isl lds sem 2-e8

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ISL

WEEK 1

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

The subject and the verb must agree in number: both must be singular or both must be plural.

Students have problems with subject verb agreement when the verb is a form of be or have, or

when the verb is in present tense.

Rules for subject verb agreement

1. When words like the following are used as subjects, they take singular verb.Everybody

Everyone

Everything

Anybody

Anyone

Anything

Somebody

Someone

Something

Nobody

No one

Nothing

Each

Either

Neither

Everybody knows the answer.

Nobody speaks German here.

Somebody was in the room.

2. When every and each come before a singular subject joined by and, the verb is singular.Every man and woman has the right to vote.

Each student and teacher was aware of the difficulty.

3. Prepositional phrases that come between the subject and the verb do not change thenumber of the subject.

The teacher as well as the students was working on the problem.

The mother together with her children is waiting.

Some examples of prepositional phrases that function like that are:o As well aso In addition too Together witho Along witho Except

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4. When the verb comes before the subject as in there or here sentences, it agrees with thesubject that immediately follows the verb.

There is a tree in the garden.

There are many trees in the garden.

There is a pine tree and some oaks in the garden.

There goes the cat.

There seems to be a relationship.

There arise problems.

There arises a problem.

5. Introductory it is always singular.It is my sister who works in the hospital.

It is my cats which cause the trouble.

6. Subjects joined by and take a plural verb (except for number 2).My sister and brother live in Berlin.

Both the teacher and the student were surprised.

7. Several, many, both, few are plural words and take a plural verb.Both are happy with the grades they got.

Many were lost on the way.

Few have done their homework.

8. Some nouns are always plural and always take a plural verb.Trousers, pants, slacks, shorts, briefs, jeans

Glasses, sunglasses

Scissors, pliers, tweezers

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My jeans are old.

This year shorts are in fashion.

Where are my scissors?

9. Some words such as none, any, all, more, most, some, majority, half may take either singularor plural verbs depending on the meaning.

All the money has been spent.

All of the students know the answer.

10.When subjects are joined by words such as neither, either, not only the verb must agreewith the closer subject.

Either the man or his wife knows the answer.

Either the man or his friends know the answer.

Either the children or the man knows the answer.

11.Collective nouns are usually singular when regarded as a unit.My family lives in Ankara.

Our team has won every game this year.

Sometimes when the members are seen as functioning independently, these collectnouns may be

plural.

My family have a lot of money. (members of my family)

Our team are working hard to win every game they play. (team members)

Some collective nouns in this group are:Family, team, crew, class, government, committee

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12.Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. They take singular or plural verbdepending on the meaning.

This species of monkeys lives only in India.

There are many species of monkeys.

Some nouns in this group are:Species, series, deer, fish, sheep

13.Expressions stating amount of time, money, weight, volume are plural in form but take asingular verb as in:

Three weeks is a long time.

Two hundred dollars is a lot of money.

14. Some nouns look plural withs but they take a singular verb.

Sciences Abstract nouns Diseases

PhysicsMathematics

Statistics

Economics

NewsPolitics

Ethics

MeaslesMumps

Maths is found difficult by many students.

Statistics requires complicated methods.

15.Generic references with the require plural verb.The rich are not always happy.

The young like to listen to loud music.

The old hate loud music.

The English are distant and the French are humorous.

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16.Note the use of foreign plurals.

Singular Plural

Analysis

ThesisCrisis

Basis

Parenthesis

Analyses

ThesesCrises

Bases

Parentheses

Curriculum

Memorandum

Datum

Bacterium

Medium

Curricula

Memoranda

Data

Bacteria

Media

CriterionPhenomenon

CriteriaPhenomena

Stimulus

Radius

Syllabus

Stimuli

Radii

Syllabi

Dont forget that some common English words have irregular plurals.

Plural Singular

Child

Person

Children

People

18. A relative pronoun takes a singular or plural verb depending on which noun it modifies.

Lisa is one of the students who have passed with an A. (Many students passed with an A, Lisa is one

of them.)

Lisa is the only one of my students who has passed with an A. (Only Lisa passed with an A.)

Some of the rules for subject verb agreement in this paper have been adapted from Building Skills

for the TOEFL by C. King and N. Stanley, Nelson, 1989

Written by Zeliha Gulcat, July 2004

http://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/SUBJECT%20VERB%20AGREE

MENT.htm
http://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/SUBJECT%20VERB%20AGREEMENT.htmhttp://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/SUBJECT%20VERB%20AGREEMENT.htmhttp://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/SUBJECT%20VERB%20AGREEMENT.htmhttp://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/SUBJECT%20VERB%20AGREEMENT.htmhttp://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/SUBJECT%20VERB%20AGREEMENT.htm

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ISL

WEEK 2

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT (EXERCISES)

Select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence. The word you choose should fit

the blank in the sentence. Don't use the HINT buttons unless you really need them.

1. Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to make a

decision.

A. is

B. are

2. ______ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?

A.Is

B.Are

3. Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted.

A. seem

B. seems

4. The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a nuisance.

A. are

B. is

5. Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.

A. have

B. has

6. Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on the basketballcourt.

A.presents

B. present

7. He seems to forget that there __________ things to be done before he can graduate.

A. are

B.is

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8. There _______ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood.

A.have

B. has

9. Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated.

A. appear

B. appears

10. Three-quarters of the students __________ against the tuition hike.

A. is

B. are

11. Three-quarters of the student body __________ against the tuition hike.

A. is

B. are

12. A high percentage of the population _________ voting for the new school.

A. is

B. are

13. A high percentage of the people _________ voting for the new school.

A.was

B. were

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/sv_agr_quiz.htm?cgi_quiz_form=1
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/sv_agr_quiz.htm?cgi_quiz_form=1http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/sv_agr_quiz.htm?cgi_quiz_form=1http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/sv_agr_quiz.htm?cgi_quiz_form=1

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Choose the correct verb in each sentence below.

1. Emily and Greg (comes, come) to my house every Friday for lunch.

2. There (is, are) time to watch the movie.

3. My friends who are in the band (wants, want) me to play a musical instrument.

4. My father or my brothers (is, are) coming with me to the ball game.

5. Everyone (needs

, need) time to relax.

6. That bag of oranges (looks, look) fresh.

7. The lacrosse team (hopes, hope) to win the tournament next week.

8. Your trousers (needs, need) to be cleaned.

9. Some of the books on the shelf (is, are) dusty.

10. Even though the students like the class, a few (thinks, think) that it is too complicated.

http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/_vti_bin/shtml.dll/exercisesub-verb.htm
http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/_vti_bin/shtml.dll/exercisesub-verb.htmhttp://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/_vti_bin/shtml.dll/exercisesub-verb.htmhttp://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/_vti_bin/shtml.dll/exercisesub-verb.htm

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ISL

WEEK 5

MOOD

Types Forms Functions

Declarative Is also called astatement

States or tellsinformation.

Always ends with aperiod

Interrogative Is also called aquestion.

Asks a question. Always ends with a

question mark

Imperative Is also called acommand

Gives an order Ends with a period or

exclamation point.

Exclamatory Is also called anexclamation.

Expresses strongemotion.

Always ends with anexclamation point.

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Identify and label each sentence as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

1. Where is my shovel?

A: interrogative

2. This is the most beautiful lawn I have ever seen.

A: declarative

3. Please pass the lemonade.

A: imperative

4. My arms ache from digging the flower beds!

A: exclamatory

5. It takes hard work to plant all of these flowers.

A: declarative

6. Could you please give me the hose?

A: interrogative

7. I am going to climb that tree.

A: declarative

8. The view from the top of this tree is amazing.

A: declarative

9. I can't get down!

A: exclamatory

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10. Please help me to climb down this tree.

A: imperative

http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/types-of-sentences.html

Identify and label each sentence as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

Write the correct punctuation mark after each sentence.

1. This summer, my family will travel to Greece

A: statement, period .

2. I am so excited

A: exclamatory, exclamation mark !

3. Do you know where Greece is

A: interrogative, question mark ?

4. Greece is home to many archaeological monuments


5. You should read Greek mythology


6. Greek mythology is full of adventures and legends


7. Hercules, Achilles, and Perseus are all heroes found in Greek mythology


8. Reading mythology will get you excited about traveling


9. Would you enjoy a trip to Greece

A: interrogative, question mark ?

10. Come with us

A: imperative,period .

http://grammar.about.com/od/sentencecombining/a/Exercise-In-Identifying-Sentences-

By-Function.htm
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/types-of-sentences.htmlhttp://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/types-of-sentences.htmlhttp://grammar.about.com/od/sentencecombining/a/Exercise-In-Identifying-Sentences-By-Function.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/sentencecombining/a/Exercise-In-Identifying-Sentences-By-Function.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/sentencecombining/a/Exercise-In-Identifying-Sentences-By-Function.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/sentencecombining/a/Exercise-In-Identifying-Sentences-By-Function.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/sentencecombining/a/Exercise-In-Identifying-Sentences-By-Function.htmhttp://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/types-of-sentences.html

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Use the pull-down menus to identify each sentence below as declarative, interrogative,

imperative, or exclamatory.

1. Who was the first female astronaut?A: interrogative

2. Buckle your seatbelt even for short trips.A: imperative

3. Please put the stamped envelopes in this box.A: imperative

4. You must be joking!A: exclamatory

5. What a thrill that ride was!A: exclamatory

6. In 1776, there were fifty-three newspapers in London.A: declarative

7. Who were the first people to use paper money?A: interrogative

8. Insert the diskette in this slot.A: imperative

9. Insects outnumber people by millions to one.A: declarative

10. What an amazing story that is!A: exclamatory

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/writing_grammar_08/grade6/exercise_bank/chapter

21/wag6_act_21-1a_ans.cfm
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/writing_grammar_08/grade6/exercise_bank/chapter21/wag6_act_21-1a_ans.cfmhttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/writing_grammar_08/grade6/exercise_bank/chapter21/wag6_act_21-1a_ans.cfmhttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/writing_grammar_08/grade6/exercise_bank/chapter21/wag6_act_21-1a_ans.cfmhttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/writing_grammar_08/grade6/exercise_bank/chapter21/wag6_act_21-1a_ans.cfmhttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/writing_grammar_08/grade6/exercise_bank/chapter21/wag6_act_21-1a_ans.cfm

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ISL

WEEK 6

1. What are other coordinating conjunctions of English?

2. Why are they labelled coordinating conjunctions?

Coordinating Conjunctions

The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions":

and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent

clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the

elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:

+

Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are

shown in square brackets [ ]:

I like [tea] and [coffee].[Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a

comma before the conjunction:

I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian atuniversity.

However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really

essential:

She is kind so she helps people.When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:

He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum. He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-coordinating.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-coordinating.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-coordinating.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-coordinating.htm

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Conjunctions are joining words and their main function is to link together two different

parts of a sentence.

And / but / or (coordinating conjunctions)

And, but and or are the three main coordinating conjunctions. They join two clauses whichare grammatically independent of each other and would make sense if they stood alone.

Compare the following:

She's already had two holidays this year and now she wants another one. She's already had two holidays this year. Now she wants another one. I had a terrible cold last week, but I still went to work. I had a terrible cold last week. I still went to work. You can sit at the front, or you can stand at the back. I don't mind. You can sit at the front. You can stand at the back. I don't mind.

But note they way in which conjunctions help to add meaning to the sentence. And

indicates that we are listing items or ideas, or means that we are discussing alternatives and

but means that we are contrasting facts or ideas.

*Note also that in the second of the two coordinating clauses, the subject words and modal

auxiliaries can often be left out:

She's already had two holidays this year and now wants another one. I had a terrible cold last week, but still went to work. You can sit at the front or stand at the back. I don't mind. This is not normally possible in subordinate clauses. Compare the following: She was anxious and unhappy and didn't know where her husband was. She was anxious and unhappy because she didn't know where her husband was.

(NOT: She was anxious and unhappy because didn't know where her husband was.)

If / when / because / since / even though / etc (subordinating conjunctions)

Words like if, when, because, since, although, etc, are subordinating conjunctions which

introduce subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are dependent on the main clause in

some way and do not normally stand alone.

Note the way in which subordinating conjunctions also give meaning to the sentence:

* if suggests a condition

* when / whenever indicate time

* while suggests time or contrast of surprising facts

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* because points to reason

* since suggests reason or time

* as suggests reason or time

* although / though / even though all indicate a contrast of surprising facts

Compare the following examples of use and note the way the same conjunction (e.g. while,

since, as) can be used for different purposes. Subordinating clauses of this kind can normally

go first or last in the sentence, depending on what you want to emphasize:

If you feel thirsty or hungry, help yourself to anything at all in the fridge or freezer.- Help yourself to anything at all in the fridge or freezer, if you feel hungry or

thirsty.

While they were away, I helped myself to an ice-cold beer and a pizza from thefreezer.

- I helped myself to an ice-cold beer and a pizza from the freezer while they wereaway.

Whenever I babysit at their house, I am always very well looked after.- I am always very well looked after whenever I babysit at their house.

When I babysat for the Robinsons last month, I was given nothing to eat or drink.- I was given nothing to eat or drink when I babysat for the Robinsons last month.

While I am fond of their children, I think the parents are very mean.- (BUT NOT: I think the parents are very mean while I am fond of their children)

Since I started working full-time, I don't have so much time now for babysitting.- I don't have so much time now for babysitting since I started working full-time.

Because / since / as I work six days a week, I can't even find time to see my friends.- I can't even find time to see my friends as I work six days a week.

As I was leaving work the other day, I bumped into an old friend.- I bumped into an old friend as I was leaving work the other day.

Although I am happy with my life, I think I should try and get out more.-

I think I should try and get out more, even though I am happy with my life.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv231.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv231.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv231.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv231.shtml

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ISL

WEEK 7

1. What are subordinating conjunctions?2. How do they differ from coordinating conjunctions.

The Subordinate Conjunction

Some sentences are complex. Such sentences have two clauses, one main [or independent]

and one subordinate [or dependent]. These are the patterns for a complex sentence:

main clause + + subordinate clause.

subordinate clause + , + main clause.

The essential ingredient in a complex sentence is the subordinate conjunction:

after

although

as

because

before

even if

even though

ifin order that

once

provided that

rather than

since

so that

than

that

thoughunless until

when

whenever

where

whereas

wherever

whether

while

why

The subordinate conjunction has two jobs. First, it provides a necessary transition between

the two ideas in the sentence. This transition will indicate a time, place, or cause and effect

relationship. Here are some examples:

Louisa will wash the sink full of her dirty dishes once her roommate Shane cleans hisstubble and globs of shaving cream from the bathroom sink.

We looked on top of the refrigerator, where Jenny will often hide a bag of chocolatechip cookies.

Because her teeth were chattering in fear, Lynda clenched her jaw muscle whilewaiting for her turn to audition.

The second job of the subordinate conjunction is to reduce the importance of one clause so

that a reader understands which of the two ideas is more important. The more important

idea belongs in the main clause, the less important in the clause introduced by asubordinate conjunction.

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Read these examples:

As Samson blew out the birthday candles atop the cake, he burned the tip of hisnose on a stubborn flame.

- Burning his nose > blowing out candles. Ronnie begins to sneeze violently whenever he opens the door to greet a fresh

spring day.

- Sneezing violently > opening the door. Even though Dana persevered at the calculus exam, she was only adding another F

beside her name in Dr. Armour's grade book.

- Adding another F > persevering at the exam.

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subordinateconjunction.htm
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subordinateconjunction.htmhttp://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subordinateconjunction.htmhttp://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subordinateconjunction.htm

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Subordinating Conjunctions

The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating conjunctions". Common subordinating conjunctions

are:

after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when,where, whether, while

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause:

+

Look at this example:

main or

independent clause

subordinate or

dependent clause

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

subordinating

conjunction

A subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent clause. It cannot exist

alone. Imagine that somebody says to you: "Hello! Although it was raining." What do you

understand? Nothing! But a main or independent clause can exist alone. You will understand very

well if somebody says to you: "Hello! Ram went swimming."

A subordinating conjunction always comes at the beginning of a subordinate clause. It "introduces" a

subordinate clause. However, a subordinate clause can sometimes come after and sometimes

before a main clause. Thus, two structures are possible:

+

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

+

Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.htm

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Subordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions

Introduce a dependent clause andlink it to an independent clause.

Use a subordinating conjunction tointroduce a dependent clause.

Place the comma after a dependentclause that begins a sentence.

- Ex: Whenever Lynn has a break,she takes a walk around the

block.

Generally, do not use a commabefore a dependent clause that

appears at the end of a sentence.

- Ex: Our company hired Jackbecause he has strong conflict

resolution skills.

Use nor to make a second choicenegative.

Do not use a comma before acoordinating conjunction that linkstwo words or phrases.

Do not use a comma before aconjunction if the material following

the conjunction is not a complete

sentence.

Use commas to separate three ormore words, phrases, or clauses in a

series.

Include a comma before thecoordinating conjunction.

- Ex: Ways to reduce stress includeyoga, meditation, and exercise.

Do not place a comma after the lastitem in a series.

- Ex:Joanne usually chooses soup,salad, or a pasta dish for lunch.

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ISL

WEEK 8

EXERCISES ON TYPES OF PHRASES

1. Houses are [unbelievably expensive] just nowA: Adverb Phrase

2. We [met Paul] last weekA: Verb Phrase

3. [A car that won't go] is not particularly usefulA: Noun Phrase

4. I enjoy eating [in Indian restaurants]A: Prepositional Phrase

5. Don't you have to leave [early]?A: Adverb Phrase

6. Tell [him] not to worryA: Noun Phrase

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phrases/ex4.htm
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phrases/ex4.htmhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phrases/ex4.htmhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phrases/ex4.htm

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ISL

WEEK 12

CLAUSES

INDEPENDENTCLAUSE (main

clause)

DEPENDENT CLAUSE(subordinate clauses)

TIMECLAUSESE

-act as adverbs andtell us whensomething happens.

- They usually beginwith words like :

when

before

after

as soon as

until

ADJECTIVECLAUSE

-give informationabout nouns(people, things,places, etc.)

-They appear afterthe noun theydescribe

-Adjective Clausesare also called

RELATIVE CLAUSES.

NOUNCLAUSES

- act as simple nouns andidentify persons, places,things, etc

- They are introduced bywords such as:

how

if

that

what

when

where

whether

which

who

whom

whomever

whose

why

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Because he wanted to visit his friends, he went to Miami.

He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.

Because she was sick, she didnt come to attend the speech.

Because of her sickness, she didnt come to attend the speech.

Due to her sickness, she didnt come to attend the speech.

He worked very hard. Therefore, he passed his exams.

He worked very hard. He, therefore, he passed his exams.

He worked very hard. He passed his exams, therefore.

While Frank was reading, he felt very upset.

While reading, Frank felt very upset.

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ISL

WEEK 15

Notes over Phrases and Clauses

I. A phrase is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. Phrases do not

contain a subject and a verb.

II. Types of phrases

A. Prepositional phrases: begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronounB. Adjective phrase: a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what

kind or which one.

C. Adverb phrase: a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective or adverb. Adverbphrases point out where, when, in what manner or to what extent.

D. Appositive phrase: a noun or a pronoun with modifiers. It is placed next to the word it ismodifying to add information or details.

E. Participial phrase: a present or past participle that is modified by an adverb or adverb phraseor that has a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective in the sentence. Note: A

participle is a form of a verb that acts as an adjective.

F. Gerund phrase: a gerund with modifiers or a complement all acting together as a noun. Note:A gerund is form of a verb that acts as a noun.

G. Infinitive phrase: an infinitive with modifiers or a complement, all acting together as a singlepart of speech. Note: An infinitive is the form of a verb that comes after the word to and acts

as a noun, an adjective or an adverb.

III. A clause is a group of words within its own subject and verb.

IV. Types of clauses:

A. Independent clause: has a subject and a verb and can stand by itself as a completesentence.

B. Subordinate clauses: has a subject and a verb but cannot stand by itself as a completesentence.

C. Adjective clauses Modify nouns or pronouns Answer the questions: Which one? What kind? Usually starts with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) but can also start

with an adverb such as when or where)

D. Adverb clauses Modify verb, adjective or adverb Answer the questions: Where? When? In what manner? To what extent? Under what

condition? or Why?

Begin with a subordinate conjunction (Addams Family song) Classifying sentences by structure

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A. Simple sentence: has one independent clauseB. Compound sentence: has two or more independent clausesC. Complex sentence: has one independent clause and one dependent clauseD. Compound-Complex sentence: has two or more independent clauses and one or more

subordinate clauses.

http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/MrsStluka/english_notes.cfm?subpage=507208

A Background for Punctuation:
http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/MrsStluka/english_notes.cfm?subpage=507208http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/MrsStluka/english_notes.cfm?subpage=507208http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/MrsStluka/english_notes.cfm?subpage=507208

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Understanding Clauses and Phrases

A clause a group of words with a subject and averb.

a phrase a group of words that does not haveboth a subject and a verb

independent clause An independent clause does not have asubordinator

Kia gave Kierra help on the assignment.dependent clause A dependent clause does have a

subordinator.

When Kia gave Kierra help on theassignment Obviously, a dependent

clause is not complete by itself.

a subordinator subordinate conjunction or a relativepronoun

subordinate conjunction when, where, why, if, since, because,until, unless,

how, before, after, that, than although, while, as, as if, as long as,

once, whether

relative pronoun who, whom, what, that, whose, which,whoever, whomever

By the way, relative pronouns alwayshave two functions in the clause.

First, an RP functions like a conjunction,joined a dependent clause to an

independent clause. Second, the RP will

function as a pronoun would.

As such, it could be a subject, a directobject, or anything else that a noun

could be.

Example: There is the dog that bit you.that joins the two clauses, and it

functions as the subject of the second

clause.

that takes the place of dog in the secondclause.

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Types of Phrases

a prepositional phrase The most common type of phrase is the

prepositional phrase.

There are other types of phrases, however.

a participial phraseA participle is a word that looks like a verb butacts like an adjective

For example: Running down the street, Joe

screamed a warning to the neighbors.

Running is a participle because it describes Joe,

just like an adjective.

The participle Joe joined with the prepositional

phrase down the street make up the whole

participial phrase

an infinitive phrase An infinitive is a verb with to in front of it: to

run, to jump, to fly, to eat, to inquire.

Infinitives(and participles for that matter) canhave objects just like prepositions.

Infinitives can function in many ways. The

infinitive phrase in the next sentence is

functioning as the direct object because

it answers s + v + whom or what.

I like to fly model airplanes.

to fly is the infinitive.

airplanes is the object of the infinitive.

model is an adjective.

a gerund phrase A gerund is a verb that acts like a noun: Flying is

Homer's ambition.Flying looks like a verb(it is), but it acts as the

subject of this sentence.

A gerund phrase can also have an object:

Flying paper airplanes is Homer's ambition.

http://salem.k12.va.us/shs/moore/clausephrase.html
http://salem.k12.va.us/shs/moore/clausephrase.htmlhttp://salem.k12.va.us/shs/moore/clausephrase.htmlhttp://salem.k12.va.us/shs/moore/clausephrase.html

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CLAUSESPHRASENo subject or

verb

Subject and verb

Prepositional

Phrase

Infinitive

Participle

OR

OR

OR

acts like

Dependent

Claus

Independent

Clause

Noun

Adverb

Adjective

Sentence

Composed of at least one independent clause

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isl lds sem 2-e8

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