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TRANSCRIPT
ISSN 0976 - 1101
I
JOURNALvol - 12, Issue - 2
''5lfy - ;ec. 2012
INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICALEDUCATION, SPORTS MED|CINE
& EXERCISE SCIENCE
LAKSHMIBAI NATION]A, L UNIVERSITYOF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
GWALIOR
1
'NDN JO'NALOFPH6ICALEO-A-O\ SPOil5',,ED.c.iE&UEF'Ei.3;
ContentsFTALD COTYTPERrcON OF BODY COMPOSITION.METHODS : SKINFOLD ?IIICI VESSMEASUREMEN?S AND BODY MASS INDEXAMONG HEALTHY MALESML Pradeep Singh ChaharDr. L.N. Sarkar
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF CRYO ANDPULSED ULTRASOUND THERAPIES IN IHEREDUCTION OF DOMSDr. She.ji John
COITTPARISION O HEALIH RDLATED zHZSICAL.FTTJVESS ATIONG PROFESSIONAL PHYSICALEDUCATION STADENTS ANDCLASSICAL DATVCER,SAmab GhoshDr. L. N. So,rko,r
EFFECT OF YOAIC PRACTICE ON POWER,CO.ORDINATION, REACTION TIME AND BALANCEA-BILITY OF ADOLESCEJT? SCIIOOT AOrSDr. Kallot ChatterjeeTaran Chakraborttg
i
I
71
ta
I'ASSESs.ll4Er\4t OF fEE EXISTINq REHABILITATIONPROTOCOL RELATIVE TO THE INTERNATIONALS"ANDARD PROTOCOL .F'ON -KJ\ED SOF?
"ISSUEINJVRIES AMONG SCHOOL LEVEL RUGBYPLAYERS IN THE KANDY ZONEThush.eika D. Dis satlaA aka, S. Arambanaorthu.N. Arauinth, Nuu.)an T. Atapattu. Aruna S. Baniora,Dinusha L. De Situa, (Jdani N. Femando,S*itf,,a K. Herath Asela J. B. Rathnau aka
Vo'r.e-tZ. t"s.e -e,,:rty-Oec. ZOlffi
OF PHYSICAL LDUCATION, SPORTS
ACUTE E;XERCISDINDUCED IfrUSCUI,AR DAMAGEATTER ONE IIIONTH TRAIMNG
'JV SOCCER PLAYERS 61
Nima Ghamhd.aghiMohztnfiad Rezq KordiAbba,s Ati Cdelni
EFFECT OF EIGHT WEEKS SAMMER ?RAI,IVII,TIC OJV
VOLLEY ABIIJTY OF SADIfiINTON PLAYERS 72Pradeep Sitrgh ChalnrTilok Singh CtaharEFPACT OT SELECTED .EXERCISES OJV
REACTION SPEED OF RIIRAL ANDURBAN SC OOL CEILDRENDL SanjoA MitraProf. (Mrs.) Kristva Bdnerjee (Bisua.s)
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPOiISES TO DIFFERENTMUSICAL TDMPO DURING POS? .EXERC'STRECOVERY IN HEALTIIII MEDICAL S?T'DDJ TS A9Manjunatful S NRevqthi Deui M LSharanAd&rT
A..COMPARATIVE STVDY OF BODY COMPOSITIONAMONG NORMAL AND HIGH BINOD PRESSTJREMAI.E SI]E]ECTS OF AEMEDABAD CITY 7OODr. G,J. Thakkar
7a
ACADEMIC CIIAIR
f,"l
MaJ cer S. S, pawar, {vstilVice Chancellor, LNUPE, Gwalior
EDITOR-IN-CHTEFProf. (Dr.l L. N. Sarkar lReglstrar)
LNUPE, cwaliorEDITOR
Ptof. (Dr.l c. D. chatLNUPE, Gwalior
Prof, B. BasumataryDean, NERC, Guwahati
EDITORIAL BOARI)Dr. S. S. Bagcht
New Z€alandDri S. R. calgopadhyay
GwaliorDr. R. lf. Dey
cwaliorDr. P. D, Sharme
Ahs_mdabadDr. VlveL pandey
GwaliorDr. A. N. Saha
KalyaniDr. B. Basubatary
GuwahatiDr. B. S. Rathore
JaipurMrs. Indu Bom
cwaliorDr. Tapan Das
DubaiDr. p. K. Ds.
GwaliorMr. Pradeeb Sfirgh cLabar
uwaror
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INOIAX JOURNAI.OF PHYSIc"qlEOUc,qIqN, SPORTS MEOICINE A OGRCISE SCJENCE LNUPE-G€IiOI
Note
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The Indian Journal of Physical Education Sports Medicine& Exercise Science is published BiAnnua[y by La]shmibaiNational Universiw of Physical Education, Gwalior (M.P.)
The University is not rcsponsible for the statements madeor opinions expressed by the authors in this Joumal.
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FIELD COMPARISON OF BODY COMPOSITIONMETHODS : SKINFOLD THICKNESS
MEASUREMENTS AND BODY MASS INDEXAMONG HEALTHY MALES
- l\,1r. Ptadeep singh chaharPhD (SRF) Schotar,
Lakshmibai Natinnal Uniuercitq of Phgsical E&)cation'GLoalior (M.P), India.
Dt. L.N. SatkarRegktrar,
Ir*shnibai NatiaMI UniuersitA of Physical Educatn;n'&talior (M.P), Inclia.
ABSTRACTThe aim ofthis studg u(E to comparc the tloo different methods of fatassessmenf ie., skinfold thickness measuremefits and. bodg massiftdex. A total of thirtg lBalthV male ulith age ranges 26 to 49 learsLUerc selected..as a subject from Gwalior for this studA. Predictedpercentage bodg fat (o/oBF) uos aleiuedfrom skinfold equation giuen
bg Dutnin and Wonerslev and bodq mass index specifc prediction
fo/mula giuen b! Deurenberg, Weststrate anaL SeideII. Cofielationcoelfciefts results srtbuEdthat tlLere uos a good relntiotlship behteenth;se tu)o different nettbds for fat o'ssessment i. e., skinfold thicktEssmeasurement and bodg tuo'ss index (r = .751). The nean bodA falpercentage determined bg boqJ mass index uas slightl! Iouer thlnthat fteasured bA skinfold thickftess measlrement. 't-test' resultsreuealed. in signry.nlt differetAe annng skinfokTthick-ness nPo.surement
and bailA mass index metlbd (t = 0.689; p = .000). Thercfore' it flng be
concluded that ure can prefer either of the method ftanelg skinfoldthickness measuremetx and bodg mass indexfor assessmetx offatpercentage uithin a nonnnl subjects.
IKey word I Bodg Fat Percentage, Skinfold. Thickness Measurements,BodA Mass IndexIBMA).
INTRODUCTIONWhen people gain or lose weiSht they will add or reduce the amountof far'masa and to a much lesser degree. fat-free mass Bodycompositlon i8 the body'8 relative amount of fat to fat-free mass.
V:lJne-l2. l.-sue -2. Ju v-Dec.2012 l{ll) | |SSN0976-1101
GLoalior (M.P), India.
No,r\JoLaNlr o' pd,nc{ r!J. aT|oN spo"r *DrcdL Lpc.+ sL.ENcF
Achieving amorc optimal body composition goes a long way towardimproving your quality of life and overall .iveilness. Body comDositionis divided inro tu o separale rypes of mass: fat_lree mass , which iscomprised ofall of the body's non-fat tissues _ and body fat. Fat_fteemass includes bone. water, muscle, and tissues. Bodv iat is literallvfat locared q ithin the body It].The widely used body mass index (BMI) prcvides a measure thatallows the comparison of the adiposity of individuais of differcnthejghrs and weights [2]. The body mass index lBMIr, or euerelerrndex, is a heurisric proxy for esrimaLing human body far based onan individual's w€ight and height. BMI does not actuallv measurethe percenr a8e of body far [3]. BMt or Body \4ass Index i; a.methodofestimating a pefson's body fat levels based upon a person,s weightand height measurement. While the BMI calculation is an indir;ctmeasurement, it has been fou4d to be a fai.ly reliable indicator ofbody fat measures in most people {41.Skin fold measurements is a common method for determinins bodvfar ca6po";,;on. Skinfold measuremenLs are widely utili;d r;assess body composirion. IL is a Iot simpler than mant ofthe otherbody composition techniques. Skinfoid-based body fat estimationis sensitive lo rhe rype ofcaliper used, and rechniq;e. This methodalso onl) measures one iype ot lat: subcutareous adipose lissue(fat under the skin). The skinfold estimation methodj are basedon a skinfold test, whereby a fold of skin is precisely measured bvcaliDers al several slandardized poinrs on rhe body ro determinethe subcutaneous lat layer lhjcknFss. These meaiurements areconve{ed to an estimated body fat percentage by an equation. [5].Question remain unansw€red whether skinfolds thicknessmeasurements tends to over- or underestimate percentage of bodyiat when compared with body mass index. To answer ihe abovequestions, the present study has been formulated to comparemeasurements of body fat percentage (% BF) by using twotechniques namely Skinfolds Thickness measurements and bodymass indes of the healthy subjects.
METHODOLOGYA total of thirty (N=30) healthy subjects with age ranges from 26 to49 years, werc selected as a subject for the study from Gwalior.Body far Percentage was assessed by using ski;fold thickness
vorin"12 IssLe.2. JL y-pec 2012 I(ll) | tssN0976_110.1
equation and body mass index. Prcdicted percentage body fat {%BF)was derived from skinfold equation given by Dumin and Womersleyand body mass index specific prediction formula given byDeurenberg, Weststrate and Seidell. Written consent was takenfrom each subject willing to participate before the stalt of study.
Measurements were made on a single day between 06:30-10:00AM. Skinfold measurements were performed at four sites (biceps,triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) on the opposite side of thevascular access using the skintold calipet. Three sets ofmeasurements were averaged for each site, Body density wascalculated using the formula of Durnin and Womersley arld thepercentage of body fat was then calculated by Sid's equation.
Body Mass Index, is another method used in this study forestimating a person's body lat percentage based upon simple weightand height measurements. Whiie the body mass index caiculationis an indirect measurement, it has been found to be a fairly reliableindicator of body fat measures in most people. Body mass indexpredictron formula given by Deurenberg, Weststrate and Seidellwas used to detemine body fat percentage using age, body massindex and sex {R'? 0.79, SEE = 4.1% BF %).
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUESThe resuits were expressed as Mean and Standard Deviation. Thebody fat was measured in kilogmms. The measurements obtainedby the Skinfold Thickness Measurements (STM) and Body Masslndex (BMl) were compared using t-test. In order to evaluate thestrength of relationship between STM and BMI method, pearconproduct moment coffelation coeflicient test was employed.
RESULTSTable 1
Descrlpttve Statistics for Subjects
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean std.Deviation
Age 30 23.00 26.00 49.00 35.t7 7.3
Heisht 30 22.20 165.50 187.70 174.49
Wcisht l0 35.00 53.00 88.00 70.45 8.3
-
vol re 12. lssue -2. JL y-Dec 2012 | ( lJ) | ISSN 0976 1101
CAT]ON SPORTSMEDCAEAEXERCISES-EN';
Tabte 2Descriptive Statistics for Body l'at Measur€ments
Methods fatpercentageassessment
N Mean std.Division
STM 30 19.95 5.9BMI l0 19.6',7
The characteristics of the study subjects with the help of descriotivesratrstics are presenred in Table I There weri total rhirryparli.ipants included in rhis study. The mean and srandarddeviation for age, height alld weight of the subjects were 35.17 *7.3, 174.49 J:5.9 and 70.45 * 8.3 respectively. Table 2 reveals thedescriptive statistics lor the two different body faX measurementmethods used in the study. The mean and standard deviation valuesfor percentage ofbody fat by skinfold thickness measurements andbody mass index for the study group as a whole were 19.95 t 5.9and 19.67 t 4.3 respectiveiy.
Table 3Sigdficatrce ofDiffereoe€ between T{o Diffeteat Fat
AssessInent Method
Method ofFat
Pcrcentageassessment
Meanvalue
Meandilfercnce
t df sig.
STM 19.95.28811 .404 29 .689BMI t9.67
*Significant at 0.05 level.
t as\29) = 2.o4sTable 3 Reveats that therc was no significant difference betweenSkinfold ?hickness Measurements (STM) and Body Mass Index(BMI) mehods for assessing the fat percentage as calculated valueof 't' (.404) was lower than that of tabuiated value {2.045) at O.O5level of significance with 29 degree of freedom.
Vorume-12. t.sLe-2 Juty-Dec.2012 l{t4) I |SSN0976_ltol
Table 4Cortelations ofBody Fat PerceDtage Obtai[ed by fvo
Differ€rxt M€thods
Skinfold ThicknessMeasurements
Body Mass Index
STM I 0.751* x
BMI 0.751* * I
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*Significant at 0.05 level.
r.05 (28)= 0.36iTable 4 re\eals that body fat measuremenrs usins skinloldlhjckness measurements significandy correlated wirh body massindex method as calculated value (0.25i) of 'r' was greattr thanthat of tabulated value (0.361) at .05 levet of significance with 28degree of freedom,
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONHealttr practitioners universally agree that too much body fat is aserious health dsk. Problems such as hypertension, elevated bloodlipids (fats and cholesterol), diabetes mellitus, cardiovasculardisease, respiratory dysfunction, gall bladder disease, and somejoint diseases are all related to obesity. [11]. In physical fitness,body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, boneand muscle in human bodies [10]. Methods such as DXA, air_displacement plethysmography, and underwater weighing canprovide accurate results; however, these methods are cosdy andofren inaccessible ro rhe public. In mosr ol the siluation onty eVland Skinlold measurements are only the option to assess the latpercentage. Therefore, the present study helps in bridges the gapbetween the studies that already done for the correct interDretationof body faL percenrage.
The statistical finding of the present study rcvealed that therewas a large variation in body fat percentage among two differentfat assessment methods. The mean body fat percentage obtainedby body mass index mehod in ail subjects was lower than thatmeasured by skinfoid thickness measurements: 19.67 x 4.3
compared with 19.95 1 5.9 as shown in Table 2. From this {inding,we may conclude that body mass index method siightlyunderestimated the body fat. With the iimitation ofthe study fromTable 3 it was concluded that there was no sigqificant differenceamong Skinfold thickness measurements and body mass indexmethod for assessing the body lat percentage. It means both themetlods are equal for assessing the fat percentage. As shown inTable 4, significant correlation was found between skinfoldthickness and body mass index which is consistent with otherreports. The resuits ofthis study are in the iine of study conductedby Elizabeth Quinn and Durnin and Womersley.In summary, parallel measurement ofbody fat percentage by bodymass index and skinfold thickness measurements showed thatthat individual may use either of the method for assessing thebody fat measurements but these methods should be administeredcarefully in order to get easy and reliable measure of fat percentage.
REFERENCESa Jenniler R. Scott, What is Body Composition? retrieved on
October 1oth, 2012 ftom, http://weightloss.about.com/odlbacktobasics/f/bodycomp.htm
a Body Fat Percentage, retrieved on October loth, 2012 from,httpr/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fat percentage
a Body Mass Index, retdeved on October 10th, 2012 from.h rtp: / /en. $ ikiped ia.org/ wiki/ Body mass_index
a Elizabeth Quinn, BMI - What is BMI or Body Mass lndex?.retrieved on October 1oth, 2012 from,lirttpt//sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiolos//a/BMI_htm
a ACE (2009) what are the guidelines for perceqtage of bodyfat loss? American Council on Exercise (ACE), Ask the ExpertBlog. December 2, 2009.
a Jackson AS, Stanforth PR, cagnon J, et al. 'The Effect ofSex, Age and Race on Estimating percentage Body Fat ftomBody Mass Index The Heritage Family Studv", Int J ObesRelat Metab Disord, JuIl 2O02t 26(6):7 89-96.
a Durnin JV, Womersley J., 'Body Fat Assessed from TotalBody Density and its Estimation from Skinfold Thickness:
Volure-I2.lss-e-2 Julv Dec 2012 l{lO) | |SSN0976-1iot
a
a
a
a
,)
a
a
a
Measurements on 481 Men and Women Aged ftom 16 to 72Years , BrJ Nutr. 197at 32(1)177 -97.
Dumin J.V.G.A., Rahoman M.M., "The Assessment of theAmount of Fat in the Human Body from Measurements ofSkinfolds Thickness", Br. J. Nutr., 1967,2\641649.Deurenberg P., weststrate J.4., Leidell J.c., 'Body MassIndex as a Measure of Body Fatness: Age- And Sex- SpecificPrediction Formulas", Br. J. Nutr., 1991, 65,105-114.
Body composition, retrieved on October 12th, 2012 frofihttp: / /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-composition
:Jacek Bujko, Jacek llaspzat, Paul Houlshof and VictorSchreurs, "Comparison of Different Methods of Body FatMeasurement in Non-Obese Young Adults", Pol. J. Food Nutr,Sci. 2006, Vol. I5/56, SI 2: 139 I44.
Wells JC., 'Body Composition in Childhood: Effects ofNormalCrowth and Disease", Proc Nutr Soc, 2003; 62:521- 8.
Jacek Bujko, Jacek Kasprzak, Paul Houishof and VictorSchreurs, "Compatison of Different Methods of Body FatMeasurement in Norl-Obese Young Adults", Polish Journalof Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2006, Vol. 15156: 139-144.
Raiih l.Isjwara, Widjaja.Lukito and Jan Werner Schultink,"Comparison of Body Compositional Indices Assessed byUnderwater Weighing, Bioelectrical Impedance andAnthropometry in Indonesian Adolescent Girls", Asia Pac JClin Nutr 2007: 16 (4):641-648.
Dilek Berker; Siiha Koparal, Serhat Isik, Lale Pasaoglu,YusufAydin, Kutlu Ercl, Tuncay Delibasi and Serdiar Gl]ler,"Compatibility of Different Methods for the Measurementof Visceral Fat in Different Body Mass Index Strata", DiagnInterv Radiol DOI 10.4261 I 1305-3425
i3y Len Kravitz and Vivian H. He]'wa-rd, Getting a Gdp onBody Composition, retrieved on October 12th, 2012 fromhttp/ /www.unm. e d\ I -lkravitz I ArtjLcIeyo20fold.er |underbodvcomo. html
VoJme-12 lssLe -2. July-Dec 2ol2 l(I/) I lssN0976'1101
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF CRYO ANDPULSED ULTRASOUND THERAPIES IN THE
REDUCTION OF DOMS
Dt. Shajl John
couege of ,appued. r,reaicat sae:L!,King Saud Uni\ersitg, Rigadh, KSA
ABSTRACTIndividuals engage in strenuous phgsical actiuitg to 1lhich theA areun acalstonLed. usuall! Iond.up in a phenonenon called. Dellaued Orsetof Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and results in muscle stifiness andsuelling. Curfent study was aimed to see the elfect oj cryo anaultrasound therapies on the reduction of sAmptonls of DOMS. iotal 3Asubjects uith the mean age of 22.1 1: 5.9 gears participated. in thestud!. Subjects uere randomlg allocated to three groups A, B anCI C(n= 10) and ucts induced. DOMS W a standard exercise protocol. Eachgroups receiued dfferent lreatment applicafion i.e ullrasound (US),cryotherapg (CT) dnd combination (q of both respectiuelg. Studgoutcores u)ere nteosared bA PercEiued. Muscle Sareness (pMS), Reloxed-Elbou JTexion angle (|EFA), Plasma Crcatine Kinase ICK) leuel at Oflours (pre-exercise), 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and. clt 92l1rs. Allthree groupsshoued Wrouement utith respect to stud! uariabl.es, u.thereas increased.inthe ROM for C group as comparatiue to the o ler turo groups. After96 hours of exercise the iEFA refum to its near notmal lanqe. Althcaahthere was ise in the plasmo CK leuel in all groups u,,iti successiuetime {nterval but C gfoup uas effectiue in ftinimidng the rising teuet ofCK. C tlefapg helped. in the rcduction of muscle soreness af .successiultime interual and reaches to baseline atrer 96 hours ofpost-exercise.The combined application of cryotherapg and pulse ultrasounalimm.ediatelV afrer exercised induced tuuscle damage, was effectiue toreduce the sgmptons of DOMS and it facilitates UE tissue healing.K€y Words: DOM8 Cry otherapA, Utrosound" Range ofMotiol\ CreatineKinase.
Volu-e-l2 rssue -2, JLtv-Dec ?012 l{lU) | |SSN0976_1101
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INTRODUCTIONDelayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeietalmuscle pain thal foljows novel ec.entric exercise.l,2 Th" f"*""i,"of soreness in.reases during rhe fircl Z+ r.,*, p".[.
^i z+_qs"h;",and subsides wilhin 5_Z days of postexercise.l tf1"
"or. *,1".f"_-..are described as feeling stiff, tender, and
^"fri"g ""p""iuily uii"ipalpiration or movement but lhesc (.ommon symploms rarelvrequire rnedi, al a I Lenr ion. t,4 DOIVS is iypt",rfy.ip.ii""l"a i" "iindividuats regardtess oftirness levet, ani j". ".._.r pr,ll.iJ"Jt#response to increased exertion, and the introaucUon
"t untam.itia.physical activities. It can occur any number of times th;;i;;one'slife.9 Researchersiypothesis ihat DOMS is ,eiated d;;s;i;:S.] ..Tr]
d,T1i: ,hat is rolowed by ion imrarar,ce, tnnammai;onlano patn l.2.4,"Muscle damage includes disrupted sar_cole6rna, 1_ruoures, myotrbrils, cJ Loskeletal prorein, and sarcoplasmicre'i.ulum (SR) 4-6. lmmediate
"oi..,es" may be due lo bio.mechanical end producrs ot melabotjsm uff".t;g ".;" ;i;or femporary hvpoia due to muscle ischaemja.-S.reri,y ;; i;;soreness dFpends upon tle complexity of tle exerciset0. Due io
li:-:1"-":i:" r.' pain and dis.omron. DOMS carr impair physicalurness anct pertormance, so pre\ention and treatmeni of nO-tttS ;sor great concern to coaches, trainers, al.rd tbempistsl l.Some slraregies proposed lo alleviate DOMS jnclude pre andpostcxerclse stretching, light exercise. ultrasound, toDicalanalgesics. and It is also common for lhe clini.jan ,";;;";;.;;N^SAIDs to decrease the magnitude of the""
"h"ru"t".iJ;4. ii;;;of these treatments, however, completely att."""t" DOM;t,;.1;our srudj purpose. rherefore, was to track how ulrrasouncl.crJolherapyand irscombinarionaftecrscircularingCKl"vels. eMi.and rEFA during DOMS. Nowdda1s cryorh"..py U-"..*""i-f.,. i".lil_":l-llil :1" lT-:.ti9rF manasemenr of m uscu ro.skelerdl injurjes.in rnrs sludy trred to jnvesrigare I he combined effe"r ofcryotheraovw.rn putse uttrasound in rhe treatmenr of DO\,IS ovei separareuses of clyotherapy and pulse uttrasound theraDv.
METIIODOLOGYTotal30 subjects, 15 male and 15 female heatthy subjects (22.1r5.9 years, 169.5 1 10.3 cm, 62.8 r 19.5 tg1 *"r" i"".,rit"a oparticipate in this study. None ofthe subjects had performea uppei
CATION,SPORTS MEOTCNE & EXERC|sE'CIENCE
body weight training within the previous 6 monthsr or experiencingpain in the arms, musculoskeletal injury, under any medication.The DoMs-inducing exircise protocol was thoroUghly explainedand they werc randomly allocated in to three groups A, B and C(n=io). Each groups received different treatment application i.eullrasound (US). crJorherapy (CT) and combinarjor'r'1C; ot Uo*,respectively. Afte. completing the pre exercise evaluation of eachsubject, and asked to pe orm exercise of elbow flexors to inducedelayed onset of muscle soreness by eccentric exercises in non_dominant arm. Subjects began with a 13.S-kg (30-tb) dumbbell.Beginning in full elbow flexion, subjects were.instructed to lowerthe dumbbell to full extension over 3 seconds. Upon reaching.fullextension, the investigator assisted the subjects in returnin; theweight to the starting position. Subjects perfomed continuousrepetitions until they could no longer control the weight duringthe 3-second pedod. At this point, the weight was reduced by 2.25kg (5 1b), and the protocol was repeated. As subjects continued tolarigue, the weighr was sequentially lowered in 2.25-kg (5-lb)incremenls unril a toral weight ol2.25 kg (5 Ib) was reached. Atthii weight, subjects were asked to perfo;m repetitions either tofatigue or until 10 repetitions completed. Treatment was applied{respective to their groups,. On successive 24 hours iniirvaltreatment was repeated. Cryotherapywas given by ice bag {crushedice) method. Ice crushed and filled in the polythene bag. One layerof towel wmpped around the ice bag to avoid di*ct contact of skin!o !h9 bag. Cryotherapy was appLied for 20 minutes continuously.Pulse Ultrasound treatment with frequency of 1 MHZ duty cycle ;f2oo/o, ratio 1i4, intensity of 0 .8 w/cm2, was given on muscle beliyfor 7 minutes. Treatment head of 3cm diameter is used for thitreatment. Ultrasonic gei is used to as transmission medium. Incombination therapy, CT was given for 20 minutes continuouslv.Theleafter five minutes of interval given before apptying theultrasound therapy. Then pulsed US applied for continues 7minutes, Study outcomes were measured by perceived MuscleSoreness {PMS), Relaxed-Elbow flexion angle (IEFA), plasmaCreatine Kinase (CK) level at 0 hours (pre,exercise), 24hrs, 48hrs,72hrs and at 92hrs.
Volune-I2. lssue -2, July-Dec. 2012 l{2U) | |SSN0976_jtol
:Lr.. , 'r'F,.4 oF "r , r-ro.r-;ir6i-.o-rrinidc-iiiEEE
RESULTSData analysis of outcome variables was ctone with help of ANOVA
fi 1# l!?!ig t:b xTf,T"H:: ;j ;:: g ;i.:;*:"1:iili,i1#,HiJ:"a:,::fl:'::":,x1",:.il
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Table-1.1iEFA (degrees) tn cloups at Different Ttme llten al
Croups 0Hrs. 24 Hrs. 4Etlrs- 721+s. 96grs.G-A 20.0+1.9 20.1+2.0 18.4+1.5 16.4+1.5c,B I4.0+1.6 18. t+t.l 7.6+ 0.8 16.2+i 0 15.2+1.2G-C l3_4+t.5 17.01L4 7.6+ 0.8 i4.8+l I 13.9+l.l
Table-1.1a|EFA Withil and Betweel Groups
One-way ANOVA Sum ofSquarcs
df MeanSquare
F sig.
rtrFA
961 s.
Between croups 2 r5.633 9.000* .001Wiihin croups 46.900 27 t.737Tolal 78.167 29
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INDIAN JOURNALOF PHYSICALEDLI
Table"1.2
Plasma cK Level (IU/LI tr Groups at Dtfferent Tlme h:terval
Table-1.2aPlasma CK level withirl and between groups
* Significant at 0.05 level; P=.05.
Table-1.3
PMS level in gioups at different time latewal
PMs analysis in groups
23.755
Linentsby-Lincar Association
J9 cerls ( I oo.ov.)have expect€d colnl less dran 5- llE mirimumevec&d count is 2.00
' Significant at 0.05 levell P=.05.
72tlrs.
c-A 149.0+10.9 t520 6+72.0
CB 150 ral0 5 t487.8+76.6 168,1.4+88.5 1196.2+9A.A
c-c
df F sic.
CK
96
1076643.200 2 53832I.600 5\.628* .00
0281526.000 27 10426.889
I158169.200 )t
Groups 0Hrs. 24 Hrs. 48Hrs. '72Hts. 96Hrs.
0.0+0.0 3.4+0.52 3.4+0.52 2.6+0.51 1.6+0.69
G-B 0.0+0.0 2.6+0.69 2.3+0.48 1.4+0.48 0.5+0_52
G-C 0.0+0.0 2.5+0.50 2.t+0.3 | l.l+0.31 0.3+0.48
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MIANDUNML@
i-retaxed-elbow flexion range of
moflon
0
0 hours 24 4a 72 96holrs hours hou6 hours
rtme dura on
+pulse us therapy -{,cryolhqapy
Gral'h-l,1 IEFA {degreesl li groups at alifferent title lntewal
interval
cpk level of g roups afbr treatment
^ 2500
E 2ooo
6 1500
i rooo
E 500"o
0 hours 24 $ 72 96nours hours hours houB
time duration_'--
+purse 0s +cryotherapy- r cryotherapy +pulse us
Graph-l,2. plasma CL level {IUlLl in $oups at different time
m uscle soreness level
0 hours 24 4a 72 96ho urs hours hours hours
tih 6 d uratlon
W.. cryolharpy +pulse us
Graph-1.3.PMS level ln groups at dlfferent tlme int€rval
DISCUSSIONThe result of the current study showed that a treatment of 20minutes crlothempy and followed by 7 minute of pulse ultrasoundtherapy immediately after exercised induced muscle damage(EIMD) in elbow flexors and further application of treatment atsuccessive four days of post exercise is eff€ctive in reducingstiffness, as rclaxed arm angle, and reduction in muscle sorenesslevel, and low€r value of plasma CK activity.We used pulsed US in this study because ofthe mechanical effects,stable cavitations, and micro streaming are believed to aid tissueregeneration and healingl4. Acoustic micro str€aming andcavitation increase the diffusion of ions and metabolites acrossthe cell membranes and enhance the reparative processl2.Changes in calcium permeability are associated with enhancedtissue healingl2. Increased sodium pemeability may reduce painand spasm by altering neuml activity 12. In the curent study thesefactors might have improved the PMS.
Little researches have been pedormed on IEFA and US, Cryotherapies. Continuos US with its thermal effect is normally usedto increase range of motionsl3. Any significant evidence ofperceived soreness and reia-<ed elbow angle indicates healing andtreatment elIect. Ou. finding that contrasts with data from US alone
Volume-12, lssue -2, Ju lssN 0976 - 1101
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