longer.

By contrast, the emergency services con-sider the current plans for the transitioning to be very tight, giving little opportunity to learn lessons from early transition activity and limited time overall to plan. Some emergency services representatives told the NAO this could reduce the benefit of ESN, as they would have to replace Airwave in a like-for-like manner, instead of exploring how best to use the new capa-bilities. More generally, the compression in timeframes means that transition is getting close to being a “big-bang” implementa-tion, which has been problematic in other IT-enabled programmes.

The plans to test ESN coverage were of particular concern to the emergency ser-vices. Airwave Solutions, when launching its service, was required to test-drive the network, testing the voice quality and signal strength approximately every 25 metres. It also undertook walk-testing in pedes-trianised and some indoor areas and has repeated the process since. By contrast, the

programme plans for EE to undertake limit-ed drive-testing, just sufficient to assure the programme that EE’s prediction models are accurate. Some of the emergency services told the NAO this approach was unlikely to satisfy them and they would undertake full drive-testing before agreeing to transition.

The programme’s main route for engag-ing with the emergency services is through a team of business change leaders. These people are often seconded from the emer-gency services to the programme.

Views on engagement were mixed. The emergency services said engagement on user requirements in 2013 had been good, with the programme holding an extensive range of workshops to identify the features they needed from a new system. Represen-tatives of the Scottish emergency services and fire and ambulance services in England and Wales have been generally content with engagement since then. However, po-lice forces in England and Wales said there was room for improvement.

Since early 2016 the programme has engaged with police representatives to explain how the benefits will work for users.

However, some emergency services contin-ued to tell the NAO that, despite the strong savings case for ESN, they may not be better off. This is because the savings are in future years, for which funding allocations have not yet been announced. Furthermore, some forces were concerned that funding for the transition was insufficient to meet the costs they would incur.

r E a S o N S f o r t h E E S NIn 2011, the government set up the Emergency Services Mobile Communi-cations Programme to look at options for replacing the Airwave service when the contract ends – for police this is scheduled to be May 2020. The programme is run by the Home Office, but is co-funded by the Department of Health, Scottish Govern-ment and Welsh Government. Until April 2016, when responsibility for fire services transferred to the Home Office, it was also co-funded by the Department for Commu-nities and Local Government.

In December 2013, the programme de-cided to replace the dedicated radio-based infrastructure used under Airwave with a

mobile-data (4G) based technology using infrastructure shared with other users. The programme awarded the three main ESN contracts in 2015 to Kellogg Brown and Root (KBR), Motorola Solutions and EE. Some related contracts were awarded in June 2016, but others have yet to be awarded. In February 2016, Motorola Solu-tions bought Airwave, from an infrastructure fund managed by the Macquarie Group. The current plan is that the emergency services will start moving on to the new network in September 2017 and are due to complete this process in December 2019.

As of June 2016, 328,000 handheld, road-vehicle or helicopter devices were in use on the Airwave network across 412 public sector organisations. In addition to the emergency services, users include the National Crime Agency, Highways En-gland, Transport Scotland, HM Revenue & Customs, local authorities, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and mountain rescue services. Airwave provides a mainly voice-based communication service, but can also carry limited (narrowband) data.

The NAO report concludes that emer-gency services have benefited from very good availability of the Airwave network. In the six years between April 2010 and March 2016, the Airwave network has been available on average 99.9 per cent of the time. The contractual target is for the net-work to be available 99.74 per cent of the time in a month. Since April 2010, Airwave has only missed this target once. This was in December 2015 when performance dropped to 99.68 per cent due to flooding in northern England. The Airwave network is considerably more resilient in design than commercial networks.

International comparison study work by Kable, a specialist ICT research company, suggests that the current capabilities of Airwave exceed that in all but two of the other G20 countries.

Based on the full business case, the ESN programme expects to spend, over the 17 years from April 2015 to March 2032, £5.2bn. Of this, £1.4bn (28 per cent) is on running down the Airwave contract. ESN is expected to cost £3.8bn over 17 years, of which £1.2bn will be spent on building and transitioning to ESN in the five years to March 2020. After that time, the programme expects ESN to cost £800 per device per year and therefore represent a significant saving over Airwave.

The emergency services are expected to directly contribute £354m towards the cost of the mobile services contracts currently being provided by EE. They are also expect-ed to incur an additional £825m on their other areas of responsibility. In total they are therefore expected to pay £1.2bn, or around a third of the total cost of ESN. l

“Suppliers are not well placed to bear technical design risk in such programmes”

ISTO

CKP

HO

TO


c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

the next generation of UK designed and manufac-tured fuming chambers for fingerprinting are leading the way with their speed, quality and efficiency.

Cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming has long been the preferred method for devel-oping and preserving fingerprints in foren-sics. When the cyanoacrylate is heated in a sealed chamber with the required humidity and circulation, the vapours adhere to latent fingerprints on the exhibits.

Cyanoacrylate vapour can be extremely harmful if inhaled, therefore the chambers are equipped to “purge” the air following a vapour cycle, making it safe to open and al-

low the exhibits to be examined. The purge is typically achieved using carbon filters, but these are expensive and damaging to the environment.

John Haugh, a leading British designer, has developed the Cyanoacrylate Water Wash System to address this shortcoming. The first generation chamber for police use was shipped to France in December 2015 where it has undergone lengthy and vigor-ous testing. Positive feedback preceeded an initial procurement of eight units, which have been distributed across France, includ-ing in Lyon, Marseille and Bordeaux.

One of the most significant improve-ments of this design is the cycle time. The French facility’s first tests by its specialist

Finger on the pulseKevin Kearley reviews the next generation of latent fingerprint technology, which has speeded up the forensic process and significantly reduced its carbon footprint

The cyanoacrylate fuming method (often called the super glue method) of developing latent fingerprints has proven to be an effective tool for professional investigators, and the quality of its results has made it a popular one.

The super glue method was first employed by the Criminal Identification Division of the Japanese National Police Agency in 1978. Shortly thereafter, it was brought to the United States by the US Army Criminal Investigation Command and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms laboratories.

Investigators normally need a portable, permanent copy of fingerprints to use as exhibits. A photograph can general-ly fulfill this need. Of the three types of fingerprints, visible fingerprints can be photographed directly, and impression fin-gerprints can usually be photographed under special lighting conditions. It is only the invisible latent fingerprints that are difficult to photograph. They must first be made visible.

There are three groups of techniques generally used for making latent fingerprints visible: physical, chemical, and instrumental. The vast majority of methods can be categorised into one of these groups, or a combination of them. Cyanoac-rylate fuming is a chemical technique.

Latent fingerprints are composed of several chemicals exuded through the pores in the fingertips and are left on virtually every object touched. The primary component of latent fingerprints is sweat. This is mostly water, and will dry after a fairly short period of time. The other components of latent fingerprints are primarily solid, however, and can remain on a surface for a much longer period of time. These include

organic compounds such as amino acids, glucose, lactic acid, peptides, ammonia, riboflavin, and isoagglutinogens, as well as inorganic chemicals such as potassium, sodium, carbon trioxide, and chlorine.

The basic concept behind all of the chemical techniques is to apply something that will chemically react with one of the constituent chemicals of latent fingerprints to the area sus-pected of containing such a fingerprint. The resulting reaction will give all present latent fingerprints a new chemical com-position. This will make the latent fingerprints easily rendered visible, so they can then be photographed.

Super glue reacts with the traces of amino acids, fatty acids and proteins in the latent fingerprint, as well as the moisture in the air, to produce a visible, sticky white material that forms along the ridges of the fingerprint. The final result is an image of the entire latent fingerprint. This image can be photo-graphed directly, or after further enhancement.

To enable such a reaction to take place, the cyanoacry-late must be in its gaseous form. The surfaces that are to be checked for latent fingerprints are placed in an airtight tank along with a small heater. A few drops of liquid super glue are placed into a tiny, open container, and the container is placed on top of the heater inside the tank. The tank is then carefully sealed, and the heater activated.

Once the super glue reaches its boiling point, it will create a concentration of gaseous cyanoacrylate. If any latent finger-prints exist anywhere inside the tank, they will eventually be exposed to the gaseous cyanoacrylate.

h o W t h E c y a N o a c r y l a t E M E t h o d W o r K S

ISTO

CKP

HO

TO


fingerprint staff were completed in just 19 minutes. The cycle is split into three sections: raising the humidity level, which takes around 2 minutes; the contact time, in which the cyanoacrylate is heated to fuming point and reveals the fingerprint(s), was stopped at 7 minutes; and the water wash purge made the chamber completely safe to open within 10 minutes.

t i M E S a v E dThis vastly reduced the times of their cur-rent chambers, allowing for a much greater throughput of exhibits. This time saving could help to reduce any backlogs. It can also cut back on the time spent by special-ist staff watching the chamber, choosing when to stop the contact time of the cycle when the desired amount of cyanoacrylate had developed any fingerprints.

The Water Wash Chamber has also been supplied to China and Korea, where testing

is currently being undertaken by the Korean National Police University as well as the Chinese Institute of Security and Defence.

Instead of a carbon filter, the new design uses air circulation and a water filtration system. After a set amount of cycles, the water is simply drained away and replaced with fresh tap water before the next cycle can be started. There are no carbon filters used, negating one of the major costs involved in the finger-print fuming process.

The chamber is distributed by DefSec Global, which plans on having the cham-ber fully tested and installed in the UK. A demonstration unit is available for testing

at its Merseyside showroom. The chamber can be purchased as a bench top solution (CA-60), floor standing (CA-90) or larger (CA-150) for greater number of exhibits or larger items for treatment.

Defsec Global is also running a recycling programme, removing old unwanted cham-bers and laboratory equipment and offers the new chamber with various payment options, including rental. l

Kevin Kearley is managing director of E-voked. More information about the Water Wash Chamber as well as other UK manufac-tured speacilist laborotary equipment can be found at www.defsec.global

“Cyanoacrylate vapour can be extremely harmful if inhaled”

Cyanoacrylate fuming is a chemical technique to make

latent fingerprints visible for photographing


f o r e n s i c s

Proving that someone is who they say they are online is a significant challenge to retailers and governments globally

ISTO

CKP

HO

TO


identity and verification (IDV) are two closely linked concepts that are playing an increasingly critical role in consumers’ day-to-day lives. Identification systems use a trusted ledger, process or token to identify a

person or entity. Verification is answering the question: “Is this person who they say they are?” From providing our passports when entering a country to showing proof of address and identity when applying for a financial product or collecting a parcel from the post office, it’s something we are all familiar with in our everyday lives.

These identification and verification methods rely on presenting a physical doc-ument, which is a tried and tested method that works for face-to-face encounters. But with digital commerce, such interactions are becoming increasingly less common and these IDV methods are no longer practical.

t h E d i g i t a l E c o N o M yThe internet has changed how we shop forever. With an estimated 1.61 billion online shoppers globally, and £52.25bn spent via e-commerce in the UK in 2015, the past 15 years have seen it grow into a well-established, even dominant, method for business and commerce.

Mobile (unsecured touchscreen devic-es, such as mobile phones and tablets) is rapidly winning the race to become the dominant e-commerce platform. The ability to shop and carry out transactions on the go is now something we almost take for granted. Yet all this convenience presents a challenge when managing IDV online.

Digital transactions all require IDV to a greater or lesser extent. Online shop-ping often requires a password and email address, while financial products, bound by

a need to comply with know-your-custom-er and anti-money laundering legislation, require much greater levels of IDV.

The problem is that IDV is more challeng-ing for remote transactions due to a lack of face-to-face interaction.

i d v i N t h E d i g i t a l a g ERemote IDV is nothing new. Consumers have carried out transactions by mail or telephone for decades. However, this historically relied on proof such as address and date of birth. Such information is now readily available online, so they can no longer be considered sufficiently robust for e-commerce. This meant new methods

of IDV were required, with customers and businesses both having to adapt to the new business environment.

The most obvious example of this is the password, which comes with its own drawbacks. Having to regularly come up with a secure, eight-character password that includes a capital letter, a symbol and a number can be a challenge for consumers. This is central to a fundamental problem with digital IDV: when it is time consuming and challenging, it makes digital commerce less convenient and discourages shoppers from buying things.

Biometrics could be part of the solution. It has the advantage of convenience, but as biometric systems are seldom inde-pendently verified, they should not be relied upon solely. However, they can form part of a multi-factor, authentication pro-cess to create a stronger IDV system.

B i o M E t r i c SBiometrics use human characteristics for IDV. There are a variety of different forms being currently trialled. • Voice recognition can verify someone in around 15 seconds, which is quicker than a typical password process. Questions remain about the accuracy of this method. What if someone is in a crowded room or restaurant? Could the technology cancel out the background noise? • Facial recognition also known as “selfie” authentication. For this to work, a photograph must be of sufficient quality, which isn’t always guaranteed. • Fingerprint recognition is widely used. It’s trusted, it’s easy, but it is not perfect. Fingerprints can be copied by fraudsters using easily obtained chemicals.

W h E r E t o N o W ?IDV is part of our lives. While there might be complaints about the inconvenience that obtrusive security plays in digital commerce, it is still an improvement on how things used to be. The good news is that it is going to become even more suited to mobile e-commerce platforms. Despite some issues, biometrics will become an integral part of IDV, most likely as part of a wider, multifactor process incorporating factors such as personal identification num-bers (PIN) to give further security. lDavid Poole is head of growth for MYPINPAD

As face-to-face encounters are replaced by virtual ones and online shopping with a smartphone becomes our preferred way to buy things, the task of verifying someone’s identity is more critical than ever to our financial security, writes David Poole

“Identity and verification are more challenging for remote transactions”

Identity crisis

ISTO

CKP

HO

TO


b i o m e t r i c s

in April 2015, the European Parliament voted in favour of regulation requiring all new cars to be equipped with eCall telematics technology from April 2018. This means that in the event of a serious accident, eCall automatically dials 112

– Europe’s single emergency number. It communicates the vehicle’s exact location to the emergency services, the time of incident and the direction of travel, even if the driver is unconscious or unable to make a phone call. An eCall can also be triggered by pushing a button in the car. According to the developers, the system will only trans-mit the data that is absolutely necessary in case of an accident. Information only leaves the car in the event of a severe collision and is not stored any longer than necessary.

The commission estimates that, once the system is fully implemented, eCall could save hundreds of lives every year and help injured people quicker, because police, fire and ambulance services will receive accu-rate status and location data more quickly than before. However, technology standards need to be agreed so each manufacturer can transmit data to emergency control rooms in a standard format.

How are the emergency services pre-paring for the potentially huge increase in telematics data that their control rooms will

be receiving via the new technology? Are they even set up to receive this data at the moment? Some are already dealing with this data, because certain manufacturers al-ready build in to their vehicles as standard. These automatic accident alert systems are triggered when an airbag goes off, or can be activated by the driver/passenger via a red button on the dashboard. Some manufac-turers – such as Vauxhall – have also intro-duced an EU-wide call handling operation so the alerts generated by their customers’ vehicles are patched through to the blue-light services in case of an emergency.

t h E B r i t i S h E x p E r i E N c ELast month, a conference was held in the UK to look at the implications of eCall and the telematics systems already in operation. John Medland, policy manager for 112/999 at BT, said control rooms need to be ready to test their systems to receive eCall by October of next year. BT answers all the 999 calls made in the UK via its public safety answering point (PSAP) set-up. Sometimes called a “public-safety access point”, these are call centres responsible for answering calls to an emergency telephone number for police, fire and ambulance services.

All calls – fixed, mobile or voice – are directed to one of BT’s six call centres in the

UK, which deal with around 80,000 calls daily. Operators filter out those that are accidentally dialed, then forward the genu-ine ones to the police, fire and ambulance control rooms. There are currently 158 local 999 service control rooms that these calls are forwarded to.

Medland says BT can already generate quite a lot of location data from calls via its location hub. Data can be populated with names and addresses from fixed line 999 callers. They also get coverage from mobile networks and, increasingly, handset loca-tion from smartphones. Android phones will forward GPS quality location information when a 999 call is made, for example.

“This means that when we put a voice call through to police, fire, ambulance or the coastguard they can do a data look-up to our location hub and then pull back that location information,” he says. “So, when a call taker answers the call, they have a name and address, or they got the mobile location. Increasingly, they have got GPS quality handset location as well.”

Because some car manufacturers already have automated crash alert data systems, the BT call centres are already handling some eCall type alerts. Medland says quite a high number of false alerts are generated by these systems, particularly via the red

cloSE callVehicle telematics systems that automatically contact the emergency services in the event of an accident could save countless lives, but Gary Mason finds that an EU initiative to broaden their use could leave emergency control rooms struggling to cope with the volume of data

o c t o B E r / N o v E M B E r 2 0 1 62 4 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m

button on the vehicle dashboard. “The at-traction of these big red buttons, especially if you have got children, is a bit of a worry – so you do get false calls.”

BT’s 999 centres have been handling in-vehicle calls since 2000, but in very small volumes. Some of these come via a third-party service provider run by the vehicle manufacturer. For example, Peugot Citroen provides this service to foreign driv-ers of their vehicles in the UK. Vauxhall’s On Star service is another example. In this case, the filtering of voice calls to see if they are genuine or not is carried out inititally by the service provider before it is routed to BT.

When the button is pressed in a tech-nology-equipped vehicle or the air bag is deployed, a voice call is generated through the network to one of BT’s six centres. This is not a 112 or 999 call – a different number is used to generate the call – but it is routed to the PSAP emergency call queue and goes to specific positions within that PSAP. As well as the voice call, an automatic communication via an SMS or data message is sent from the vehicle, which goes to the emergency data service provider compa-ny. It is then sent using an agreed format to BT’s telematics data servers. Here, the information from the voice call and the data message is married together and made

available to the emergency services via BT’s location hub. “When we hand over this information to the police, fire or ambu-lance we make it clear to them that this is a telematics call,” says Medland.

Even with the telematics technology there are cases of poor mobile coverage

where the voice call doesn’t come through, but the data does via an SMS message.

Currently, most of the telematics crash calls are carried over the Vodaphone network in the UK. But the SIM cards used in the vehicles are generally overseas SIMs which Medland says can provide “an interesting experience” for the call handlers in the PSAPs and in the police, fire and ambulance control rooms.

There are a few other technology variants. The telematics system operated by Ford, for example, connects the on-board system to the owner’s smartphone via Bluetooth. It will generate a 999 call

and uses a voice recording to pass on the location data. According to Medland, this is awkward to manage, but the PSAPs are able to do so. Quite a lot of the data is received via Bosch – a third-party service provider that currently does not forward data to BT automatically – but passes it on verbally.

BT only connect about 30 per cent of all the telematics crash messages it receives to the blue-light services. “We are filtering out about 70 per cent due to the red button being pushed by mistake,” he says. “We now know the location of quite a few car showrooms in the UK, because customers are playing around with the buttons.”

BT PSAPs are now looking at the EU’s eCall deadline. Under this system, the mobile networks will have to provide the required functionality. These 112 calls will have to have a different flag within the mobile network to distinguish whether they are generated automatically or manually.

“We are filtering out about 70 per cent of vehicle system alerts due to the red

button being pushed by mistake”

The eCall initiative calls for all vehicles to be equipped with an emergency telematics system from April 2018 onwards

o c t o B E r / N o v E M B E r 2 0 1 6 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m 2 5

c o m m a n d a n d c o n t r o l

“Car manufacturers should be talking to the mobile communications networks about how this will be provided”

They then need to be able to forward those calls to a suitably equipped PSAP, which must be able to decode the information. This is not straightforward. BT says it is not currently equipped to handle eCall as envisaged by the European Parliament. PSAPs will also have to be prepared to interact with a large number of third-party service providers – many more than was first envisaged when the eCall system was in early development.

The Brexit vote has clearly put the scope of eCall in the UK into doubt, but howev-er the negotiations pan out, the 999 call centre community are certain they will still

have to deal with significant numbers of foreign drivers in the UK whose vehicles are equipped with the automatic alert system.

“Call volumes will be relatively slow in growing, but there is no doubt they will grow,” says Medland. BT has already been working to understand what this will mean. PSAP technology must be upgraded to receive the data that meets the system’s standards. Call centres will need new technology capable of receiving the auto-matically generated data over the mobile network and decoding it. This could take up to 20 seconds on average for each call.

According to Medland, this is a serious technological challenge. The other compli-cation for BT is that is at the start of a major overhaul of the technology in its PSAP con-trol rooms. “In the next two or three years, all our technology will be modernised,” he says. “We are going from the circuit switched control room environment to an IP

environment. That is a major change for us, so the timing of eCall is not great, because we are effectively being asked to develop this on our legacy system at the same time we are developing the new one.”

This means that BT is looking to develop, in the short to medium term, a “tactical solution” so it can cope with eCall telemat-ics data, but only in low volumes.

Another point that has been overlooked he says is that “somebody is going to have to pay us” to do that. “We have to cover the cost for our 999 call centres – we cannot be subsidised by other parts of BT.” The current thinking is that these costs would

be covered by the mobile network provid-ers, but no guarantees have been received on this vital point.

While the EU has mandated eCall, there is still a requirement from the UK government to provide a strategic steer and even to give a clear indication that the service will need to be provided in the UK.

“That request, I believe, needs to go the UK’s mobile network providers,” says Medland. “Car manufacturers should also be talking to the mobile networks about how this will be provided. They will need to decide whether there will be a third-party service provider involved. All these things are happening, but they are not particularly visible in the UK up until recently.”

Ofcom has started to remind mobile networks that there is a requirement to pro-vide the service and have called for a big meeting at the end of September involving all the networks to look at their obligations.

He says there is also an urgent need to select a PSAP to provide the eCall service. “It would makes some sense to use the BT PSAP that is already handling telematics calls and those via third-party service pro-viders,” he says. “We already have the data links to the police, fire and ambulance ser-vices for a start. The mobile networks would then have to agree standards for forwarding the eCall messages to us.” This would be effectively a brand new emergency code – 991 – on the blue-light network.

S h o r t- t E r M S o l u t i o N“If the government decides that it needs more than a short-term patch-up system to handle large volumes of telematics calls, this would involve fitting specialised tech-nology into industrial scale call handling operations,” he says.

Also, on a strategic level, the govern-ment’s 999 liaison committee would need to update its telematics memorandum of understanding (MoU) on data standards. These would need to be tested and then the BT PSAP would need to be accredited to handle that data under the EU legislation.

There would also need to be a “capability audit” within the blue-light control rooms to make sure they could all receive the eCall information. This would include some call taker training to update their telematics system knowledge and understanding.

According to Medland, there are currently three police control rooms who can’t han-dle the telematics data passed on by the BT PSAPs. He is unsure why this is, although there have been big turnovers of staff at the centres. “This is surprising really, as it is a bit of a no brainer,” he says. “All the other control rooms in the UK understand the benefits of having location data in front of you. It saves time and cuts down the stress of the call takers and customers, so not to have it is an unreasonable lack of capability in my view.” lIS

TOC

KPH

OTO

o c t o B E r / N o v E M B E r 2 0 1 62 6 w w w . p o l i c e p r o d u c t i n s i g h t . c o m

A XON

AXON FLEX Adaptive, Point of View Camera

AXON BODYSimple, Single-Unit Camera

uk.EVIDENCE.com

THE GLOBAL LEADER IN BODY-WORN CAMERAS

15-Taser-31 AxonInternationAdFinal.indd 1 4/30/15 10:10 AM

issue 28 police · pdf fileissue 28 october/november 2016 policeproductinsight.com ......

Documents