issn: 2454-1362, floristic … · with red, black, and laterite soils and has dry climate....

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 610

Floristic Studies to Assess the Biodiversity of Angiospermic Herbal Weeds of Chittoor

District, Andhrapradesh, India.

*Pasupuleti Neeraja & Busireddy Muralidhar Reddy *Assistant professor, Department of Botany, Kakatiya Government College, Hanamkonda,

Warangal, Telangana, India.

Abstract: Botanical surveys were carried out during 2008-2016 for ethnobotanical studies on angiospermic weeds of the Chittoor, southern most district of Andhra Pradesh where agriculture is predominant. The district is geographically distinct in to hilly, plateau, plain regions and shows floristic diversity coupled with high degree of endemism as the Seshachalam Hill ranges, the richest floristic hotspot of Eastern Ghats, fall under the study area. The botanical surveys were conducted covering entire district and all seasons of the year, revealed the vast biodiversity of angiospermic weeds, the plant specimens were collected, identified, with the help of floras, voucher specimens were prepared as per standard protocols, compared with herbarium specimens of BSI, Hyderabad and deposited in the herbarium of SVU, Tirupati for future studies. APG III system was followed in the enumeration of angiospermic herbs. The floristic analysis of the present studies shows that herbs constitute dominant life form belongs to 62 families, genera 218, species 404. The present studies are necessary in view of presence of endemic, endangered, invasive and rare species, for the management of ecosystem, conservation of biodiversity, and tapping the hidden potential of herbal weeds for the betterment of mankind. The present study is the first attempt to enumerate angiospermic weeds of Chittoor district.

1.INTRODUCTION The vast geographical, diverse climate, and topographical realms of India have resulted in enormous ecological diversity on 2% of earth surface making it one of the 12 mega diversity centers in the world. India harbors three of the world’s 34 biodiversity hot spots and number of endemic species. The study area Chittoor district is also known for species diversity, and endemism because of its geographical location, as well as the vegetation of the area is influenced by both the monsoons. The well-known Tirumala hills are the part of Seshschalam hill ranges of Eastern Ghats, which is one of the richest floristic hotspots. This

region is not explored fully due to prohibition and religious belief. Fisher (1923) reported 388 species of dicots from Nellore, Kadapa, Chittoor, and Chengalput district. Naidu & Rao (1967,1969, 1971) listed 828 species in the flora of Tirupathi hills. Rangacharulu (1991) reported 1500 species of angiosperms. Species assessment, and inventorisation provide botanical data related to change in diversity and number of species over a period of time. Intensive botanical surveys from time to time are prerequisite for the management of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity which is embodied in India’s Biological Diversity Act (2002). So for in depth floristic studies, or ethnobotanical studies have not been carried out on angiospermic weeds of the Chittoor district.

Most of the traditional herbs are growing in wild conditon as weeds. Weeds are comprised of the more aggressive, troublesome and undesirable of the world’s vegetation. According to Bell (1905) weed is a plant of outside place. Baily and Baily (1941) passed the opinion that weed is a plant whose virtue have not yet discovered. Shah (1971) stated that weed is a plant growing where it is not desired. Some researchers feel weeds as “Vegabonds”. Many describe them as “necessary collories” of agiculture. No plant is useless in nature, in fact weeds are important from the standpoint of medicinal, allelopathic and food values. As per the available weed definitions all plants come under category of weeds, to avoid the confusion, based on the available literature, a Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) list has come into force. In the recent edition of GCW by R. P. Randal (2012), 33, 738 weed species were reported based on weediness. Baker (1965 & 1975) has done pioneering work on the traits that make plants weedy and defined an ideal weed. The present study is on angiospermic herbal weeds of Chittoor district.

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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chittoor district is situated between 12o-37’ to 14o-81’ of North latitude and 78o-30’ to 79o-55’ of Eastern longitudes. The Eastern Ghats are predominant in the western region they gradually bend towards the sacred hills of Tirupati passing through historical place Chandragiri. The general elevation of the mountainous part of the district is 2500 feet above sea level. Physiographically the study area is divided into hilly, plateau and plains with red, black, and laterite soils and has dry climate. Vegetation of the region is influenced by both south west and north east monsoons. There are no perennieal rivers. The average temperature ranges from 30oC to 42oC in estern mandals and 19oC to 32oC in western mandals and temperature soars up to 47oC during summer season. An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out covering all seasons like pre- monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, winter and summer in almost all mandalas of the Chittoor district A.P., during the years 2008-2016. The methods suggested by Jain and Goel (1995) were adopted to survey Angiospermic weeds of Chittoor district. Specimen collection, field notes, processing of material was followed according to the standard protocol ( Fosberg & Sachet, 1965) suggested by Botanical Survey of India. Identification of plant specimens were done with the help of regional floras (Gamble and Fischer 1915-1936; Pullaiah 1997; Pullaiah & Chennaiah 1997; Pullaiah & Moulali 1997) and e-floras. Voucher specimen were Compared with herbarium specimens of BSI, DRC, Hyderabad and deposited in the Herbarium of SVU, Tirupati. For enumeration APG III Plant Classification 2012 was followed. The botanical name of the taxa have been verified with International Plant Name Index (IPNI).

3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present investigation is the outcome

of intensive and extensive field explorations and herbarium studies carried out between the years 2008-2016 and indicates that the Chittoor district is blessed with splendid diversity of angiospermic weeds. The herbs dominate habit form with 404 species. Accepted plant binomial, habit, family, and voucher specimen number are listed in table1. In the present survey weeds were collected, identified and voucher specimens were prepared in triplets and were given collection numbers starting from PNR 0001. Around eight new weed species were identified for the first time from the study area (table 1) and few of them are first reports in the state. Some important plants are featured in photographs ( A- F) in fig I. It was also observed from the studies that only 15 (4%) of the

angiospermic herbs were with armature out of 404 species studied. The floristic analysis of the Present study revealed that there were 404 taxa belongs to 218 genera, 62 families. The dominant families were Poaceae (41 genera / 71 species), Fabaceae (14/39), Astraceae (28/32), Acanthaceae (13/29), Cyperaceae (7/25), Amaranthaceae ( 11/24), Lamiaceae (7/21), Euphorbiaceae (6/17), Malvaceae (5/14), Rubiaceae (4/8). These ten familes contributed 136 genera (62.38%) and 280 species (69.30%) and proliferic genera of study area were Cyperus, Indigofera, Euphorbia, Leucas, crotalaria.

Around 83 Invasive alien species were identified and Asteraceae tops the list (15) followed by Malvaceae (8), Amaranthaceae (8), Poaceae (7), Fabaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae (5) (Table 4.)

Weedy nature and invasive characters of angiospermic herbs are biological indicators for climate change. Solanum sisymbriifolium new report from south India has become a menace. The invasive alien weeds influence the distribution of native weed species. Sometimes the prolific growth of the invasive weed herbs pose grave threat to survival of local flora through allelopathic effect. Biotic interference through invasion of species, has marked influence on the vegetation of the study area. The human influence in the name of modernization will alter the natural habitats. In view of the climate change there is a possibility of invasion, or extinction of the taxon to the local flora of any region. To understand and study the levels of biodiversity operating in any area, and to know about the effect of climate change on the vegetation of locality, botanical surveys and the documentation of inventory of species are necessary. The present study is an attempt to understand the biodiversity of angiospermic weeds of Chittoor district with reference to habit. Biodiversity is essential for continued existence of human race. The present study reveals that majority of angiospermic weeds of Chittoor are herbs and invasive in nature.

4. CONCLUSION The study area possesses richness of biodiversity and this feature is attributed to heterogenicity of geographic and climatic features. Wild angiospermic herbs constitute a major part of this biodiversity. However, presently unknown species is thought to be 10 -20% of number of known species and they are likely to be rare in rapidly shrinking habitats, therefore cataloguing such species is an essential step in setting conservation priorities. (Joppa& al.,2010). Inventorying of biodiversity is the fundamental starting point for conservation. The monitoring of biodiversity is the





basis for scientific research necessary for understanding the world in which we live.

5.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are thankful to Dr. P. Venu, Dr. Ahmed, Dr. Rasingam, Dr. Swamy, the scientists of BSI, DRC, Hyderabad, for their encouragement and providing herbarium facilities. Mr. Nayeem Khan, his timely help in connection with research work is also acknowledged. Mr. S. Jayanth Reddy for his technical support and moral suppor. Dr. Suresh babu, Assistant Professor, KGC, Hanamkonda for his suggestions and encouragement.

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Table1: List of Angiospermic Herbs of Chittoor District

( AH- Aquatic Herbs; CLH- Climbing Herbs; H- Herbs; PH-Prostate Herbs; PSH- Parasitic Herbs)

S. No. Accepted Name Habit Family Voc. No. 1 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. AH Nymphaeaceae PNR 0426 2 Nymphaea pubescens Willd. AH Nymphaeaceae PNR 0476 3 Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews AH Nymphaeaceae PNR 0512 4 Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. H Aristolochiaceae PNR 0241 5 Lemna perpusilla Torr. AH Araceae PNR 0494 6 Pistia stratiotes L. AH Araceae PNR 0497 7 Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. AH Araceae PNR 0484 8 Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. AH Alismataceae PNR 0420 9 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle AH Hydrocharitaceae PNR 0517

10 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. AH Hydrocharitaceae PNR 0427 11 Aponogeton crispus Thunb. AH Aponogetonaceae PNR 0518 12 Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & K.Krause AH Aponogetonaceae PNR 0332 13 Potamogeton nodosus Poir. AH Potamogetonaceae PNR 0519 14 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. H Hypoxidaceae PNR 0531 15 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. H Xanthorrhoeaceae PNR 0506 16 Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop H Asparagaceae PNR 0533 17 Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop H Asparagaceae PNR 0262 18 Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult.f. H Asparagaceae PNR 0503

19 Commelina benghalensis L. H Commelinaceae PNR 0092 20 Commelina clavata C.B.Clarke H Commelinaceae PNR 0096 21 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. H Commelinaceae PNR 0362 22 Commelina erecta L. H Commelinaceae PNR 0422 23 Commelina longifolia Lam. H Commelinaceae PNR 0031 24 Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet H Commelinaceae PNR 0354 25 Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult.f. H Commelinaceae PNR 0335 26 Murdannia spirata (L.) G.Brückn. H Commelinaceae PNR 0501 27 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms AH Pontederiaceae PNR 0535 28 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl H Pontederiaceae PNR 0331 29 Typha domingensis Pers. H Typhaceae PNR 0424 30 Xyris pauciflora Willd. H Xyridaceae PNR 0458 31 Eriocaulon quinquangulare L. H Eriocaulaceae PNR 0473 32 Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke H Cyperaceae PNR 0435 33 Cyperus compressus L. H Cyperaceae PNR 0584 34 Cyperus difformis L. H Cyperaceae PNR 0465 35 Cyperus dubius Rottb. H Cyperaceae PNR 0451 36 Cyperus echinatus (L.) Alph.Wood H Cyperaceae PNR 0460 37 Cyperus iria L. H Cyperaceae PNR 0421





38 Cyperus longus L. H Cyperaceae PNR 0589 39 Cyperus nutans var. eleusinoides (Kunth) Haines H Cyperaceae PNR 0441 40 Cyperus odoratus L. H Cyperaceae PNR 0408 41 Cyperus paniceus (Rottb.) Boeckeler H Cyperaceae PNR 0439 42 Cyperus pilosus Vahl H Cyperaceae PNR 0585 43 Cyperus rotundus L. H Cyperaceae PNR 0461 44 Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani H Cyperaceae PNR 0459 45 Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. H Cyperaceae PNR 0588 46 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl H Cyperaceae PNR 0586 47 Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl H Cyperaceae PNR 0423 48 Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth H Cyperaceae PNR 0445 49 Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. H Cyperaceae PNR 0443 50 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. H Cyperaceae PNR 0411 51 Kyllinga gracillima Miq. H Cyperaceae PNR 0442 52 Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy H Cyperaceae PNR 0446 53 Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T.Koyama H Cyperaceae PNR 0587 54 Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye H Cyperaceae PNR 0430 55 Schoenoplectiella erecta (Poir.) Lye H Cyperaceae PNR 0579 56 Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye H Cyperaceae PNR 0409 57 Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1030 58 Andropogon pumilus Roxb. H Poaceae PNR 1057 59 Apluda mutica L. H Poaceae PNR 1004 60 Aristida adscensionis L. H Poaceae PNR 1024 61 Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr. H Poaceae PNR 1027 62 Aristida hystrix L.f. H Poaceae PNR 1026 63 Aristida setacea Retz. H Poaceae PNR 1010 64 Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. H Poaceae PNR 1058 65 Arundinella nepalensis Trin. H Poaceae PNR 1048 66 Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) Steud. H Poaceae PNR 1034 67 Arundinella purpurea Hochst. ex Steud. H Poaceae PNR 1032 68 Arundo donax L. H Poaceae PNR 1042 69 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. H Poaceae PNR 1059 70 Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss H Poaceae PNR 1049 71 Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) C.E.Hubb. ex Roby H Poaceae PNR 1039 72 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1060 73 Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb. H Poaceae PNR 1061 74 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1038 75 Bromus inermis Leyss. H Poaceae PNR 1015 76 Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. H Poaceae PNR 1062 77 Cenchrus ciliaris L. H Poaceae PNR 1050 78 Chloris barbata Sw. H Poaceae PNR 1007




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79 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. H Poaceae PNR 1028 80 Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty H Poaceae PNR 1051 81 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1052 82 Cymbopogon coloratus (Hook.f.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1043 83 Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson H Poaceae PNR 1053 84 Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle H Poaceae PNR 1071 85 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. H Poaceae PNR 1002 86 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. H Poaceae PNR 1003 87 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees H Poaceae PNR 1070 88 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1005 89 Dichanthium foveolatum (Delile) Roberty H Poaceae PNR 1041 90 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. H Poaceae PNR 1033 91 Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. H Poaceae PNR 1021 92 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. H Poaceae PNR 1029 93 Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. H Poaceae PNR 1011 94 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link H Poaceae PNR 1019 95 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. H Poaceae PNR 1018 96 Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. H Poaceae PNR 1063 97 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. H Poaceae PNR 1001 98 Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor H Poaceae PNR 1022 99 Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. H Poaceae PNR 1009

100 Eragrostis deccanensis Bor H Poaceae PNR 1035 101 Eragrostis minor Host H Poaceae PNR 1064 102 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. H Poaceae PNR 1036 103 Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze H Poaceae PNR 1025 104 Heteropogon contortus (L.)P.Beauv. ex Roem. H Poaceae PNR 1012 105 Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. H Poaceae PNR 1065 106 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. H Poaceae PNR 1044 107 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees H Poaceae PNR 1013 108 Melanocenchris monoica (Rottler) C.E.C.Fisch. H Poaceae PNR 1017 109 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka H Poaceae PNR 1008 110 Panicum brevifolium L. H Poaceae PNR 1066 111 Panicum repens L. H Poaceae PNR 1045 112 Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A.Camus H Poaceae PNR 1016 113 Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf H Poaceae PNR 1020 114 Paspalidium punctatum (Burm.) A.Camus H Poaceae PNR 1037 115 Pennisetum hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud. H Poaceae PNR 1023 116 Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. H Poaceae PNR 1067 117 Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze H Poaceae PNR 1006 118 Phalaris minor Retz. H Poaceae PNR 1014 119 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. H Poaceae PNR 1068





120 Saccharum spontaneum L. H Poaceae PNR 1046 121 Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult. H Poaceae PNR 1054 122 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. H Poaceae PNR 1047 123 Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. H Poaceae PNR 1055 124 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. H Poaceae PNR 1040 125 Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze H Poaceae PNR 1031 126 Trachys muricata (L.) Pers. ex Trin. H Poaceae PNR 1056 127 Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. H Poaceae PNR 1069 128 Ceratophyllum demersum L. H Ceratophyllaceae PNR 0536 129 Argemone mexicana L. H Papaveraceae PNR 0021 130 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. H Nelumbonaceae PNR 0523 131 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken H Crassulaceae PNR 0507 132 Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. H Crassulaceae PNR 0537 133 Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet H Crassulaceae PNR 0511 134 Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. H Crassulaceae PNR 0573 135 Tribulus subramanyamii P.Singh, G.S.G &V.Singh H Zygophyllaceae PNR 0099 136 Tribulus terrestris L. H Zygophyllaceae PNR 0404 137 Aeschynomene americana L. H Fabaceae PNR 0541 138 Aeschynomene aspera L. H Fabaceae PNR 0293 139 Aeschynomene indica L. H Fabaceae PNR 0330 140 Alysicarpus hamosus Edgew. PH Fabaceae PNR 0245 141 Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. PH Fabaceae PNR 0272 142 Alysicarpus pubescens J.S.Law PH Fabaceae PNR 0323 143 Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. H Fabaceae PNR 0310 144 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. PH Fabaceae PNR 0185 145 Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene H Fabaceae PNR 0462 146 Chamaecrista pumila (Lam.) K.Larsen H Fabaceae PNR 0365 147 Crotalaria calycina Schrank H Fabaceae PNR 0121 148 Crotalaria globosa Wight & Arn. H Fabaceae PNR 0202 149 Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd. PH Fabaceae PNR 0091 150 Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. H Fabaceae PNR 0203 151 Crotalaria medicaginea var.neglecta Baker H Fabaceae PNR 0403 152 Crotalaria ramosissima Roxb. H Fabaceae PNR 0182 153 Crotalaria verrucosa L. H Fabaceae PNR 0028 154 Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. H Fabaceae PNR 0491 155 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. PH Fabaceae PNR 0463 156 Indigofera aspalathoides DC. H Fabaceae PNR 0275 157 Indigofera astragalina DC. H Fabaceae PNR 0027 158 Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.) Merr. H Fabaceae PNR 0249 159 Indigofera cordifolia Roth H Fabaceae PNR 0433 160 Indigofera glabra L. H Fabaceae PNR 0270





161 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. H Fabaceae PNR 0051 162 Indigofera linnaei Ali PH Fabaceae PNR 0052 163 Indigofera tinctoria L. H Fabaceae PNR 0297 164 Indigofera trifoliata L. H Fabaceae PNR 0298 165 Indigofera trita L.f. H Fabaceae PNR 0216 166 Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. CLH Fabaceae PNR 0283 167 Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. H Fabaceae PNR 0429 168 Mimosa pudica L. H Fabaceae PNR 0405 169 Neptunia oleracea Lour. AH Fabaceae PNR 0384 170 Rothia indica (L.) Druce PH Fabaceae PNR 0370 171 Senna italica Mill. PH Fabaceae PNR 0288 172 Tephrosia maxima (L.) Pers. PH Fabaceae PNR 0383 173 Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. PH Fabaceae PNR 0118 174 Tephrosia tinctoria Pers. H Fabaceae PNR 0338 175 Zornia gibbosa Span. PH Fabaceae PNR 0376 176 Polygala arvensis Willd. H Polygalaceae PNR 0360 177 Polygala chinensis L. H Polygalaceae PNR 0374 178 Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd. H Polygalaceae PNR 0379 179 Polygala erioptera DC. H Polygalaceae PNR 0234 180 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. H Oxalidaceae PNR 0233 181 Oxalis corniculata L. H Oxalidaceae PNR 0176 182 Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0221 183 Acalypha ciliata Forssk. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0022 184 Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0225 185 Acalypha indica L. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0237 186 Acalypha malabarica Müll.Arg. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0224 187 Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) A.Juss. ex Spreng. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0259 188 Croton bonplandianus Baill. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0040 189 Euphorbia cristata B.Heyne ex Roth H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0281 190 Euphorbia cyathophora Murray H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0105 191 Euphorbia heterophylla L. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0125 192 Euphorbia heyneana Spreng. PH Euphorbiaceae PNR 0324 193 Euphorbia hirta L. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0034 194 Euphorbia indica Lam. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0162 195 Euphorbia serpens Kunth PH Euphorbiaceae PNR 0246 196 Euphorbia thymifolia L. PH Euphorbiaceae PNR 0280 197 Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0254 198 Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll.Arg. H Euphorbiaceae PNR 0273 199 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. H Phyllanthaceae PNR 0063 200 Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. H Phyllanthaceae PNR 0413 201 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. H Phyllanthaceae PNR 0164





202 Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst. H Phyllanthaceae PNR 0168 203 Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw H Phyllanthaceae PNR 0271 204 Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth H Elantinaceae PNR 0208 205 Bergia capensis L. H Elantinaceae PNR 0333 206 Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. H Violaceae PNR 0045 207 Ammannia aegyptiaca Willd. H Lythraceae PNR 0069 208 Rotala densiflora (Roth) Koehne H Lythraceae PNR 0263 209 Ludwigia perennis L. H Onagraceae PNR 0093 210 Osbeckia zeylanica L.f., H Melastomaceae PNR 0204 211 Corchorus aestuans L. H Malvaceae PNR 0196 212 Corchorus asplenifolius Burch. H Malvaceae PNR 0218 213 Corchorus olitorius L. H Malvaceae PNR 0155 214 Corchorus tridens L. H Malvaceae PNR 0152 215 Corchorus trilocularis L. H Malvaceae PNR 0159 216 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke H Malvaceae PNR 0147 217 Melochia corchorifolia L. H Malvaceae PNR 0144 218 Sida acuta Burm.f. H Malvaceae PNR 0005 219 Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. H Malvaceae PNR 0047 220 Sida cordifolia L. H Malvaceae PNR 0002 221 Sida glabra Mill. H Malvaceae PNR 0336 222 Sida rhombifolia L. H Malvaceae PNR 0552 223 Sida spinosa L. H Malvaceae PNR 0137 224 Waltheria indica L. H Malvaceae PNR 0146 225 Cleome angustifolia Forssk. H Cleomaceae PNR 0373 226 Cleome aspera J.Koenig ex DC. H Cleomaceae PNR 0227 227 Cleome felina L.f. H Cleomaceae PNR 0132 228 Cleome gynandra L. H Cleomaceae PNR 0012 229 Cleome monophylla L. H Cleomaceae PNR 0020 230 Cleome viscosa L H Cleomaceae PNR 0009 231 Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez H Polygonaceae PNR 0178 232 Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. H Caryophyllaceae PNR 0154 233 Achyranthes aspera L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0161 234 Achyranthes aspera var. rubrofusca (Wight) Hook.f. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0061 235 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0367 236 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0007 237 Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Br. ex Wight H Amaranthaceae PNR 0260 238 Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0212 239 Alternanthera paronychioides A.St.-Hil. PH Amaranthaceae PNR 0528 240 Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb PH Amaranthaceae PNR 0553 241 Alternanthera pungens Kunth PH Amaranthaceae PNR 0150 242 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0554





243 Amaranthus caudatus L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0555 244 Amaranthus polygamus L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0318 245 Amaranthus spinosus L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0015 246 Amaranthus tricolor L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0556 247 Amaranthus viridis L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0075 248 Celosia argentea L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0094 249 Celosia polygonoides Retz. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0070 250 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0101 251 Gomphrena globosa L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0112 252 Gomphrena serrata L. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0114 253 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0106 254 Pupalia lappacea var. velutina (Moq.) Hook.f. H Amaranthaceae PNR 0119 255 Spinacia oleracea L H Amaranthaceae PNR 0498 256 Trichuriella monsoniae (L. f.) Bennet PH Amaranthaceae PNR 0100 257 Gisekia pharnaceoides L. H Gisekiaceae PNR 0557 258 Trianthema portulacastrum L. PH Aizoaceae PNR 0305 259 Zaleya decandra (L.) Burm.f. PH Aizoaceae PNR 0483 260 Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Rottb. CLH Nyctaginaceae PNR 0004 261 Boerhavia diffusa L. H Nyctaginaceae PNR 0016 262 Boerhavia erecta L. H Nyctaginaceae PNR 0039 263 Mirabilis jalapa L. H Nyctaginaceae PNR 0242 264 Glinus lotoides L. PH Molluginaceae PNR 0495 265 Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug.DC. PH Molluginaceae PNR 0177 266 Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. H Molluginaceae PNR 0113 267 Mollugo pentaphylla L. H Molluginaceae PNR 0043 268 Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.)Asch.ex Schweinf. H Talinaceae PNR 0449 269 Portulaca grandiflora Hook. PH Portulacaceae PNR 0513 270 Portulaca oleracea L. PH Portulacaceae PNR 0479 271 Portulaca pilosa L. PH Portulacaceae PNR 0575 272 Portulaca quadrifida L. PH Portulacaceae PNR 0255 273 Impatiens balsamina L. H Balsaminaceae PNR 0303 274 Kohautia aspera (B.Heyne ex Roth) Bremek. H Rubiaceae PNR 0190 275 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. H Rubiaceae PNR 0452 276 Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. H Rubiaceae PNR 0261 277 Oldenlandia umbellata L. H Rubiaceae PNR 0167 278 Spermacoce articularis L.f. PH Rubiaceae PNR 0577 279 Spermacoce hispida L. PH Rubiaceae PNR 0215 280 Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. H Rubiaceae PNR 0213 281 Spermacoce pusilla Wall. H Rubiaceae PNR 0596 282 Canscora alata (Roth) Wall. H Gentianaceae PNR 0175 283 Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. H Gentianaceae PNR 0471





284 Enicostema axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A.Raynal H Gentianaceae PNR 0284 285 Exacum pedunculatum L. H Gentianaceae PNR 0210 286 Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) R.Br. H Apocynaceae PNR 0481 287 Catharanthus pusillus (Murray) G.Don H Apocynaceae PNR 0240 288 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don H Apocynaceae PNR 0414 289 Ceropegia juncea Roxb. CLH Apocynaceae PNR 0200 290 Coldenia procumbens L. PH Boraginaceae PNR 0229 291 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand H Boraginaceae PNR 0390 292 Heliotropium bracteatum R.Br. H Boraginaceae PNR 0377 293 Heliotropium indicum L. H Boraginaceae PNR 0088 294 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. H Boraginaceae PNR 0085 295 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. PH Convolvulaceae PNR 0029 296 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. PH Convolvulaceae PNR 0235 297 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. PH Convolvulaceae PNR 0345 298 Merremia gangetica Cufod. PH Convolvulaceae PNR 0394 299 Physalis minima L. H Solanaceae PNR 0032 300 Solanum americanum Mill. H Solanaceae PNR 0207 301 Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. H Solanaceae PNR 0301 302 Solanum surattense Burm. f. H Solanaceae PNR 0104 303 Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. H Spenocleaceae PNR 0375 304 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. H Plantaginaceae PNR 0187 305 Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. AH Plantaginaceae PNR 0474 306 Limnophila indica (L.) Druce AH Plantaginaceae PNR 0482 307 Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth. PH Plantaginaceae PNR 0472 308 Scoparia dulcis L. H Plantaginaceae PNR 0122 309 Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines H Linderniaceae PNR 0496 310 Pedalium murex L. H Pedaliaceae PNR 0142 311 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze H Lamiaceae PNR 0038 312 Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims H Lamiaceae PNR 0006 313 Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench H Lamiaceae PNR 0195 314 Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. H Lamiaceae PNR 0058 315 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link H Lamiaceae PNR 0265 316 Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm. H Lamiaceae PNR 0186 317 Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. H Lamiaceae PNR 0248 318 Leucas diffusa Benth. H Lamiaceae PNR 0296 319 Leucas indica var.nagalapuramiana D.A. Moulali H Lamiaceae PNR 0238 320 Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. H Lamiaceae PNR 0363 321 Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br. H Lamiaceae PNR 0320 322 Leucas stricta Benth. H Lamiaceae PNR 0264 323 Ocimum americanum L. H Lamiaceae PNR 0418 324 Ocimum basilicum L. H Lamiaceae PNR 0018





325 Ocimum filamentosum Forssk. H Lamiaceae PNR 0097 326 Ocimum gratissimum L. H Lamiaceae PNR 0467 327 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. H Lamiaceae PNR 0206 328 Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. H Lamiaceae PNR 0515 329 Plectranthus barbatus Andrews H Lamiaceae PNR 0337 330 Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng. H Lamiaceae PNR 0576 331 Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etl. H Lamiaceae PNR 0477 332 Sopubia delphinifolia G.Don PSH Orobanchaceae PNR 0174 333 Striga angustifolia (D. Don) C.J. Saldanha PSH Orobanchaceae PNR 0226 334 Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze PSH Orobanchaceae PNR 0440 335 Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth. PSH Orobanchaceae PNR 0309 336 Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0530 337 Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0055 338 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0357 339 Asystasia chelonoides Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0211 340 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson CLH Acanthaceae PNR 0049 341 Barleria buxifolia L. H Acanthaceae PNR 0172 342 Barleria cristata L. H Acanthaceae PNR 0563 343 Barleria cuspidata F.Heyne ex Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0307 345 Barleria montana Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0366 345 Barleria noctiflora L.f. H Acanthaceae PNR 0276 346 Barleria prattensis Santapau H Acanthaceae PNR 0564 347 Barleria prionitis L. H Acanthaceae PNR 0133 348 Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. & Drège ex Schinz H Acanthaceae PNR 0393 349 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B.Heyne ex Roth H Acanthaceae PNR 0143 350 Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh. H Acanthaceae PNR 0076 351 Dyschoriste vagans (Wight) Kuntze H Acanthaceae PNR 0311 352 Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston H Acanthaceae PNR 0148 353 Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau H Acanthaceae PNR 0295 354 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine H Acanthaceae PNR 0188 355 Justicia diffusa Willd. H Acanthaceae PNR 0149 356 Justicia glauca Rottler H Acanthaceae PNR 0290 357 Justicia procumbens L. H Acanthaceae PNR 0138 358 Lepidagathis mitis Dalzell PH Acanthaceae PNR 0166 359 Rostellularia crinita Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0256 360 Rostellularia prostrata (C.B.Clarke) R.B.Majumdar PH Acanthaceae PNR 0228 361 Ruellia patula Jacq. H Acanthaceae PNR 0312 362 Ruellia simplex C.Wright H Acanthaceae PNR 0313 363 Ruellia tuberosa L. H Acanthaceae PNR 0109 364 Rungia repens (L.) Nees H Acanthaceae PNR 0072 365 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene PH Verbenaceae PNR 0082





366 Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce H Verbenaceae PNR 0180 367 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl H Verbenaceae PNR 0036 368 Martynia annua L. H Martyniaceae PNR 0156 369 Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze AH Menyanthaceae PNR 0566 370 Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze AH Menyanthaceae PNR 0567 371 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. H Compositae PNR 0010 372 Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen H Compositae PNR 0500 373 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. H Compositae PNR 0334 374 Bidens pilosa L. H Compositae PNR 0398 375 Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson H Compositae PNR 0346 376 Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC H Compositae PNR 0410 377 Blumea bifoliata (L.) DC. H Compositae PNR 0314 378 Blumea oxyodonta DC. H Compositae PNR 0568 379 Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench H Compositae PNR 0171 380 Cyanthillium albicans (DC.) H.Rob. H Compositae PNR 0198 381 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. H Compositae PNR 0361 382 Dicoma tomentosa Cass. H Compositae PNR 0466 383 Echinops echinatus Roxb. H Compositae PNR 0389 384 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. PH Compositae PNR 0130 385 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. H Compositae PNR 0352 386 Erigeron bonariensis L. H Compositae PNR 0236 387 Glossocardia bosvallia (L.f.) DC. H Compositae PNR 0369 388 Kleinia grandiflora (wallich ex DC.) N.Rani H Compositae PNR 0299 389 Lagascea mollis Cav. H Compositae PNR 0489 390 Laggera alata (D.Don) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv. H Compositae PNR 0565 391 Launea nudicaulis Hook. f. H Compositae PNR 0368 392 Parthenium hysterophorus L. H Compositae PNR 0128 393 Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling H Compositae PNR 0131 394 Pulicaria angustifolia DC. H Compositae PNR 0470 395 Pulicaria wightiana (DC.) C.B.Clarke H Compositae PNR 0315 396 Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. H Compositae PNR 0386 397 Sphaeranthus indicus L. H Compositae PNR 0153 398 Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski H Compositae PNR 0095 399 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. H Compositae PNR 0120 400 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. PH Compositae PNR 0081 401 Wedelia urticifolia (Blume) DC. PH Compositae PNR 0302 402 Xanthium strumarium L. H Compositae PNR 0157 403 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. H Apiaceae PNR 0406 404 Pimpinella tirupatiensis N.P.Balakr. & Subram. H Apiaceae PNR 0400





Based on the habit and habitat 404 angiospermic weed species were classified into aquatic herbs (17), climbing herbs (4), herbs (337), prostrate herbs (41), parasitic herbs (4 ). Major families showing alpha diversity of weed herbs are Poaceae (41species), followed by Asteraceae (28), Fabaceae (14), Acanthaceae (13) and Amaranthaceae (11). It has been shown that five or more than 5 species are found in genera as per APG III families are Commelina (5),

Cyperus (11), Frimbristylis (5), Alysicarpus (5), Crotalaria(7), Indigofera (10), Acalypha (5), Euphorbia (8), Corchorus (5), Sida (6), Cleome(6), Alternanthera (6), Amaranthus (5), Leucas (8), Ocimum (5), Barleria (7). Among the impotant herbs of the study area Pimpinella tirupatiensis, is an endemic species ( fig.1 E) and Ceropegia juncea is an endangered species (fig. 1 F).

Table 3: Showing the New Reports from the Study Area

Table 3. Showing the New Reports from the Study Area Sl.No Voc.No. Plant Name Family

1 PNR 0367 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. Amaranthaceae 2 PNR 0323 Alysicarpus pubescens J.S.Law Fabaceae 3 PNR 0171 Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench Compositae 4 PNR 0314 Blumea bifoliata (L.) DC. Compositae 5 PNR 0234 Polygala erioptera DC. Polygalaceae 6 PNR 0575 Portulaca pilosa L. Portulacaceae 7 PNR 0301 Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Solanaceae 8 PNR 0375 Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Spenocleaceae





Fig. 1. A. Polygala erioptera DC. B. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. C. Aerva javanica

(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. D. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. E. Pimpinella tirupatiensis N.P.

Balakr. & Subram. F. Ceropegia juncea Roxb.

Table 4: Showing Invasive Alien Species Family wise

2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 3

7 5 3 2 3 1

15

1 1

8

05

101520



issn: 2454-1362, floristic … · with red, black, and laterite soils and has dry climate....

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