issn: 1992-8645 fpga implementation of des algorithm … · fpga implementation of des algorithm...

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 31st May 2017. Vol.95. No 10

© 2005 – ongoing JATIT & LLS

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

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FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF DES ALGORITHM USING

DNA CRYPTOGRAPHY

B.MURALI KRISHNA

1, HABIBULLA KHAN

1*, G.L.MADHUMATI

2, K.PRAVEEN KUMAR

3,

G.TEJASWINI3, M.SRIKANTH

3, P.RAVALI

3

1Research Scholar,

3U.G Student Department of ECE, K L University, AP, India:

1*Professor & Dean Student Affairs Department of ECE, K L University, AP, India;

2Professor & H.O.D Department of ECE, Dhanekula Institute of Engineering & Technology, AP, India;

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

DNA Cryptography is the evolving cryptanalytic technology in the field of information security. Using this

Cryptanalytic technology which involves in DNA Cryptography improves the security level to protect

information from attackers. However all those methods which are proposed earlier remained theoretical

concepts for enhancing security. In addition, Traditional Cryptographic methods have some demerits such

as size of the input, computational speed and cost. To overcome these problems this proposed paper

describes in detail about the advancements that are made in the DES Algorithm (Data Encryption Standard)

using DNA cryptography. Moreover, this paper illustrates about the DES algorithm’s encryption and

decryption process which follows symmetric key system followed by DNA cryptography. Out of two

stages in the proposed technique, in first stage the Cipher is generated using conventional DES algorithm,

the key that is used to produce cipher is generated by using partial reconfiguration and later the key is also

encrypted using dummy key. In second stage this encrypted key and cipher is subjected to DNA computing

followed by the protein form i.e., the cipher is shown in the form of proteins which is unbreakable. This

cryptographic technique is designed and simulated using Xilinx ISE and targeted on Zed board. The

analysis of the results endorse that the proposed algorithm is immune from attacks, reliable and robust for

transmission of information.

Key Words: DNA Cryptography, Data Encryption Standard, RNA, Protein form, Zed Board FPGA.

1. INTRODUCTION The modern world is evolving with advanced

technologies such as e-commerce, net banking

and social networking. Evolution in internet led

to increase in number of hackers, attackers and

network security has become a major issue in

present era and therefore high cryptographic

algorithms are to be used to provide a secure

transmission of data. Transfer of personal

information through communication channel is

necessary. We are not sure about whatever

information that was transferred through the

communication channel is secured. In such

situation, network security is mandatory to

overcome unauthorised access of confidential

information. In order to offer high security

1.Cryptography and 2.Steganography are the two

prominent and efficient methods. (1)

Cryptography is an art of transferring

information secretly over vulnerable channels. It

is used for communicating through an untrusted

network which can be understandable only by

the admin.(2) Steganography is an art of hiding

the actual data using duplicate data. There are

handful numbers of algorithms for providing

information security over communication

channels. Security is the main factor for the

transfer of information among several people

using those algorithms. However, those

algorithms are not enough to provide security for

the information. Widely used cryptographic

algorithms like DES, AES and RSA are

vulnerable to attacks and have been broken;

therefore new cryptographic algorithms are

required. DNA cryptography is the emerging and

unbreakable cryptographic technique which

provides high security introduced by Adleman.

The proposed technique DES algorithm using

DNA cryptography has enhanced security. The

analysis on this technique endorse that the

proposed algorithm is immune from attacks,




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reliable and robust for transmission of

information.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

DNA computing has been studied in different

fields over many years. For example, in 2016 [1]

Asish Aich developed a cryptographic algorithm

consisting of two stages. First stage is to encrypt

the plain transcript using a random key generator

and second stage is to re-encrypt the encrypted

information with the DNA sequence to generate

the cipher text. Research has been done on DES

algorithm and it is confirmed that it can be easily

broken. We can overcome by including the

concept of DNA with DES algorithm. DNA

molecules are inbuilt having exceptional energy

efficiency, huge parallelism and immense

information density. These characteristics will

add on security like authentication, encryption

and many more. There are few theories and

studies by researchers explained briefly. [2]

Sreeja C.S in 2014 discussed various DNA

cryptography methods and proposed a pseudo

biotic DNA based cryptographic algorithm

which consists of both slicing and padding

techniques with complimentary procedures

which provides high confidentiality for the

algorithm.[3] Sabari Pramanik in 2012 developed

a cryptographic method using padding, DNA

structure and DNA hybridisation scheme which

lessens the time complexity. [4]DarpanAnand in

2013 analysed digital signature algorithms and

applications of identity based

cryptography based on bilinear computation.

This paper also viewed encryption applications

in

mobile networks and other wireless systems. [5]

Mandeep Singh Narula in 2014 developed an

enhanced version of Triple-DES and DES as

they are extensively used and implemented the

cryptographic circuit using Verilog. All these

conventional developed methods undergo brute

force attacks especially when DES algorithm is

considered. Now the proposed algorithm is the

hybrid algorithm which includes DNA

cryptography and DES algorithm. With the

inclusion of DNA cryptography the complexity

to break or decode the algorithm increases. The

proposed algorithm is immune from attacks,

reliable and robust for transmission of

information.

3. IMPORTANCE OF DNA COMPUTATION

3.1 Nucleic Acid:

Nucleic acids are a cluster of biomolecules

which are being part of the cell nucleus. These

nucleic acids are long polymers made up of

monomeric elements (units) known as

nucleotides: A (adenine), C (cytosine), G

(guanine), T (thymine) and U (uracil). There are

two types of nucleic acids present in the cell

nucleus: They are DNA and RNA.

3.1.1 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):

The DNA is the biological molecule that

possesses all the genetic information of the cell

and it is responsible for transfer genetics from

the parents, to their offspring. Its molecule is

composed with 4 nucleotides (A, C, G, T) having

double-helix structure. Because of chemical

affinity Adenine pair up with Thymine and

Cytosine with Guanine.

Table 1: Nucleotide To Binary Conversion

Nucleotide Binary

equivalent

A 00

C 01

G 10

T 11




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Fig 1: Structure Of Nucleotide

3.1.2 RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):

The RNA is also a biological molecule

composed of the nucleotides C, A, G, and U. The

only difference between DNA and RNA is

Thymine is replaced with Uracil. There are two

types of RNA. They are mRNA and tRNA. In

this study we make use of mRNA form. Mainly

works on basis of complementary rule.

3.2 Background of Central Dogma of

Molecular Biology:

The process of converting DNA molecules into

protein sequence is called Central Dogma of

Molecular Biology. Genetic code is made up of

Codons which are three letter codes. Biological

molecules DNA and RNA have triplets which

are called as codons. The conversion involves in

two stages Transcription and Translation.

Transcription is the process of converting DNA

sequence to mRNA sequence and Translation is

the process of converting mRNA to protein

sequence.

Fig 2: Process Of Conversion

Fig 3: Structure Of RNA

DNA Sequence

mRNA sequence

Protein form




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Fig 4: Transcription Of DNA To Mrna

4. KEY GENERATION PROCEDURE

Data Encryption Standard algorithm is subjected

to linear crypto analytic attacks for the reason of

having weak keys. In order to counterattack the

brute force attacks, enhancement of key is

required. Partial reconfiguration ability of the

system is the emerging method to provide

solution.

4.1 Partial Reconfiguration

Partial reconfiguration is a procedure of

modifying an area in FPGA without changing

any other applications. From the functionality of

the design flow, it is divided into two types:

Static PR and Dynamic PR. Dynamic partial

reconfiguration is also known as active partial

reconfiguration. It allows the change in

functionality of a specific part of the device

while the rest of the parts of FPGA is still

running. Partial bit files are generated from the

design flow using the process of Partial

Reconfiguration.

Cryptography is responsible for formation of

secure channel between sender and receiver. By

using different algorithms encryption of

information at sender with key takes place and

decryption involves in retrieving the original

information from the encrypted data with key at

the receiver. Linear Feedback Shift Register

(LFSR) is used to generate Key. It generates

random keys by shift and XOR based

mechanism. Key randomness can be improved

by using seed value already loaded. Various

types of LFSR’s are existing based on the

application. Partial Reconfiguration enhances the

security level of DNA cryptography methods in

runtime by altering the key using LFSR.

4.2 Importance of Dummy key

A binary key of known size is considered. Divide

the key into two equal halves to generate a

dummy key. If the length of left half of the key is

odd, pad with 0 and if the right half of the key is

odd, pad with 1. Concatenate the two halves

which produce the dummy key. Original key is

to be Ex-or with dummy key to give encrypted

key. This key is Tran scripted to DNA form and

then Translated to amino acid form. Thus final

encrypted key will be obtained.




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Fig 5: Flow Chart For Generating Final Encrypted Key

5. ALGORITHM

Step1: Consider a plain text message and Key of

same size. Key is generated by using Partial

Reconfiguration to enhance the security level of

cryptography.

Step2: Reduce the key length to 56 bits using

PC-1 and generate 16 sub-keys by shifting

previous key.

Step 3: By using PC-2 the sub-keys length will

be reduced to 48 bits.

Step 4: From the Initial Permutation table the

message which is to be encrypted is permuted.

Step 5: This permuted message is now divided

into two equal halves L0 and R0.

�� (1)

�� , �� (2)




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Fig 6: Design Flow Of DES Algorithm

where function F involves in 3 sub-tasks. In first

task, expansion of Rn is performed using E-Bit

Selection Table. In the next task Rn-1 is

XORedwith Kn (sub-key) whose bit length is

48.In the final task the output from second task is

loaded into 8 s-boxes i.e., for each 6 bits.

�� (3)

where (+) represents xor operation

Each block Bn is given as input to the S-Box as

shown below

��

------- (4)

Step 6: These 8 S-Boxes gives 4 bit output

which results 32 bit block. Now this block is

considered as Rn. This process is repeated 15

times resulting in the generation of R16 and L16.

Concatenation of R16 and L16 generates cipher.

Step 7: Each character in the Cipher is

represented in the form of A,C,G,Tby using

codon table.

Step 8: The DNA sequence is converted into

mRNA sequence by replacing T with

U.Finallyprotein sequence is generated from

amino acids which are coded from RNA

sequences.

Step 9: Key is divided into two halves Lk and

Rk. If the bit length is odd for Lk, pad with 0 and

if the bit length is odd for Rk pad with 1. After

padding, concatenate Lk and Rk.

Step 10: Consider a dummy key along with the

key obtained after padding. Perform XOR

operation between key and dummy key.

�� ∗� �� !!�� (4)

Step 11: Repeat steps 7-9 for keywhich results in

protein form. The protein form is then converted

to amino acid form.




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Step 12: Concatenate the protein form of cipher

and protein form of key to generate the required

Cipher.

Fig 7: Flow Chart Of Encryption And Decryption For DES Algorithm Using DNA Cryptography.

6. SIMULATION RESULTS AND

ANALYSIS

In this section, a lucid analysis of the simulation

results has been explained. The comparison

between the results shows that proposed

algorithm is powerful than existing algorithm

regarding security, power consumption and

computational speed. As the protein form is very

smaller than the bit length and DNA sequence,

there is no need of using compression technique.

Simulation result shown in Figure 8 consists of

Data, Key, Cipher_DNA, Key_DNA, Cipher

Key_Merge. Data represents 64 bit original

message, key resembles 56 bit key in

hexadecimal form. Cipher DNA is 256 bit

sequence which is in m-RNA form, derived from

cipher of DES

algorithm represented in binary form. Key DNA

is 256 bit sequence which is in m-RNA form,

derived from key used in DES algorithm. The

cipher_key merge is a 528 bit sequence which is

obtained by merging protein sequence of cipher

and key.

Figure 9 designates the hardware implementation

output of DES _DNA cryptography which is

implemented on ZED board. It contains OData,

OKey of 64 bit size, Cipher DNA and Key DNA

of 256 bit size and Cipher_Key 528 bit size.

Figure 10 shows the synthesised schema of DES




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algorithm which is generated by synthesizing in

Vivado tool.

The placing and routing occupancy of proposed

algorithm is shown in figure 11. The occupancy

of DES_DNA is less compared to DES

algorithm. Figure 12 indicates the Design

utilization summary that is produced after post

implementation in the Vivado tool.

Figure 13 shows 5% of LUT’s are consumed out

of total available LUT”s. Only 7% of LUTRAM

is used out of total available LUTRAM. The flip-

flops used are only 6% out of all. Similarly,

BRAM and BUFG are used 24% and 9%

respectively. Only 1% of IO’s are used overall.

Figure 14 shows the physical view of DES_DNA

algorithm on zync FPGA architecture.

Fig 8: Software Simulation Of DES_DNA Encryption Output Using Xilinx ISE.

Fig 9: FPGA Implementation Of DES_DNA Encryption Output Using Chip Scope Pro Analysis.




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Fig 10: Synthesized Design Of DES Algorithm Using DNA Cryptography With Internal Logic Analyser (Ila).

Fig 11: Place And Route Occupancy Of DES Algorithm Using DNA Cryptography.




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Fig 12: Device Utilization Summary Of Des Algorithm Using Dna Cryptography.

Fig 13: Percentage Of Device Utilization Summary Of DES Algorithm Using DNA Cryptography.




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Fig 14: Physical View DES_DNA Algorithm On Zync FPGA Architecture.

Some of the Merits of the proposed work are

high Performance rate, Parallel processing,

Ability to hold large amounts of info in very

small spaces. Regarding the limitations of the

work that is carried out the designed

cryptosystem is very complex while decrypting

when protein form of message is converted into

mRNA form since we have to choose the correct

nucleotide triplet from the available nucleotide

triplets which will be identical. However this

increase in the complexity will enhance the

security level of cryptosystem.

7. CONCLUSION

The objective of this paper is to deliver a

stronger cryptosystem which uses biological

conception and notations of DNA cryptography

for DES process to perform the encryption and

decryption. This paper explores the full

procedure of implementing DES algorithm using

DNA cryptography which provides higher

security than the DES. The advantages of our

proposed cryptosystem are it is more secure,

reliable and robust. The variation of key using

partial reconfiguration ability of system made

our proposed method unique when compared

with the traditional encryption techniques with

DNA sequence. In spite of having handful

number of advantages, this technique may lead to

high computational complexity.

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issn: 1992-8645 fpga implementation of des algorithm … · fpga implementation of des algorithm...

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