ISD Software Aids:Ghosts from a Distant Past

Jacques LeCavalier

1.Top CAID* systems from the '90's

2.Types and goals of CAID systems

3.Why did CAID die? Can it be resurrected?

Scary Agenda

*CAID: Computer Assisted Instructional Design

ID EXPERT

1988-1996David merrill

ID Expert - Guts

ID Expert - Screens

ID Expert - Screens

Instructionaldesign

environment1988-1996

Pirolli & RussellXerox parc

IDE - $6 million…

IDioM / ideal

Gustafson & reeves

IDioM /IDEAL

transform

1990-1993cwarc

(LeCavalier et al)

Transform

Types and Goals of Systems

Jonassen & Wilson, 1990

“CAD/CAM” tools Expert Systems• Very flexible• Don’t replace user

expertise• Problem-solving space;

may use cases• Target experienced

designers• Manage information

and production

• Rule-based knowledge base(s)

• “Consults” with user• Used for specific

design tasks (e.g., media selection)

• Target more novice designers

“CASE” Tools Hybrid tools• Automation of ISD

process• Based on user-entered

data, produce an ISD specification or learning product

• Integrate broad and deep ISD knowledge

• User exercises limited control

• Bring together best elements of all approaches• Rule bases• Case libraries,

templates• Design platform(s)

Types and Goals of Systems

LeCavalier & Robert, 1991

Tools that DIRECT Tools that SUPPORT• Novice users• System exercises

control• Rule-based knowledge

• More experienced users

• Information management platform

• Rapid prototyping• User exercises control

Tools that TEACH Tools that help COMMUNICATION

• Formal knowledge (definitions, procedures, research evidence, etc .)

• Informal knowledge (previous designs, discussions, ideas)

• Tutorials, “explicit” expert systems

• Because ISD happens in teams

• Expertise is often distributed

• Facilitates reviews, revisions, re-designs

• Library of previous designs, templates, problem resolutions

Why did CAID die?

Why did it die?

• Systems too expensive to build?

• ISD too complex? …too undefined?

• Quality education/training too unimportant?

• Should the ghosts rise again??

Why did CAID die?