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Islam: Old and New

42. Islam seeks to convert the whole world to Allah. 43. The Abbasid Dynasty 44. Atomic Iran 45. Palestine Under the British Mandate 46. The Next World War 47. Islam in the War of Gog and Magog 48. Who Has a Right to the Land of Palestine? 49. The Islamization of Western Europe 50. Clarifying the Failures of Islam 51. Islamic Terrorism 52. The Shah of Iran 53. History and Outlook for Jerusalem 54. Islamic India 55. The Ottoman Empire Bibliography

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The Missionary Among Us

42. Islam seeks to convert the whole world to Allah. It’s methods are threefold: 1.DA’WAH – missions 2.JIHAD – war 3.Mosque – physical presence Christianity is a “go” faith while Islam is a “come” faith. Methods of DA-WAH:

1. Endow academic institutions with a chair in Islamic studies 2. 2. Introduce Islam into elementary education as a multi-cultural program. 3. Work in prisons to convert inmates to Islam. It is estimated that 300,00 prisoners (mostly black)

have been converted since 1994. 4. Reach out to minority populations in dense urban cities providing social, political, religious

cohesion and help. 80 % of Americans live in metropolitan areas. 45% of evangelicals have an unfavorable opinion of Muslims.

Practice of JIHAD: The use of violence and war is foreign to the teachings of the NT but is preached in the Koran to defend, to right a wrong, and to spread Islam to unbelievers. News media and Islamic apologist claim the jihad of inner struggle to the west while within, the jihad of holy war is preached. No major area of the world has reconverted to their previous religion after being forced to accept Islam. Importance of the mosque:

1. Build them in the urban cities. 2. Model after church building of Christianity 3. Use petrodollars to finance the building of mosques.

a. The Saudi royal family has funded 200 Islamic centers, 1500 mosques, 20 colleges, and 2000 madrassas with Wahabi theology since 1973.

b. In the U.S. there are two million mosque-attending Muslims out of seven million Muslims. 30% of attendees are converts. Nearly all mosques are politically active and involved in social help programs.

4. In Muslim majority countries Christian churches are closed, destroyed, denied the right to repair as a means to displace Christianity all together.

5. The combined GDP of all Arab countries is $550 billion which is less than Spain. The combined GDP excluding oil is less than the country of Finland. Yet oil and oil alone funds the building of mosques.

Handling the Truth: In Islam there is the concept of absolute truth and relative truth. Absolute truth is related to God. These include god’s essence, justice, names; all words in the Koran; and all of Muhammad’s revelations. Relative truth is dependent upon time, conditions and people. This may be understood as situation ethics. Examples are violence against civilians under conditions of jihad, lying to gain economic advantage, protect honor, or deceive an enemy.

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Relative justice permits overriding individual right for sake of the public good. Truth is supported by the principle of fear rather than by reason, inspiration, fairness, human value or tolerance. These fears are: Allah’s punishment, community or family shame, evil spirits, hell, and death. Christianity values divine moral truth and love expressed in democratic human govt. Islam values obedience to Allah, fear of punishment, works, group honor under a legal apparatus in a theocracy. Islam’s message pattern to the west:

1. “We are not” violent 2. “We are” patriotic 3. “We believe” in the same god 4. “Come and see” our mosques 5. “Let us tell you” about our faith and views

Islam’s missionary tools of success:

1. Have a global strategy 2. Growth through trade 3. Student promotion of faith 4. Reaching black communities 5. Portrayal of peaceful theology 6. Petrodollars 7. Focus on prisons 8. Intimidation – Egypt 9. Jihad – Sudan 10. Effective mass media – al Jazeera 11. Raised mosques 12. Message of simplicity and piety

Islam’s missionary failed results:

1. Real conversions rare 2. Women’s dress codes 3. Images of violence 4. No success with evangelicals 5. Haven’t stopped Christian missions 6. Mosques are largely empty 7. Threats met with resistance 8. No democratic successes 9. No modern education systems 10. Haven’t releived fear in their own religion 11. No assurances of eternity to the living 12. Haven’t dispelled Arab stereotype

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43. The Abbasid Dynasty The name Abbasid derives from the paternal uncle of the prophet Muhammad whose name was al-Abbas. Abbas was not a Muslim. The Abbasids drew their followers from southern Iraq, Iran, and northern Afghanistan revolting against the Umayyed dynasty of Syria which ruled from 661-750 A.D. The first important Abbasid caliph was Mansur consented to in 754 A.D. The Abbasids held a weak claim of bloodline compared to the descendents of Fatima and Ali who became the Shia. Also Muslim law recognized no right of primogeniture. In 762 Mansur defeated the prophets grandsons in battle killing Muhammad in Medina and Ibrahim in Basra, Iraq. Mansur established his court in and founded Baghdad in 762 A.D. The Barmakids of Persia were a family of scribes and civil servants who ran the court, the bureaucracy, and the treasury for the caliphs. Harun Rashid ascended to caliph in 786 A.D. Harun is best known as the caliph of the Arabian Nights, Jafar the Barmakid, and Abu the court jester. Harun in Hebrew is Aaron. Harun undertook nine pilgrimages to Mecca during his lifetime 766-809 A.D. The Abbasid court was the scene for cultural identity. This is the social place where the elite, the wealthy, and the intellectual mingled to create and participate in poetry, music, science, and philosophy. Poetry content was typically about praising a patron or lost love. Music was provided by five or six musicians proficient with the lute, reed flute, drum, and tambourine. During the period of caliphs from 810-850 A.D., the Abbasids accepted the Mutazilite ideology that the Koran was created in time for Muslims rather than eternally existing. As a result philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics flourished in the Islamic world. The Abbasid declined in power and prestige form 850 A.D. until their replacement in 935 A.D by a militant emir.

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44. Atomic Iran The most serious threat to civilization is nuclear proliferation. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the danger comes from rogue nations, militant nations, and terrorist organizations. Iran has been pursuing a secret atomic weapons program with no verification of development by the IAEA. Iran changed to a militant Islamic Republic with the fall of the shah and the return of Ayatollah Khomeini in January 1979. The foreign policies of J. Carter 1975-1980 were based upon naïve trust, failed diplomacy and inaction toward Iran. The succeeding Ayatollah Khamenei, the 100 mullahs, the Majlis (parliament) are all committed to acquiring nuclear weapons, long range missiles, and exporting terrorism and the destruction of America and Israel. Iran is a signatory to the non-proliferation treaty but continues to pursue uranium enrichment which can only be used for nuclear weapons. Methods of dealing with Iran include: diplomacy, sanctions, support of anti-government dissenters, military action resulting in regime change. Iran has enough oil and gas for all of its future energy needs. Yet Russia has built a nuclear reactor in Iran in 2004. The French and Chinese also built reactors in Iran in 2002. No. Korea transferred missiles and missile technology to Iran. Iran’s methods with the west are negotiate, delay, and cheat. Iran tested No. Korean modeled missiles in 2004 which are on mobile launchers, capable of 1600 KM, and carrying large WMD payloads. AQ Khan of Pakistan provided nuclear technology and parts to Iran and many other rogue states. Terrorists believe their victims are weak and don’t deserve to live. Terrorists do not respond to mutually assured destruction because of martyrdom beliefs, honor vs. shame mentality, no territory to strike back at, no proof of guilt of terror sponsoring nations, and religious dreams of Islamic end times. The policy of appeasement did not work with Hitler in 1938 nor with Kim Jong Il in 1994 and won’t work with Iran. Dealing with terrorists as a law enforcement problem does not work either as Clinton did with Al Qaeda. John Kerry’s 20004 presidential campaign received funds from Iranians who support the mullahs. Under Clinton, Secretary of State M. Albright apologized to Iran for supporting the 1953 overthrow of PM Mossadegh and supporting the shah. This was intended to normalize relations but the offer was spurned. Sen. Joe Biden has supported normalizing relations with Iran. Disgraced Sen. Robert Tonicelli received political contributions from MEK an Iranian terrorist organization with communist aims.

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The Alavi Foundation is an Iranian front group in NYC to raise funds for the mullahs and propagandize in the U.S. There are about one million Iranians in America. The neo-conservative movement argued for the Iraq war consists at the upper levels of Jews, who it is argued, force the war on America to protect Israel. The policies of the ruling Iranian mullas are: 1) Rule with an iron fist, 2) buy time, 3) destabilize Iraq, 4) develop nuclear weapons, and 5) assert

power in the region.

The “neocons” believe in a morals value of right and wrong and good and evil. The core moral purpose of America is to advance freedom in the world and challenge despotic governments who threaten our national security. Iran funds, arms, and trains terrists groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad. Oil revenues exceeds 150 MM daily. Hezbollah originated among Lebanese Shia in 1982 with spiritual headquarters in Najaf Iraq. Hezbollah specializes in suicide missions. Imad Mughniyah is the military leader of Hezbollah. Hassan Nasrallah is the political leader of Hezbollah. Hamas was created in 1987 in Palestinian territories. The goal of Hamas is the recovery of the land of Israel for Arabs. The Holy Land foundation raised $12 MM in the U.S. for Hamas operating as a charitable organization. The Hamas tool of choice is suicide bombers and car bombs. Al Manai is Hezbollahs hate oriented satellite broadcast media. The Shia and Sunni terrorist groups cooperate against the U.S. and Israel. Iran sends insurgents into Iraq to destabilize their efforts toward democracy. Al Sadr in Iraq is supported by Iran. Americas borders with Canada extend 4000 miles and the border with Mexico of 2000 miles which are only lightly controlled. Sleeper cells from Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah exist in the U.S. Suitcase bombs may have been acquired from the Soviet Union by terrorist groups applying radioactive waste material to a conventional bomb is a threat know as a dirty bomb. An improvised nuclear device is a conventional large truck size bomb which detonates fissile material secondarily. Iran currently can enrich uranium. Iran uses its oil as a weapon. China and India buy oil and natural gas from Iran by contract. They are likely to support Iran politically. Oil extortion to buyers to be supportive of Iran and non-supportive of Israel will increase. Every few years the estimate of world oil reserves is increased. There is no shortage of crude oil. One scientist has explained that oil is created within the deep earth and is not a product of fossil degeneration. Iran poses threats militarily to oil supplies by either attacking Saudi oil fields or using missiles or mines to block oil tankers access to the Persian Gulf.

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The mullahs rule by force and repression. 85% of Iranians want regime change from an Islamic republic. Dissenters, student activists, liberal journalists, and women are tortured, imprisoned, killed, raped, and sold into slavery. All music, theater, movies, broadcasts, and websites are censored. The mullahs are not hindered by human rights activists, international law or the U.N. Israel might pre-emptorily strike Iran and face nuclear response due to its pledge “never again” and first-strike policy. Iran might strike Israel to annihilate the enemy when a nuclear response would only mean martyrdom. Israel is so small geographically that one nuclear explosion in Tel Aviv would kill half of the population of Israel. Iran has 300 nuclear related facilities, some in urban civil areas and some in deep underground bunkers. Liberal left wing politicians would trade away Israel’s security for negotiations with Islamic nations. Pat Buchanan’s position is American isolation from foreign conflict which means abandonment of Israel because support of Israel means war. Fundamentalist and evangelical Christians support Israel for biblical reasons of end times prophecy. Peaceful regime change from within Iran by opponents would be the best outcome. The U.S. should impose economic sanctions on Iran and fund dissident Iranian groups who want regime change. Some think tanks want the U.S. to “engage” and open dialogue with Iran but this just ends up as diplomacy with Iranian leaders who lie and deceive to buy time to get what they want- nuclear weapons. Some suggest that if Iran destroys Israel then the U.S. should destroy Mecca. The abuses of the Iranian government must be exposed to worldwide scrutiny by the media. We must grow the seed of freedom in Iran by winning the war of ideas. Geo Soros supports the Iranian mullahs. Tyranny in the name of God is still tyranny. President Ahmadinejad believes he must cause a worldwide catastrophe to enable the return of the twelfth imam to declare Islam throughout the world. He is also called the Mahdi.

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45. Palestine Under the British Mandate In 1917 Britain performing under a mandate to occupy Palestine promised the land to the Zionists for a rightful home and yet the Muslim Arabs thought they had won a right to it based upon a support role they provided the British against the Turks. The British hoped to create a single state of Palestine which would include both Arab and Jew living in a democracy with respect for civil and human rights during their thirty year presence in Palestine. Palestine before 1917 was ruled by a Turkish governor under the authority of the sultan of the Ottoman empire. The population of Palestine in 1917 consisted of 7,000 Arabs and 85,000 Jews. In 1916 Lloyd George was elected British prime minister who had as a Christian a belief in Zionism. Chaim Weizmann was an influential Zionist who in 1917 persuaded Lord Balfour British foreign secretary to create in Palestine a Jewish homeland. He also convinced Justice Louis Brandeis to support Zionism who in turn influenced Woodrow Wilson to support mildly the Balfour Declaration. The Balfour Declaration was issued in 1917. Gen. Allenby defeated the Turks and took control of Palestine in 1917. Most of the Jews in Jerusalem who did not immigrate from outside were ultra-orthodox. Jews from Russia were sometimes revolutionaries due to their experiences there and now as immigrants. Jews from Europe were dispossessed already and were seeking a national homeland in the once ancient land. Britain agreed to a League of Nations mandate of 1922 to govern Palestine. Zionists wanted to import British culture and government into Palestine. Because of Soviet persecution of her Jews, Palestine became a refuge for persecuted immigrant Jews. British political interest in Palestine was to protect the Suez canal as a route to India and to protect friendship with Arabia and Egypt. After WWI there were 10 mm Jews in Europe. 2 million immigrated to the U.S. in the 1920’s. About 100,000 immigrated to Palestine. Most immigrants settled in Tel Aviv or Haifa. Wealthy Jews in U.S. and England purchased land in Palestine for settlements. Beginning in the late 1920’s, a type of settlement commune known as a kibbutz were developed among the Jews in Palestine. Development of a language discarded exile nation languages, Yiddish, and Arabic while adopting Hebrew alongside English. In Jewish settled areas the British upgraded roads, schools, health, and agriculture. The Jews wanted to modernize but the Arabs wanted to be left alone. Husseini as mufti of Jerusalem led the movement for Arab nationalism in Palestine while David Ben Gurian led the Jews of Tel Aviv as a labor movement toward Jewish nationalism. Arab national leaders willingly sold land to Jews and sought bribes from British authorities. As attempts at co-operation between Arab and Jew failed, Jews began a policy of segregation between Jewish and Arab communities and division within Jerusalem.

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Acts of terrorism began in 1929 between Arab and Jew. Ben Gurian wanted Palestine as a Jewish state welcoming Jews exiled and refugees but on a timetable of economic viability of absorption. By 1936 the Arabs and Jews of Palestine rejected a coalition government of both and partition of the land. The Zionists wanted the culture of Palestine to reflect western values of democracy, self-determination and human rights. By 1939 the Jews sided with Britain and the Arabs with Germany during the conflict of WWII. The Haganah was a Jewish terrorist/freedom fighting organization trying to expel the British. The Arab leader mufti Husseini made a pact with Hitler, lived in Berlin, and argued that Jews should not be given Arab land (Palestine) because of Europe’s persecution of Jews (Germany). Britain turned away the illegal immigrants ship Exodus. In 1946 the British had 100,000 soldiers at a cost of $30 million lbs. per year in Palestine. In 1947 Britain granted independence to India and gave up the mandate to control Palestine back to the U.N. Britain handed over government to the Jewish government-in-waiting. The Arabs had not planned to transition any of the bureaucracy.

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46. The Next World War A dedicated group of 100,000 Islamic terrorists has declared all out war against the West. The strategic goal of Islamic terrorists is annihilation of Judeo-Christian Western civilization. Moderate Muslims are at risk of harm for not supporting global jihad. Al Qaeda plans to defeat Christianity with a global Islamic dictatorship. Western commentators prefer viewing Islam as a peaceful religion. Yet the core principle of fundamentalist Islam for fourteen centuries has been jihad. They believe whatever they do is an act of peace while what non-Muslims do is an act of war. The Koran indicates that the land of Palestine was given to Israel by God (S.5:20-21, 7:137-138, 17:104). Zionism is defined as support for a Jewish state in the Holy Land. Palestinians have no legitimate claim to this land as they never settled it as a nation and are not indigenous to the land but are displaced Arabs. Koranic prophecy of end times is derived from the Bible. The Koran describes a terrible war between Jews and Islam coupled with armies from Yajuu and Majuj (Gog and Magog) (S.18). The Koran depicts Jesus Christ’s return to Damascus where he defeats the antichrist and his armies and ushers in peace. (S.19). The Koran speaks of the Mahdi (Director) who is the hidden twelfth imam returning to preside over a 1000 year Islamic caliphate (S.32) There is no specific mention of Jerusalem in the Koran. Muslims believe Mohammed was given a divine command to expand Islam by jihad (S.9:5). Muslims can never be at peace with non-Muslims, they can only sign a temporary ten year truce with a stronger enemy but must then return to war. (S.48). The rise of radical Islam today is due to: 1) rapid increases in Muslim populations, 2) unprecedented wealth from oil, and 3) the rise of several charismatic leaders. It is a documented fact that Russian troops not in uniform removed Iraq’s WMD to Syria in March-April 2003. Under Islamic belief territory once under Islamic rule can never be surrendered to non-Muslims. Western media refuses to take a moral position and label Islamists as “terrorists”. The Jewish people first conquered the Holy Land in 1451 BC under Joshua and settled there, even during the Babylonian captivity of 586-516 BC until exiled in 70 AD by Titus of Rome. Arab refugees in exile and Palestinians could be easily absorbed in the 8.9 million square miles and 805 million population of other Arab nations rather than be located within Israel’s 8000 square miles and six million population of Jews.

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The war of Gog and Magog will consist of a Russian and Islamic army which will attack Israel before the 7 year tribulation of the antichrist. These armies will be destroyed by supernatural interventions. (Ezekiel 38&39). The Jews will survive and rebuild the temple based upon a location on the Temple mount between the two mosques and at the initiation of a revived Sanhedrin which will also re-instate the Levitical priesthood and sacrificial system. The first and second temples were both destroyed on august 9th. (587 BC & 70 AD). Jeremiah 3:16 suggests that the Ark of the Covenant will be restored prior to Christ’s return.

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47. Islam in the War of Gog and Magog Too many Americans and westerners have a secular mindset which dismisses the fact that evil is a real and active force in history and life. God has promised to unleash enormous wealth in Israel in the last days (oil). Deut. 33:19, 32:12-13, Isa. 45:3. The current GDP of Israel is $123b. In the last days Israel will be living securely in the land. Current conditions of security include: Soviet Union collapsed, Saddam Hussein gone, Yasser Arafat dead, peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, Syrians removed from Lebanon, a strong military, the wall, strong economy, and a staunch U.S. as an ally. Always examine the Middle East through three lenses: economic, political, and Scripture. The modern nations from Ezekiel 38 and 89 are: Magog-Russia (Scythians), Rosh-Russia, Mishach-Moscow, Tubal-Tobolsk, and Gog is a title for dictator. Putin may well be the dictator of Russia. A military alliance between Russia and Iran is emerging for the first time in history. Russia wants an empire with influence over Islamic nations south of their land and a strong leader. The aligned nations with Russia include: Cush-Ethiopia; Sudan, Eritrea; Put-Libya; Gomer-Germany; Beth-togarmah- Turkey; Sheba & Dedan-Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Kuwait, U.A.E.; Tarshish-Spain. Egypt and Iraq are not mentioned as part of the coalition. When Gog goes up against Israel with Islamic countries as allies, God through an earthquake will defeat them. They will shoot at each other in their confusion. They will also undergo disease causing massive death. Civilian Muslims will come to faith in Jesus through dreams and visions. In the last days God will scatter the people of Elam – Iran, will destroy Iran’s leaders, and will restore Iran after the war. Jeremiah 49:34-39. No nation comes to Israel’s defense including the U.S. Egypt will be blessed as well as Assyria. Isaiah 19:19-25.

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48. Who Has a Right to the Land of Palestine? The real battle over the land of Palestine is not between Arab and Jew but between Allah and Jehovah. The British empire began to crumble co-incident with her role to give the Arabs Jordan which was 70 % of the land set apart for the Jews by the U.N. mandate in four separate actions over a period of 30 years 1917-1947. Two thirds of all U.N. resolutions between 1967-1989 were condemnations of Israel while none were passed against an Arab nation. Jerusalem was established as the capital in Israel by King David around 1000 BC. The Temple Mount was the site of Solomon’s temple in 960 BC. The Bible mentions Jerusalem in a Jewish context 811 times but is never mentioned once in the Koran. The UN, the Vatican, the E.U., and the Arab nations all deny the claim that Jerusalem is the capitol city of Israel. Jews worldwide are leaving their adopted countries due to the rising persecution and anti-Semitism and moving to Israel in a re-gathering unknown in history. The Koran prophesies the complete destruction of Israel by the armies of Islam. If the Koran is proved inaccurate, then Islam itself is a lie. Israel is barred from sitting on the U.N. Security Council and the Human Rights Committee, and as well the International Red Cross. The city of Hebron was the burial place of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as well as the first capital of Israel established by King David in 1000BC. It was not occupied by Arabs until the seventh century A.D. The Koran declares in several verses that Israel was given the land of Palestine by God (3.5:70, 10:91-94, 17:103-104, 44:30-32, 45:16, 95:20-21). The Bible states that God is the “god of Israel” 203 times but never states He is the god of Ishmael. Neither Israel nor the U.S. is authorized to give away land for peace between the Nile and Euphrates rivers. The Palestinians of today are actually displaced Arabs from other lands who have in large numbers been placed in refugee camps by the Arab nations and the U.N. The Ancient land of Canaan was given by God to Abraham, Isaac and their descendents. The term, Palestine, was attributed to the land by the Romans in 135 AD reviving the name of the Philistine people who were completely wiped out. Abraham was a Chaldean and Hagar was an Egyptian so that Ishmael has no ethnic claim to be a descendent of the Canaanites nor the Philistines. Both of these peoples were descended from Ham whereas both Isaac and Ishmael were descendents of Shem. During 1948 there were 850,000 Jewish refugees fleeing from their homes in Arab countries. They fled to the state of Israel. The only refugees ever to be held in limbo and supported by the U.N. to return to their unclaimed homeland are the Palestinians. Truth is only a threat to those who hid behind lies which explains why Islam fears the truth. Muslims believe that they cannot enter heaven until all Jews are killed except jihadi martyrs.

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Arafat should have been tried in a court of justice as a terrorist, murderer, and war criminal. Islam itself is the problem behind the Palestinian Israeli conflict as it destroys the moral sense of right and wrong by condoning murder, terror, and suicide as acceptable to advance Islam and destroy anyone who does not surrender. A doctrine of appeasement will never secure peace with leaders of Islam as it is a sign of weakness. Muslim peace treaties with Israel will never last as only ten year truces are permitted in the Koran in order to get stronger militarily. The PLO was created in Egypt by Egyptians not by Palestinians in 1964. God’s integrity is tied to His promise to Israel of the land and the blessing established in His covenant as unconditional and everlasting. Land for peace is contrary to God’s stated will. (*Genesis 15:18-21). The Roman Catholic and Calvinist Reformed churches teach erroneously that the church has replaced Israel as God’s chosen people who will receive the promised blessing of Israel. Any religion which uses murder to maintain itself should be denounced. Regarding the prophets supposed night time visit from Mecca to Jerusalem at the al Aqsa mosque (S.17:1), there was not in existence at the time (628 AD) any mosque on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

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49. The Islamization of Western Europe Western Europe’s policy is based upon peace achievement through dialogue based upon multicultural diversity, tolerance, and respect. Only national common ethnicity holds each nation in Europe together. The concepts of Europeanism, religion, and individual liberty are not embraced by most people. Virtues such as informality with strangers, curiosity, optimism, belief in a future, and questioning the wisdom of the status quo are absent. Instead aloofness, conformity, pessimism, mediocrity, and passivity are prevalent. It is not understood that Muslims are resistant to secularism, freedom, and democracy. Their allegiance is not to their host nation but to the worldwide brotherhood of Islam. Muslim immigrants came to Europe beginning in the 1970’s as guest workers and refugees. Now they come through family reunification policies. They come for economic opportunity of both work and welfare benefits. They come with a strong political sense of freedom, rights and taking over a country by having stronger convictions to their family, faith, and culture. Muslims view pluralism, tolerance, and gender equality as immoral. European men are viewed as weak and European women immoral. Western European destiny is in the hands of the social liberal establishment consisting of politicians, professors, journalists, and bureaucrats who believe all cultures are equal, that a controlled economy is best, that big business is a threat, that income redistribution is desirable, and peace at any cost is a must. To maintain these principles several policies are propagated: disparage America and Israel as threats to peace and order, idealize the U.N and E.U. as models of government, sanitize fundamentalist Islam as harmless, control the press by educating public opinion toward establishment policies, promote high taxes, provide welfare, and segregate Muslim immigrants rather than integrate them. When Muslim immigrants riot or become criminals they are treated as victims because of suffering in their native country and because of European racism. Tolerance prohibits criticizing a Muslim for any reason. Those who fear Muslim bullying or brutality are accused of xenophobia i.e. fear of foreigners. Europeans blame America for its concepts of individual liberty as selfish, global capitalism as unfair aggressiveness, capital punishment as barbaric, war as failure to resolve differences, and racist against minorities. Anti-Semitism against Jews is on the rise in Europe spawned by their successful integration and Muslim rhetoric against Israel When individual nations cave into Muslim terrorism they send the message that the terrorism pays. The calls for dialogue and diplomacy are an alternative to taking action. Tolerance for intolerance is not tolerance at all. Great spokesman against Muslim extremism such as Pim Fortyn, Sabine Herold, Guy Milliere, Theo van Gogh are murdered. Europe’s surrender to radical Islam is rooted in the psychic devastation of WWI. European schools and neighborhoods are segregated substantially between Muslim and non-Muslim. A godless Europe is inviting extinction. Europe is passive, soft, and appeasing. It’s worst enemy is itself.

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50. Clarifying the Failures of Islam The Koran was first translated into English in 1734. Muslims have been trying to claim that Muhammad’s birth was foretold in the Old Testament to claim his legitimacy. Yet Muhammad was a troubled man who thought he was going mad. He retracted the verses in Surah 53:19-20 first admitting Allah’s three daughters were goddesses. He was a man of war conducting twenty-seven military battles and planning thirty-nine other battles. It is clear that he was a man of violence and war. The Koran exhorts Muslims to advance the faith through military warfare i.e. jihad. The symbol of this expansion is the scimitar which is the sword of steel. Muslims argue that those non-Muslims living in occupied Muslim territory are free to live in peace. This is permitted but only by limiting human rights and freedoms of those persons and with a poll tax levied for the privilege (Surah 9:29). The protection offered to these persons is not from enemies but from the Muslim authorities. Slavery was assumed in the Koran (Surah 24:32) and Muhammad owned slaves. Slavery is still practiced in Mauritania and Sudan. The requirement to give alms to charity is known as zakat. The motivation is based upon the compulsion to give 2%. It is not voluntary and is not motivated by love and compassion, but by duty and obligation. This is social welfare not charity. All of the events from 632-1095AD regarding the advancement of Islam over new territories were in effect jihads. The first crusade in 1094 AD was done to restore long held Christian lands, protect innocent citizens from Muslim violence, pressure Christian relics, and permit pilgrimage to the Holy Land in security. Muslims have no legal claim to these territories and no plausible argument seeking apology or restitution from Christians for the Crusades. Apologies are seen by Muslims as a sign of weakness. Criticism of Muslim jihads is muted out of fear of reprisal, fear of being labeled mean spirited, and fear of being labeled as colonialists and imperialists. Rulers who are kings, dictators, sultans, or caliphs are frequently able to establish themselves as above the law. Concepts of natural rights endowed by God are not recognized in Islam. Also the division of a heavenly kingdom and a worldly kingdom is not recognized in Islam. No documents of rights such as the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights exists anywhere in Islam. The central theme is the liberty and protection of the individual which is replaced by the group’s of rights of Islam. In the West the belief in a god who is rational causes Christians to use the individual’s rational process of exploring, thinking, investigating the world of philosophy and science. The inductive reasoning process replaced the deductive process to observe, test, and hypothesize about phenomena to understand nature and to develop advancements to civilization. In the Koran these concepts are discouraged because the content of the Koran is said to cover all areas of life, cannot be built upon or changed, and hence science is not pursued. Great movements in the West such as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment did not impact Islam nor was there an equivalent movement within. The separation of church and state is a concept affirmed by Jesus in Matthew 22:21 but in the Koran the mosque and the state are joined at the hip. Muhammad claimed to be both prophet and ruler establishing this principle of joint dominion over the spiritual and temporal worlds.

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Muslims further insist that all man made laws are ineffective or at least subordinate to Koranic law as developed in Shariah. Prior to the time of Edward Gibbon in 1775 the Muslim religion was viewed negatively in the West. His writings comparing Islam and Christianity tended to apologize for the deficiencies of Islam at the expense of Christianity. Muhammad was an original anti-Semite because the Jews rejected his theology. Muslims today if they are so-called moderates are not free to criticize the tactics of radicals because of fear of criticizing the basics in the Koran, rejection by the Muslim community, and fear of physical harm. For the West to confront the threat of Islam, it is necessary to advance biblically based moral beliefs. Responses of relativism, secularism, multiculturalism, and political correctness will not succeed in protecting the West nor of individual liberties. Muhammad’s many marriages were done for passion rather than for humanitarian or political purposes. Muhammad is not mentioned in the Bible. He is mentioned twenty-five times in the Koran and Jesus is mentioned ninety-seven times in the Koran. Muhammad got his views of Christianity from followers of Nestorius, the heretic who was banned at the council of Ephesus in 431 AD because of his beliefs in Jesus as two persons. His followers, known as Monophysites, spread to Persia, Egypt, and Arabia. Muhammad claimed to travel airborne to Jerusalem and then to the seventh heaven. While in Jerusalem he claimed to worship in the temple. The temple however was destroyed in 70 AD, the Dome of the rock was built after his death in 691 AD and the Al Aqsa mosque was built in the twelfth century AD. The Koran is not written entirely in Arabic as claimed. It includes the following words from other original languages such as: pharaoh- Egyptian, Adam- Akkadian, Abraham- Assyrian, Jinn – Persian, zakat – Syriac, Heber –Hebrew, and injil - Greek

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51. Islamic Terrorism

Islam emphasizes action in doing the will of God, to struggle to defend the faith, and to expand a worldwide Islamic society. The fight in Saudi Arabia is based upon Washabi puritanical faith and literal interpretation of the Koran and Sunna. The Muslim Brotherhood under the pen of Sayyid Qutb sponsored a militant jihad worldview.

The success of the mujahidin in Afghanistan in the 1980’s against the atheism of communism gave people like Osama bin Laden new elevated status, a trained and equipped army, a safe haven, and the belief in the ultimate victory of radical Islam. Bin Laden and other radicals have declared war on America, Israel, and several Muslim governments by resorting to the principle of jihad in the Koran and the history of division and war between western nations and Islamic peoples. Jihad can be as narrow as one tribe against another or as wide as global conflict between East and West. The lines became blurred between interpretations regarding peace and violence, self-defense and aggression, resistance and rebellion and reform and terrorism. Muhammad required two methods to end social injustice, idolatry, moral corruption, and economic greed. The first method was the hijra which is the emigration away from a hostile non-Islamic environment when you are too weak a force to resist and survive. This is what he did when he left Mecca to gather his followers in Medina. The second method is jihad to kill or subdue a non-complying people to the rule of Islam. From the earliest military campaigns of Muhammad to the period following his immediate death under the companions, Islam from the beginning engaged in civil war, sectarian strife, violence, terrorism, and assassination of leaders. The historic divide between Sunni and Shia over succession of the Prophet was an early conflict within Islam which continues today. The division between internal Islamic groups are put aside when faced with a threat from any non-Islamic force which when repelled returns to internal conflict within the competing forces in the Islamic community. Early movements of withdrawing from Islamic society into an enclave of puritanical religious practice and radical terrorism were represented by the Kharijites and the Assassins, both Shia, who practiced revolution and murder toward the mainstream Shia and the Sunni communities. Those practices influenced the terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda, Islamic Jihad, Hizbollah, etc.. The Sunni revolutionary movements such as the Wahhabis are patterned after the political activist Ibn Taymiyya (1268-1328 AD). His model was to purify the faith by returning to the practices of seventh century Islam under Muhammad and the first four caliphs. He railed against the Mongol conquerors of Islamic lands while although converting to Islamic religion refused to implement Islamic Shariah law. This began the practice of declaring jihad against fellow Muslims based upon refusing Islamic rigid culture as prescribed in the Shariah. Al Wahhab (1703-1793 AD) followed the example of Taymiyya and focused on the unity of God by destroying the tombs as sacred places of Muhammad, the Companions, and Hussein in Medina, Mecca, and Karbala respectively. The house of Saud joined forces with and inter-married with the Wahhabi clerics ultimately subduing Arabia as a Wahhabi Sunni kingdom. Twentieth century revolutionaries include Hasan al Banna (1906-1949), Mawlana Mawdudi (1903-1979), and Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966). Hasan al Banna railed against the forces of liberal nationalism in Egypt and the displacement of Palestinians by the creation of the state of Israel thereby calling for militant resistance to colonial and Jewish forces. Mawdudi resisted the forces of British and French colonialism, secular Hinduism, and the division of Islamic lands by language, tribe, and ethnicity. He specifically

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resisted Muslims visions of reform to modernism. He preached jihad, to resist everything Western except science and technology, by militant force. Al Banna and Mawdudi both sought to reform and replace corrupt Muslim governments. Sayyid Qutb was a revolutionary Islamic radical who argued against the Western concept of separation of church and state and the Marxist position of atheism. He called upon Muslims to remember and wage war against the Crusaders, European colonialism, and the Cold War enemies. His tools were violence and terrorism. Jihad enters world history as the armies of God fought each other during the Crusades (1099-1291 AD) and in the period of European imperial colonialism. Responses in Islam from 1700-1917 was rejection of Western culture only or reform to accept modernity from the West. After 1917 the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the colonial powers redrew the national boundaries of most Muslim territories with the identification and enthronement of the most ruling families, kings, and rulers. Dissatisfaction with Muslim leaders caused many to be overthrown by Arab leaders behind the banner of nationalism or socialism promising an end to government corruption and social reform. This movement was discredited by Arab losses during the 1967 and 1973 Israeli wars. Islamic revolution was revived by the Iranian revolution of 1979. The result was a deposed Reza Shah and in Egypt an assassinated Sadat. In 1987 in Palestine Yasser Arafat under the PLO and Sheik Yassin of Hamas became the terror groups to expel Israel from the Holy Land. Both parties reject Zionism and Hamas seeks to destroy Israel. Suicide bombing becomes a political weapon of terror along with assassination of prominent persons. The PLO was about to gain recognition as legitimate in the 1990’s. The Saudi, Kuwaiti, and U.A.E. petrodollars funded the madrassas which supplied the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Deobondi in Pakistan. The actions of Islamic radicals and authoritarian governments are in conflict with liberty and democracy. Clashes within Islam due to sectarian interests tend to fracture the unity of any monolithic Islamic goals. Very few leaders speak of the need for tolerance and pluralism in Islamic societies. No one yet has determined how traditional Islam can claim the progress to be gained by modernity.

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52. The Shah of Iran The Shah had a belief that God protected him from danger and harm. He also was motivated by a love of flying which symbolized strength, courage, and divine protection to him. The Shah was short of stature and adored appearing masculine in military uniforms. His strength depended upon constant admiration for his people, three supportive close friends, and U.S. favorable support of his regime. The Shah’s father, Reza Khan, staged a military coup in 1920 seizing power in Iran deposing the ruler Ahmad Shah of the Qajar dynasty. Mohammad Raja Pahlav was born in 1919. Throughout his life the Shah received visions of protection from harm, divine rulership, and success in his decisions. He was sent to Switzerland for five years during his teen years for education which he hated. He came to power in 1941 by the exile of his father by Russian and British forces. He viewed the Iranian people as weak and illiterate while he venerated the greatness of Persian history. Women’s rights improved substantially under the Shah. In private he was courteous to women as well as in public ceremonies. He was also a womanizer and couldn’t articulate to the people the liberating actions of his views on women. The shah boasted of economic prosperity in Iran spurred by the boost in the price of oil in 1973. His vision incorporated material greatness but failed to include a spiritual and moral vision for his country. His people began to resist his leadership over 1) an extravagant celebration at Persepolis, huge purchases of U.S. military armaments, and his role as a puppet of U.S. foreign policy. The Pahlavi government enacted laws that were unpopular such as preventing land speculation by entrepreneurs and eminent domain benefitting the government. A one party political system was imposed on the people to contain grievances and difference of opinion. Finally the Shah began to remove Islamic influence from official Iran. The people were used to a strong leader chosen by the imams as the most intellectual, spiritual, and charismatic among them. The shah’s authority was undermined by himself when he was diagnosed with cancer in 1974 and to his constant public references to his impending retirement in favor of his son as heir to the throne. The Shah had a tendency to withdraw himself in the face of conflicts and to flee the country when threatened politically. He was passive toward adversity. During 1976-1978 the Shah began to implement liberalization policies of reform which created more demands for reform and added demands for improved human rights. Demonstrations grew against the Shah all over Iran particularly by students to end the repression of SAVAK which was the agent of state security. He began to think and act like the Iranian people had betrayed him for his generosity to them. His close inner circle of supporters had died or been exiled by 1977. Wealthy landowners with private militias had supported the Shah but they lost power to the revolutionary students, clerics, and militants. In 1978 the combination of the Shah’s cancer and his drug treatment rendered him considerably weakened in stamina, clear thinking, and decision making. He died from cancer in Egypt in 1980.

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The Shah had idolized the United States, its leaders, and its systems. The U.S. pushed the Soviets out of the Kurdistan in 1946, toppled Prime Minister Mossadegh in 1953, provided military arms, befriended the Shah, and installed Iran as the peacekeeping force in the Persian Gulf. Since 1813 Iran has resented foreign interference in its affairs from Russia, Great Britain, and the United States. The British withdrew from Iran in 1921 when Reza Khan overthrew the existing government. He was deposed and exiled in 1941 being replaced by Reza Shah Pahlavi by Russian and British backing. U.S. influence in Iran began in 1943 at the Big three Conference. The U.S. then backed a 1953 coop and restored the Shah to power fearing Soviet dominance. Khomeni, in exile, preached through distribution of audio tapes xenophobia against foreign oppression and adopting Shia Islam to counter western secularism. President Carter’s foreign policy of human rights and reducing arms sales undermined the Shah’s prestige as a violaterof these policies in Iran. The C.I.A. relied on intelligence, not of its own, but of the Iranian intelligence agency which was wrong concerning the internal Iranian support for the Shah. The U. S. State Department under Cyrus Vance with (ex-F. B.I.) ambassador to Iran Wm. Sullivan counseled the President there was no revolution danger in Iran in 1979. The Shah was told by Carter to avoid violence when demonstrators gathered to protest his government. The shah imposed martial law but refused to order his troops to fire on protestors to protect his throne. The Shah was indecisive, listless, and depressed. The Pahlavi government fell in 1979 to Khomeni who instituted a Shia Islamic totalitarian state. The shah died of cancer shortly after.

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53. History and Outlook for Jerusalem One concept about Jerusalem denies the historical background of Jerusalem within Jewish Israel. The centerpiece to this position denies the existence of the temple, yet if Muhammad made his night journey from the “farther mosque” of the temple mount how could he have done so when the first mosque built there was constructed after his death. A second component concerning Jerusalem regards who will best provide religious freedom and who will best protect all holy sites. The three contending ideas are Palestinian control, a U.N. international zone, and Israeli control. The history of Jerusalem describes how King David conquered the city from the Jebusites in 1000 B.C. In addition both he Bible and archaeological evidence substantiate the accuracy of Jewish claims to the temple on Mt. Moriah and Jerusalem as the capital of David and Solomon’s United Monarchy. The name, Palestine, was given to the land by the Romans in 135 A.D. and it is not a more ancient term. Christianity came to Jerusalem with the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ in 33 A.D. By the fourth century A.D. Jerusalem had several churches constructed and was a place to which pilgrims came to worship. The city was lost to Muslim invaders in 634 A.D. and then reclaimed by Crusaders in 1099 A.D. the Dome of the rock was completed in 705 A.D and the al Aqsa mosque in 715 A.D. The Mamluks of Egypt controlled Jerusalem from 1260-1517 A.D. who left it to ruin. The ottoman Turks rebuilt the city walls in 1566 A.D. But by 1842 the Jews were a majority of the population in Jerusalem. By 1917 following WWI the British won control of the city and published the Balfour Declaration promising Palestine as a national home for the Jewish people. This was re-affirmed by Woodrow Wilson in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 ad the League of Nations Mandate in 1922. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia contested this claim to Palestine and backed Syrian and Egyptian Arab immigration into the Holy Land. Israel declared its statehood in 1948 and was promptly invaded by its Arab neighbors. Jordan annexed the West Bank and east Jerusalem in 1948. Jordan held control over Jerusalem from 1948-1967. The Palestine Liberation organization was founded in 1964 and led by Yasser Arafat, an Egyptian, by 1968. Israel was invaded by its Arab neighbors in 1967 who were defeated and control of Jerusalem was taken in 1967. U.N. Resolution 242 left Jerusalem undivided but requested Israel to give back occupied territories captured in the Six Day War. Negotiations since have never resolved the issue of control over Jerusalem. The Wahhabi Sunni sect never considered reclaiming Jerusalem as a high priority. Hence al Qaeda lists it as a third priority in its objectives. This is due partly because Wahhabis do not revere historical sites other than in Mecca. They supported the Taliban in the destruction of the sixth century A.D. Bamiyan Buddhist statues in Afghanistan, the destruction of the al Askariya mosque in Sammara Iraq which is 1200 years old and desecration of Muslim tombs of the first caliphs in Medina. The PLO destroyed Josephs tomb in Nablus and key churches in Palestine. With election of Hamas in Palestine, al Qaeda has been infiltrating into the Gaza Strip and West Bank. The Iranian leader wants to destroy Jerusalem. His motive is apocalyptic. The Shia believe people can hasten the return of the Mahdi who will usher in a global era of Islamic justice. His point of departure to conduct global jihad in the end times is Jerusalem. Jerusalem conquered is a sign of the end times Day of Judgment.

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In Sunni belief Jesus will return to defeat the antichrist near Lydda Israel and spread Islam globally. They also believe Islam will overrun Europe based upon Muhammad’s teaching that Rome and Constantinople would fall to the Islamic caliphate. When arguing for the peace of Jerusalem several lessons should be remembered. First withdrawal leaves a vacuum which is a magnet for radical Islam. Second Islamic terrorism grows when victories have been gained. Third European Union favors declaring Jerusalem as capital of both Israel and Palestine independently. Finally only Israel has shown that it can and will protect the holy sites and allow free access to members of all three monotheistic faiths.

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The Tenth Legion: The Tenth Ledion was one of four Roman legions that put Jerusalem under siege and destroyed the Temple between 66 and 70 CE. The third row of inscription on this Roman column in Jerusalem’s Old City, near the Jaffa Gate.

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54. Islamic India India, more than other countries, has been shaped by religion and culture. Peoples from the far north known as Indo-Aryans migrated into India by 1000 B.C. The oldest indigenous civilization developed in the Indus River valley between 3000-1700 B.C and is known as the Harappan people. The immigrating Aryans brought the language of Sanskit, the priesthood of the brahmans, and the social caste system.

The introduction of Buddhism occurred about 520 B.C. Alexander the Great swept through northwestern India in 327-326 B.C. During this same period the Jain teachings evolved which forbade sacrifices, killing of animals, and elimination of meat from the human diet. Buddhism spread north to China, southeast Asia, and the Himalayan countries in 65 A.D. The indigenous people of southern India were known as Dravidians and spoke Tamil as their language. The Gupta dynasty developed between 300-500 A.D. which followed the Hindu deities Vishnu and Shiva. This was a golden era for India which developed mathematics including the decimal concept, astronomy, and medicine. Gold was mined in excess as well as gems. The record of India’s past is based upon oral tradition, religious manuscripts, coins, and archaeological structures. The Huns who were from Mongolia and entered Europe to threaten Rome were repelled by the Guptas. The Muslims from Syria invade India in 710 A.D. The Afghani Muslim leader Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India in 1004 A.D. Turkic people, also Muslim, invaded India under Muhammad of Ghorid in 1186 A.D. Ghenghiz Khan the

Mongolian converted to Islam and invaded India in 1222 A.D. A Delhi sultanate was established in 1300 A.D. and was known as the Mughal Empire (Mongol) of India. In 1398 A.D. Tamerlane, a Mongol, invaded India destroying much of northern India’s Hindu culture in favor of Islam. The imposition of veiling, destruction of Indian art and temples, and the mass killing of Hindus resulted. Babur the Tiger from Muslim Afghanistan invaded India in 1505 A.D. He became the first great Mughal leader of India. Under his reign the Indian currency known as rupees was instituted.

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Man Singh palace in Gwalior fort, Madhya Pradesh, 1486-1516. Northern India’s most commanding fortress changed hands repeatedly. Occupants included numerous rajput clans, Delhi sultans, Mughals, Marathas, British and, in 1858, Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi.

Muslim traders gained a monopoly of sea trade. This was contested by the Portuguese when Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to the west coast of India. England’s East India Company arrived in India in 1600 to contest the spice trade with Portugal. Meanwhile Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1643. The Sikhs developed in 1520 A.D. in northwestern India and were led by Gurus.

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Trade developed with the west in textiles (silk and cotton), gold, gems, and foodstuffs. Sikhs practice militarism, leaving hair uncut, and a ceremonial baptism. Elihu Yale made his fortune in trading in India while settling the fortune in Connecticut. British dominated through the East India Company beginning in 1750 as the Mughal empire declined. General Cornwallis led British military victories in India in 1790-92. The Duke of Wellington won victories in India in 1803-04. In 1849 the Koh-i-noor diamond was given by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to queen Victoria of England. William Wilberforce of England called for the end of slavery in the caste system of India in 1813. English missionaries introduced the English language and Western education system in 1835. The conscripted Indian army mutinied in 1857 over the objection to greasing rifle cartridges with cow and pig fat. The viceroy administration of the British government replaced the East India Company in 1858 building dams and railroad tracks.

India has always been sectionalized as to interests, segregated as to castes, diverse as to religion, and inward focused as to a civilization. When modernity came to India by 1857 labor was kept in place socially and economically, raw materials plundered locally and internationally, wealth squandered on temples and rajas, and capital investment nearly non-existence. Mahatma Gandhi from 1921-1946, a pacifist, was the symbol of non-violent, anti-colonial protest, Jawaharal Nehru, a socialist, from 1927-1948 led the political movement for Indian independence. Muhammad Jinnah led the movement for an independent Muslim Pakistan in 1948. Independence came in 1947 and 1948 respectively. Kashmir has been in contention between India and Pakistan ever since partition in 1948. The foreign policy of Nehru became non-alliance and peaceful co-existence. Indira Gandhi led the country from 1966-84. Hindi was declared the official language of India but regionally other local languages are spoken such as Tamil. Pakistan’s official language became Urdu. Bangladesh became independent as a Muslim nation in 1972. Rajv Gandhi became India’s leader in 1984. Raja and Rani are the masculine and feminine terms for an Indian prince and princess of royalty. Karma is the term defining one’s status as a determined by one’s past conduct in a former life.

Left Babur and his son Humayun, sixteenth-century miniature.

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55. The Ottoman Empire Turks migrated from the west of China in and around Turkestan as nomads towards Asia-Minor. Osman converted to Islam and founded the Ottoman Empire. A strong central government was established later at Constantinople. The first sultan to reign in 1360 was Murad I. He ruled through the Janissaries which was an army of Christian slaves. He conquered Thrace, Macedonia, and Bulgaria by 1388 A.D. Tamerlane, a Tatar, overran Asia-Minor in 1401 A.D. defeating sultan Beyezid but he only plundered the Ottomans and returned eastward to Afghanistan. Sultan Mehmed II conquered the stronghold city of Constantinople in 1453 A.D. This victory ended the Byzantine Empires dwindling reign of 1000 years. The Hagia Sofia church was converted to a mosque. He then built the Topkapi palace. He conquered Serbia, Wallachia, and Bosnia. His headquarters for administration was called the Sublime Porte. In 1516 A.D. sultan Selim conquered Persia, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt. Sultan Suleiman conquered Rhodes in 1523 A.D. The Ottomans were unable to conquer Vienna and the Hasburgs so they aligned with Francis I of France. Offices established were Grand Vezir over the legislative and executive affairs of state and Grand Mufti over religious affairs of state. Iraq was conquered in 1534 A.D. Hungary was conquered in 1543 A.D. Ottoman naval power conquered Cypress, Tunisia, and Morocco in the 1570’s. The Ottomans began to lose in battles to the Russians and Austria-Hungary becoming weakened in the 1700’s. England, Prussia, and Holland began to support the Ottomans as a balance of power against Russia. The traditional, conservative forces in the Ottoman Empire consisted of the bureaucracy and the ulema as well as typically the sultan. War broke out between the Ottomans and Russians in 1809. This resulted in Russia annexing Georgia and Greek independence in 1830. The Janissaries were abolished and a more modern army created based upon European military organization. Reforms were begun beginning with the Tanzimat as a declaration of civil rights. By 1840 European capitalists came to dominate the Ottoman economy. By 1850 the Ottoman empire was labeled as “the sick man of Europe”. The Crimean War was waged in 1856 on Ottoman territory between Russia and Britain and France defending the Ottomans. The fist Ottoman parliament convened in 1877. Egypt was converted to a protectorate of Britain in 1887. In 1896 the Turks massacred helpless Armenian Christians. Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm II beginning in 1888 began to exercise influence and control over the Ottomans. A new force of western educated young men known as the Young Turks began to push for reforms and constitution, separation of church and state, and end to the sultans sovereignty, and freedom. Meanwhile the Ottoman Empire lost Libya to Italy in 1912.

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In 1914 war broke out between Germany-Austria-Italy vs. Britain-France-Russia. The Ottomans, at first neutral, joined in support of Germany et al which later became the loser in the first world war. The sultanate and empire was abolished in 1918 and became the Republic of Turkey in 1923 under the constitutional, secular leader Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk. Copyright 2007.

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