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ISE Instrument Systems Engineering Systems Engineering Seminar Dr. Brian Kennedy November 8, 2001 Slide 2 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 2 Introduction Contents Introduction Background Brief review of Systems Engineering Instrument - definition Generic instrument Instrument Systems Engineering Contents (continued) Space Environment Applications Requirements Flowdown Measurements Instruments Purpose - to introduce Systems Engineering as it applies to space instrumentation Presenter - Brian C. Kennedy, University of Michigan, Space Physics Research Laboratory, retired (semi) kennedybc@mediaone.net Slide 3 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 3 Background BS in Science Engineering, Engineering Mathematics, MS in Electrical Engineering with half the credits in Physics 38 years at the University of Michigans Space Physics Research Laboratory (www.sprl.umich.edu) Roles ranged from designer to Assistant Director for Development Projects included oceanography, sounding rockets, balloons, satellite instruments (mass spectrometry, optics, lidar, star sensor, particle detectors, etc.), mission design (proposals and studies) Slide 4 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 4 Space Physics Research Laboratory First launched a total pressure ionization gauge on a V-2 rocket from White Sands in 1946 Sounding rocket programs from 1946 to present Electron temperature and density, Langmuir probe Mass spectrometers, omegatron, quadrupole Ionization gauges Total density radioactive and other gauges Photometers Resonance fluorescence atomic O HARP electron detection Guest instruments Etc. Slide 5 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 5 Space Physics Research Laboratory Slide 6 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 6 Space Physics Research Laboratory Balloon programs Stratosphere ozone, Jim Andersons ClO, etc. HRDI balloon Antarctic gamma rays Slide 7 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 7 SPRL Satellite Instruments YearMission/Instrument(s)Type(s) 1969OGO F/ETDP,NMSL P, QPNMS 1970San Marco/OmegatronONMS 1972AEROS/NATEQPNMS 1973AE-C/NATE, NACE, VAEQPNMS, VisPH 1974AEROS/NATEQPNMS 1975AE-D/NATE, NACE, VAEQPNMS, VisPH 1975AE-E/NATE, NACE, VAEQPNMS, VisPH 1978PV/OETP, ONMSLP, QPINMS 1981DE-A/LANGLP 1981DE-B/NACS, WATS, FPIQPNMS, FPI 1981IECM/MS1QPNMS 1981IECM/MS2QPNMS 1982IECM/MS1QPNMS 1983SL1/IECM/MSQPNMS 1983SL1/ISOEUV-IR Spect. Slide 8 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 8 SPRL Satellite Instruments YearMission/Instrument(s)Type(s) 1988Phobos 1/HARPHARP 1988Phobos 2/HARPHARP 1988San Marco/WATIONMS 1989GALILEO/NMSQPINMS 1989MELTER (SME heritage)FPI, HSI, DATES 1991UARS/HRDIFPI 1992TSS-1/SETSTether 1994AIRSATTTether/Several 1995MUADEEFPI, QPINMS 1995EP/TOMS FM4UV Spect. 1995ADEOS/TOMS FM3UV Spect. 1995TIMED/TIDIFPI 1996MSX/CEMSQPNMS 1996TSS-1R/SETSTether 1996CASSINI/INMSQPINMS 1996HUYGENS PROBE/GCMSQPINMS, GC 1996Planet B/NMSQPNMS Slide 9 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 9 TIDI Slide 10 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 10 Other Projects Freon/Ozone, laboratory chemistry Lidar for remote wind sensing - several studies, including WiLO for MSFC. Ground based Lidar instrument for correlative Oceanography program. Oceanography - Coastal surf measurements, current measurements by buoy drift in Cooks inlet, Anchorage Alaska, Hydrodynamics Monitoring Facility (SEASAT, 1978) Surface moisture by space radar, magnetosphere, solar properties, etc. Slide 11 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 11 Systems Engineering What is Systems Engineering? Blanchard & Fabrycky, There is no commonly accepted definition of systems engineering in the literature. System: an assemblage or combination of elements of parts forming a complex or unitary whole (Random House, Blanchard & Fabrycky) or, is a set of interrelated components working together toward some common objective or purpose (Blanchard & Fabrycky) Engineering: the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people b: the design and manufacture of complex products (Merriam Webster) Slide 12 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 12 Systems Engineering Some definitions - EIA/IS-632; Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach encompassing the entire technical effort to evolve and verify an integrated and life-cycle balanced set of system people, product and process solutions that satisfy customers needs. Draft of Mil-STD-499B (1991); Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach to evolve and verify an integrated and optimally balanced set of product and process designs that satisfy user needs and provide information for management decision making. Kennedy I; A branch of engineering which is hard to define Kennedy II; Systems engineering is a process that utilizes whatever is necessary to achieve an optimal result Slide 13 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 13 Systems Engineer What is a Systems Engineer? I think of a systems engineer as something like an orchestra conductor. In order to achieve a perfect sound, all the parts must be perfectly balanced. This concept is whats needed in most anything we do, and certainly in space applications. In order to approach this perfection, the systems engineer and orchestra conductor must have the attitude and skills of a renaissance man/woman, the patience of Job, and the political skills of Dwight David Eisenhower. What does a Systems Engineer do? A little bit of everything What should a Systems Engineer know? A little bit of everything Slide 14 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 14 Systems Engineering Whats important about Systems Engineering? Communication Understanding real needs (objectives, goals, requirements, specifications) Keep it simple stupid/simon Learn short cuts, back of the envelope Managing change Know as much as you can, but learn to utilize experts Slide 15 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 15 Instrument What is an instrument? A device for measuring the present value of the quantity under observation (Random House, Merriam Webster) It is not an experiment. A test or trial; a tentative procedure; an act or operation for the purpose of discovering something unknown or testing a principle, supposition, etc. (Merriam Webster) Whats a space instrument? One thats used on or carried by a satellite (one body orbiting another) Whats the difference between space and other instruments? Vacuum, radiation, rocket launch Slide 16 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 16 Generic Space Instrument Slide 17 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 17 Instrument Systems Engineering What is Instrument Systems Engineering? From the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, page 3: From the point of view of systems engineering, each subsystems is a system in its own right - . Consequently, everything you learn about systems engineering in general, should be applicable to Instrument Systems Engineering How is Instrument Systems Engineering different? Only in the details and the degree. While the general principles of Systems Engineering apply, each project will likely have a need for different knowledge. A mission systems engineer should have at least a small understanding of the instruments that will fly on the mission spacecraft. The Instrument (or any other subsytem) Systems Engineer should have a much higher degree of understanding. Slide 18 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 18 Mission Org Chart Consider a spacecraft mission organization chart Instrument #4 Instrument #3 Instrument #2 Thermal GN&C C&DH Comm Power Data Processing and Analysis Mission Operations Instrument #1 Systems Engineer Executive Committee Project Principal Investigator Ground Segment Spacecraft Launch Vehicle Science Instruments Management F&A R&QA Systems Engineering Mech Project Manager Science Team Finance & Administration R &QA Ground Support Slide 19 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 19 Instrument Org Chart Slide 20 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 20 Space Environment An ISE needs to be familiar with the Space environment in order to understand scientific requirements and the impact of the environment on instrument performance Earths atmosphere; density, temperature, composition, clouds, winds, electric and magnetic fields Earths surface; land and water, soil moisture, temperatures, Planetary atmospheres and surfaces Suns properties; solar wind, surface Universe; stars Slide 21 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 21 Earths Atmosphere Slide 22 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 22 Earths Magnetosphere Slide 23 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 23 Applications All the physical sciences? Aeronomy, a science that deals with the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere of planets Archaeology, the scientific study of material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities Astronomy, the study of objects and matter outside the earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties Astrophysics, a branch of astronomy dealing especially with the behavior, physical properties, and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena Biology, a branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes Chemistry, a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo Geology, a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life especially as recorded in rocks b : a study of the solid matter of a celestial body (as the moon) Geophysics, a branch of earth science dealing with the physical processes and phenomena occurring especially in the earth and in its vicinity Slide 24 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 24 Applications Meteorology, a science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena and especially with weather and weather forecasting Oceanography, a science that deals with the oceans and includes the delimitation of their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources Planetology, a branch of astronomy that deals with the condensed matter of the solar system and especially with the planets and their moons Physics, 1 : a science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions 2 a : the physical processes and phenomena of a particular system b : the physical properties and composition of something Etc. Slide 25 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 25 Applications Operational Attitude determination Position determination Temperature sensing Current and voltage sensors Etc. Manufacturing Electronics Medicine Etc. Slide 26 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 26 Requirements Flowdown Slide 27 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 27 Measurements Remote Sensing and In situ (Direct), examples: In Situ Fields; electric and magnetic Strength and orientation Particles Neutral; atoms and molecules Specie, density and temperature Charged; electrons and ions Slide 28 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 28 Measurements Remote Sensing, electromagnetic spectrum, audio to x-rays Passive Measurements, energy is received Broadband Sounds from the ionosphere (communications) Scattered or reflected sunlight Single geometric channel Imaging Narrow band Atomic or molecular emissions Fluorescence Slide 29 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 29 Measurements Active Measurements, energy is transmitted, reflected or scattered and received Therefore, the quantity measured will be some scattered or reflected portion of the transmitted energy and can be any where in the electromagnetic spectrum The quantity of interest is the scattering or reflecting medium Slide 30 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 30 Instruments In Situ (Direct sensing) Neutral and Ion Mass Spectrometers High and Low Energy Particle detectors Magnetometers Electric Field Antennas Dust detectors Etc. Remote Sensing Radar; altimeters, sea state, sea salinity, surface moisture Radiometers (Photometers) Imaging Etc. Slide 31 ISE 11/6/01Instrument Systems Engineering 31 Conclusion What is an Instrument Systems Engineer? From the forward of the September 1992 draft of the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook How can you teach an agency-wide systems engineering class when we cannot agree on how to define it?