isca road, caerleon: archaeological watching brief

Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief

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Contents

Front cover View to southeast along Isca Road, Caerleon © GGAT

Summary 2 Acknowledgments 2 Copyright notice 2 1 Introduction 1.1 Development proposal and commission 3 1.2 Location and geology 3 1.3 Historical and archaeological background 3 2 Methodology 6 3 Results 8 4 The finds 13 5 Conclusions 14 References 15 Appendix I: Context index 16 Appendix II: Finds index 21 Figures Figure 1 Site location 5 Figure 2 Plan with position of trenches and sites of archaeological interest 7 Plates Plate 1 Trench 6, looking southeast showing former cobbled road surface 10 Plate 2 Trench 7, looking southeast showing industrial/occupation deposits 11 Plate 3 View to southeast along Isca Road in the 1930s (sketch by Lucie Gibbons) 14


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Summary An archaeological watching brief was carried out on trial excavations undertaken to examine ground conditions in advance of a drainage scheme on Isca Road and Bulmore Road, the Village, Caerleon. The remains of the former road and pavement surfaces were noted at a number of locations on Isca Road, and also a post-medieval level on Bulmore Road. There was some evidence locally of industrial and domestic activity that may belong to the Roman period, although the only finds of likely Roman date, a small quantity of ceramic roof-tile, occurred residually. Acknowledgments The project was managed by Richard Lewis BA MIfA, Head of Projects, and the report was prepared by S H Sell BA, Project Officer, of the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, Projects Division (GGAT Projects), with the artwork being undertaken by Paul Jones of GGAT Illustration Department. Thanks are due to Steve Button, Nigel Purcell and staff of Morgan Est, the contractors, for their help during the project, and to Nigel Young for permission to reproduce the sketch of Isca Road by Lucie Gibbons. Copyright Notice The copyright to this report is held by GGAT Projects, which has granted an exclusive licence to Atkins Limited Ltd to reproduce the material contained herein. Ordnance Survey maps are reproduced under licence (AL 10005976) unless otherwise stated; annotations are GGAT copyright.


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1 Introduction 1.1 Development proposal and commission A programme of ground investigation work, consisting of a total of nine trenches, was carried out at Isca Road and Bulmore Road, the Village, Caerleon, between NGR ST 3445 9020 and 3455 9006. This initial phase of trial work was required in order to examine ground conditions and establish the location of existing services, in advance of the installation of new mains drainage. The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Projects Division (GGAT Projects) was commissioned by Atkins Limited to carry out a watching brief during the initial phase of works, which took place between April 20th and May 11th 2009, and is the subject of this report. 1.2 Location and geology The trial trenches were located along Isca Road, the main street in the settlement on the southern side of the River Usk known as The Village or Caerleon at between 7.5m and 11.7m OD. One trench was located in Bulmore Road, close to the junction with Isca Road, at 12.6m OD (Figure 1). The development site lies 3.75km to the northeast of Newport and 0.5km to the southeast of Caerleon. The underlying geology is river gravels overlying Triassic marls and clays. At its closest to the southwest bank of the Usk the position of the road has been strengthened with additional material. 1.3 Historical and archaeological background The current development area lies a little over 400m to the southeast of the Roman legionary fortress of Isca, on the south bank of the River Usk. Isca Road itself is thought to represent a continuation to the southeast of the via praetoria, the main north-south road through the fortress, which is represented by the line of the present High Street and to have continued to the civilian settlement at Bulmore, 2km to the northeast, although its exact course is not known. It is most likely to have crossed the river at the location used by subsequent bridges preceding the present structure, which is sited a short distance downstream.

The civil settlement, or canabae, at Caerleon extended both to east and west of the fortress, reaching across the river to the area known during the medieval period as Ultra Pontem, but now referred to as the Village.

During the medieval period continued use of the line of Isca Road is indicated by the position of a tower at its northwestern end, where Castle Cottage now stands. This feature appears to have marked the southern end of an earlier bridge over the River Usk lying just to the east of the quay, which was sited adjacent to the present Hanbury Arms. Caerleon was a thriving port during the medieval and later periods, until a direct link with Newport was established with the opening of the Monmouthshire Canal at the end of the 18th century.

Archaeological investigation on the southern side of the River Usk has largely been confined to limited evaluation work or to watching briefs in advance of minor developments, (Figure 2). At Isca Grange, however, a building or buildings represented by walls of coursed rubble 0.75m in width were noted during trial


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excavation in 1984, in association with rubbish pits containing pottery of 2nd century date. (Frere 1984, 258-9). At Lulworth House, to the west of the present development, a surface of broken brick and tile of Roman date was noted during a watching brief in 1990 (Evans 2000, 512), and some indications of Roman activity were noted in a pipe-line trench on the line of New Road in 1987 (ibid).

More recently, structural and ceramic evidence for a pottery kiln of medieval date was recovered during excavation for an extension at Isca Grange in 2001 (Monmouth Archaeology 2001), and residual Roman pottery was noted during groundwork at Riverside Cottage in April 2002 (Monmouth Archaeology 2002). During recent flood alleviation work on the river bank along Isca Road, the foundations of the timber bridge swept away in 1772 were exposed, together with evidence for earlier structures spanning the River Usk, and finds dating from the Roman period (Lewis 2004). During evaluation work to the rear of the Mission Chapel in Bulmore Road the remains of three ceramic altars of Roman date were recovered (Clarke and Bray 2007).


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2 Methodology The watching brief was undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs (1994).

A full written, drawn and photographic record was made of all archaeological deposits, in accordance with the GGAT Manual of Excavation Recording Techniques. Contexts were recorded using a single continuous numbering system, and are summarised in Appendix I. All significant contexts were photographed using a Pentax Optio E40 8.1 megapixel digital camera.

All classes of finds were retained, cleaned and catalogued, in line with the requirements of the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials (2001) and in accordance with the GGAT Manual of Excavation Recording Techniques. No material from this project has been retained within the site archive.

The project archive will be deposited with an appropriate receiving organisation, in accordance with the UKIC and IfA Guidelines (Archaeological Archives: a guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation (2007)). A copy of the report and archive index will be deposited with the regional Historic Environment Record, curated by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, Swansea, and a further copy of the report and archive index will be deposited with the National Monuments Record, Royal Commission on the Archaeological and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW), Aberystwyth.

The groundwork was undertaken using a three tonne mini-excavator with toothless bucket and breaker for the tarmac. The trenches averaged 0.60m in width, and up to a maximum of 0.90m in depth. The intention was to locate the position and depth of all services, or establish their absence, but to excavate no further than the minimum required, hence the variability in depth from one trench to another and also within each trench.

The excavated trenches were carefully inspected for evidence of archaeological features, and the excavated spoil was checked for the presence of artefacts. Any artificial material was recovered for examination, and the presence of any features of archaeological significance was noted, photographed and recorded as appropriate.


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3 Results Trenches within Isca Road (Nos 1-8) were orientated generally southwest-northeast and crossed the full width of the road and pavement(s); the trench in Bulmore Road was orientated northwest-southeast.

Full details of the contexts for each trench may be found in the Context Index, Appendix I, and details of the finds recovered are given in Appendix II, below. Results are summarised below.

Trench 1 (outside ‘Beckscott’, where Isca Road runs beside the river)

Beneath tarmac surfacing and intermittent sub-base make-up was a homogenous general layer containing all manner of materials, principally small to medium stone with a little bricks (1004), presumably a general make-up layer, cut by the fill of a service trench for gas (1003) on the northwestern side of the road. General make-up layer 1004 overlay an intermittent layer of loam (1005), which was more substantial on the river side of the road. Close to the inner edge of the pavement, the remains of an earlier revetment wall (1006) was noted c1.35m within the line of the present river defences, at a depth of 0.65m. It was overlain by a deposit of sand and gravel (1007), probably connected to the construction of the kerb above or to the foundations for the present wall to the northeast.

Close to the housing on the southwestern side of the street the remnants of a cobbled surface (1011) were noted at a depth of c0.40m. Evidence for the former road and pavement surfaces (see Plate 2, below) were noted in several of the trial trenches, but the greater depth of what is assumed to be part of the same surface may be attributable to the proximity of the river to this section of Isca Road with the consequent need to raise the levels to a greater extent here than elsewhere. Context 1011 had been cut by a service trench for electricity (1010); in the centre of the road considerable disturbance accompanied the presence of a cast iron water main (1009).

A thin deposit of sandy, charcoal-rich material (1012) at a depth of 0.75m directly overlay the natural gravel (1013), at a depth of 0.85m, over the main part of this trench, but at the southwestern end the pinkish marl subsoil (1014) was noted at a depth of 0.65m.

Trench 2 (outside Usk Cottage, where Isca Road runs beside the river)

The results from this trench were broadly similar to those from Trench 1, will the three main services again present. The riverside revetment wall, however, was not exposed and natural gravel was not reached. Sub-base for the road emerged as two distinct layers, which formed the standard in other trenches, with a blackish, ashy deposit (2004) overlying a lighter-coloured, buff or pinkish, deposit (2005). Traces of the former cobbled road surface were also noted (2007), and beneath a residue of loam (2008) underlying the cobble remnant was a layer of pinkish silty clay with broken stone (2013). The limit of excavation was 0.75m; other deposits relate to modern or recent services.

Trench 3 (opposite the junction of No 1, Grange Cottage and the house to the southeast)

To allow more space for manoeuvre this trench was cut to cross the road at an angle, its orientation being more nearly north-south. The lower layer of sub-base for the road (3003) appeared to form part of a larger, more general layer of make-up, probably more akin to 1004. Natural river gravels (3005) were reached at a minimum


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depth of 0.45m. As elsewhere, the fill of the cast-iron water main (3006) was not clearly defined, rather contributing to a general sense of disturbance of the levels in the middle of the road. The main was reached at a depth of 0.80m, the same depth as the gas main on the northern side of the road (3007).

Excavation to the north of 3007 was not carried out owing to the location of all the expected services.

Trench 4 (at the northwestern end of the car-parking space belonging to Ivy Cottage)

This trench, in the narrowest part of Isca Road, was the shortest, c3.7m in length, and was dominated by service trenches. Beneath a minimal depth of sub-base was a certain amount of pinkish silty material with broken stone, probably redeposited natural (4003), overlying a more substantial, dirtier, more mixed layer, apparently the backfill/disturbance caused by excavation for the cast iron water main (4006), which occupied much of the central part of the road, as in Trench 3. Both the main, and the gas main to the northwest (4007), lay at a depth of 0.60m.

Trench 5 (orientated north-south, just to the southeast of ‘Glandwr’)

Trench 5 also contained remains of the former road, a line of elongated stones (5002), probably part of a former kerb, that lay directly below the tarmac on the southwestern side of the street. Below the matrix for the cobbles lay a very stony pinkish silty clay layer (5006) much like 1014, 2013 and 4003, but almost certainly disturbed by the proximity of services. This overlay another, similar layer (5007) at a depth of 0.25m, with a possible stone surface at a depth of 0.35m (5008), itself overlying coarse sandy gravel, a natural deposit (5009). It is likely that this composite layer (5007/8) may be part of the geological sequence, interleaved with coarse sand and gravels, as was found just across the river at Tan House Drive, during monitoring of recent groundwork (Sell 2008), although there may well be an element of redeposition.

To the north of the cast iron water main (5010) layer 5009 underlay a substantial layer of backfill (5011) at a depth of 0.60m, with the gas main (5012), also overlying layer 5009, further to the north. Remains of the former cobbled surfaces, smaller sets for the pavement (5013) and large ones for the road (5014) were noted at the northern end of the trench. Between these and the position of the gas main a further stone surface (5017), at a depth of 0.40m, may be the upper part of the geological sequence, equivalent to 5008. Surfaces such as these appeared too clean to be artificial, but could nonetheless have been utilised as a base level for a metalled surface or perhaps even a structure.

Trench 6 (outside the property division between Greenfield Cottage and Peartree House)

A remnant of the earlier cobbled street, in a black ashy matrix (6002/3), was noted at the southeastern end of Trench 6, on both sides of the modern kerb (see Plate 1, below), with the natural sequence of silty clay and stone over coarse sandy gravel (6004/5) occurring at a depth of 0.50m. The disturbance for the cast iron water main (6007) occupied the upper levels in the central part of the trench, with natural marl and sandstone bedrock (6008/9, the equivalent of 6004/5) at a depth of 0.60m.


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Further to the northeast the gas main (6010) lay at a depth of 0.70m, which was taken as the limit of excavation. Beneath the northeastern pavement the service trench for electricity cables (6014) had ensured that there was little trace of the former cobbled road surface (6012/3) remaining.

Part of a Roman tegula, one of the principal elements of a ceramic roof of the Roman period, was recovered from context 6013, the first and only diagnostic artefact of certain Roman date to be collected during the watching brief.

Plate 1 Trench 6, looking southeast showing former cobbled road surface. Ranging rod in 0.20m

gradations © GGAT

Trench 7 (outside No 2 Church Cottages)

Remains of the cobbled street/pavement surface were noted just below the tarmac outside No 2 Church Cottages (7002, with matrix 7004). The cobbles were cut by a telephone service trench (7003) and overlay a pinkish-brown silty clay with stone (7005), possibly the upper natural surface, equivalent to 1014, at a depth of c0.30m. After the discovery of the telephone cable duct the limit of excavation here was set at approximately this level.

The sequence within the road differed in that below a dirty mixed stony make up layer (7007), similar to and probably the equivalent of 1004, was a brown sandy ferruginous deposit (7008), at a depth of 0.20m, becoming ever more loamy and charcoal-rich and giving way to a blackish fused slag-rich surface (7010) at a depth of 0.50m (see Plate 2, below). The sequence, which was broken to the northeast by the disturbance for the cast iron water main (7009), continued with a very dirty, charcoal-rich layer, with some stone and clay, (7011) overlying a pink clay surface, perhaps part of a floor, at a depth of 0.60m. Pink, clean natural clay (7013) lay beneath, at a depth of 0.70m. Unfortunately no dating material was associated with this sequence, but evidence of activity during the Roman period seems likely.


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Plate 2 Trench 7, looking southeast showing industrial/occupation deposits. Ranging rod in

0.20m gradations. © GGAT

To the northeast of 7009 the equivalent of layer 7008 (7018) overlay a layer of broken slag, clinker etc (7019) probably identical in composition to 7010. Natural clay lay at a depth of 0.70m, with the gas main (7020) at 0.75m. The northeastern pavement had been largely disturbed by a service trench for electricity (7015), but traces of the formed cobbled road surface were noted here also (7014, equivalent to 7002).

Trench 8 (at the junction of Isca Road and Bulmore Road)

The sequence of layers beneath the southwestern pavement was straightforward, with two make-up layers (8002/3), rich in brick and small stone, less compact and more ashy below, cut through by a telephone service trench. The two main layers overlay a brownish sand and ?natural subsoil deposit at a depth of 0.55m (8005), with pink clay with stone (8006) at 0.60m, which was taken as the limit of excavation here. Elements of the former cobbled road surface (8008) survived to the northeast of the modern kerb, within the upper part of a similar sequence to 8002/3 (8009/10) although 8009 was somewhat more mixed and less compact, and 8010 characterised by a mixture of slag, ash and stone. This layer appeared to be the main deposit, presumably for make-up, beneath the road, and overlay pink sandy clay with stone (8012), the equivalent of 8006 and similarly capped by a thin deposit of sandy gravel (8011), at a depth of 0.58m.

At the northeastern end of the trench a deposit of building rubble and mortar (8014) underlying the ashy equivalent of sub-base, may well have been derived from repairs or rebuilding of the adjacent property boundary. Below the road, to the southwest of this deposit, the main deposit (8018) was consistent with backfill, having elements of 8002, 8003 and 8005. Among brick/tile fragments recovered from this deposit some are almost certainly Roman, and include what may possibly be part of a Caerleon-ware mortarium, although there was no suggestion that this was anything but a secondary deposit, as beneath this general level lay the gas main and a number of subsidiary feeds.


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Several fragments of undiagnostic tile/fired clay were recovered from context 8018. Some of the tile could be of Roman date, but one piece is somewhat finer in fabric and may belong to a Caerleon-ware mortarium rather than to a tile.

Trench 9 (in Bulmore Road, 50m to northeast of junction with Isca Road, opposite Bush House)

Beneath the tarmac and sub-base lay a mixed make-up layer probably similar to and the equivalent of 1004 and other mixed deposits, with small stone, brick/tile etc (9003), grading to a pinker layer with a high percentage of broken stone (9004), probably a layer of redeposited make-up material similar to 2013. This overlay a brownish pink silty loam (9005), probably a residual upper subsoil, or ‘cultivation’ layer similar to 1014, from which was recovered a sherd from a ‘local’ red earthenware vessel of 17th/18th century date. As expected, this deposit overlay a brownish-pink, clean layer (9009) identified as natural subsoil, at a depth of 0.80m. In the southeastern part of the trench a very solid stone surface (9010), at the same depth, appears to represent bedrock.

A total of eight services were exposed during the excavation of this trench.


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4 The finds

Full details of the assemblage may be found in Appendix II, to which reference should be made. Apart from obviously recent deposition within any of the many service trenches and evidence of a post-medieval horizon from Trench 9, in Bulmore Road, most of the assemblage appears to be associated with backfill or make-up of the levels, and thus of a residual/redeposited nature. The only diagnostic artefact of Roman date is the flange from a tegula, the principal element of a Roman roof, from Trench 6, but ceramic tile of likely Roman date was also present in Trench 8, and perhaps in other trenches. It is possible that one of the undiagnostic fragments from Trench 8 could be part of a redware vessel, a Caerleon-ware mortarium, as the fabric seems finer than the other undiagnostic tile present.


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5 Conclusions Evidence for the existence of an earlier road and pavement level was noted in a number of trial trenches (Trenches 2, 5-8, and Plate 3 below). In the stretch of Isca Road that runs alongside the river, part of an earlier revetment wall for the road, together with evidence for terracing with made ground to raise the levels, was apparent. Elsewhere levels had been raised to a lesser extent with the use of redeposited material. There was little reliable dating evidence for any but the most recent disturbances, which took the form of numerous services reflecting the development of the area and the increasing complexity of modern living.

Plate 3: View to southeast along Isca Road during the 1930s. Note the cobbled surfaces of the road and pathway. (Sketched by Lucie Gibbons, and reproduced here by permission of Nigel

Young, www.caerleon.net)

No evidence was noted for the Roman road thought to set the line of Isca Road, probably largely due to the extent of modern disturbance and the ephemeral nature of its construction and potential for survival in the environment of subsequent road infrastructure. At least one piece of Roman tile, the flange from a tegula, was recovered from Trench 6, and what may possibly be part of a Caerleon-ware mortarium, together with other undiagnostic pieces of ?Roman tile, were collected from Trench 8. All are thought to be residual, and otherwise there was no certain evidence for Roman occupation.

The possible exception to this lay in Trench 7, where what may be a clay floor level was noted. It was overlain by charcoal-rich occupation detritus, and sealed by a solid layer of fused industrial material. Unfortunately no dating material was available for any of these deposits, but their presence would not be unexpected within the


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sometimes squalid setting of a vicus or even as an outlier to the canabae that grew up around and in consequence of the establishment of the Roman fortress just across the river.

Evidence for post-medieval occupation, possibly a ‘cultivation’ layer, was noted in Trench 9, on Bulmore Road; other horizons were unaccompanied by dating evidence.

The sample provided by these trial trenches is very small and yet provides at least one location where there is evidence for activity during an earlier period, and given the proximity of the Roman fortress, and the already existing evidence to the south of the river, in ultra pontem, this may well be fresh evidence of a Roman presence. The proposed open-cut trench for main drainage, running the full length of Isca Road before turning along Bulmore Road to the northeast, may well increase our understanding of the extra-mural settlement at Caerleon to a significant degree, although establishment of the line of the Roman road may be more problematic.

References Clarke, S, and Bray, J, 2007 Mission Chapel, Bulmore Road, Caerleon. An

archaeological evaluation, Monmouth Archaeology Report No MA33.07

Evans, E, 2000 The Caerleon Canabae, Britannia Monograph series No.16, London

Frere, S S, 1984 Roman Britain in 1984 I. Sites Explored, Britannia 16, 252-316

Lewis, R, 2004 Caerleon Bridge, Newport: excavation report, GGAT Report No 2004/105

Monmouth Archaeology, 2001 Isca Grange, Caerleon, Newport, Monmouth Archaeology Report No. MA05.01

Monmouth Archaeology, 2002 River Cottage, Isca Road, Caerleon, Monmouth Archaeology Report No. MA14.0

Sell, S H, 2008 Tan House Drive, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief, GGAT Report No 2007/067


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Appendix I Inventory of contexts

Note: The first digit in each context number denotes the trench from which it originated

Context No

Type Description Period

1001 Deposit Tarmac road/pavement surface Modern

1002 Deposit Sub-base for 1001, intermittent. Two layers. Total depth 0.10-0.35m

Modern

1003 Deposit Sub-base trench fill (gas) Modern

1004 Deposit Dirty mixed make-up layer, stone brick etc ?modern

1005 Deposit Soft loam below 1004 deeper on river side ?post-medieval

1006 Structure Wall remnant, river-side of road, d 0.65m Post-medieval

1007 Deposit Sand/gravel over 1006, ?foundation under pavement for new retaining wall or kerb

Modern

1008 Deposit As 1002, SW side Modern

1009 Deposit Mixed fill of service trench (old water main) Modern

1010 Deposit ill of service trench, SW side (electric) Modern

1011 Deposit Cobble surface d 0.40, ?old road Post-medieval

1012 Deposit Sandy, charcoal-rich, below 1004 Unknown

1013 Deposit Mixed sand and gravel, natural

1014 Deposit Pinkish charcoal-flecked subsoil ?post-medieval

Context No



2002 Deposit Sub-base fill of service trench (electric) Modern

2003 Deposit Coarse sand fill of service trench (BT) Modern

2004 Deposit Sub-base for 2001, blackish, as 1002 Modern

2005 Deposit Lower 2004, pinkish Modern

2006 Deposit Concrete dry mix?, NW side of trench only Modern

2007 Deposit Cobbles, remnant of former road Post-medieval

2008 Deposit Silty loam under 2007, equivalent to 1005 ?post-medieval

2009 Deposit Mixed stony below 2008 ?post-medieval

2010 Deposit As 1009 Modern

2011 Deposit Equivalent to 1008 Modern

2012 Deposit Sub-base: fill of service trench (gas) Modern


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Context No



3002 Deposit Blackish uppe4r sub-base Modern

3003 Deposit Buff lower sub-base/mixed layer as 1004 Modern

3004 Deposit Sub-base fill of service trench (electric) Modern

3005 Deposit Sandy gravel below 3003; natural gravel

3006 Deposit Service trench (water); mixed backfill Modern

3007 Deposit Service trench (gas), fill as 3004 Modern

Context No



4002 Deposit Blackish upper sub-base Modern

4003 Deposit Pinkish stony, disturbed/redeposited Unknown

4004 Deposit Service trench (BT) Duct at 0.50m Modern

4005 Deposit Sub-base fill of service trench (gas) Modern

4006 Deposit Backfill of water-main trench Modern

4007 Deposit Sub-base fill of service trench (gas) Pipe at 0.60m

Modern

Context No



5002 Deposit Cobble remnant, former road, below 5001 Post-medieval

5003 Deposit Upper sub-base as 2004 Modern

5004 Deposit Lower sub-base as 2005 Modern

5005 Deposit Gritty ashy matrix for 5002 Post-medieval

5006 Deposit Pinkish stony disturbed/redeposited, as 4003 Unknown

5007 Deposit As 5006 but larger stone. Also ?crushed brick/tile

Unknown

5008 Deposit Lower 5007, larger stone, possibly a surface, cleaner, possibly weathered natural

5009 Deposit Coarse sandy more yellow below 5008, ?natural

5010 Deposit As 1009, 2010 Modern

5011 Deposit Mixed ?backfill similar/equivalent to 1004 ?modern


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Context No



5013 Deposit Small cobbles former pavement surface, disturbed by 5018

Post-medieval

5014 Deposit As 5002 Post-medieval


5016 Deposit Charcoal-rich lens below 5014 ?post-medieval

5017 Deposit Surface of large rounded stone similar to 5008 but rounder, ?natural

5018 Deposit Backfill of service trench (electric) Modern

5019 Deposit Similar/equivalent to 5006 Unknown

Context No



6002 Deposit Cobble remnant below 6001 Post-medieval

6003 Deposit Matrix for 6002 Post-medieval

6004 Deposit Pink stone/clay, ?upper natural

6005 Deposit Yellow gravel/coarse sand, natural

6006 Structure Kerb/foundation Modern


6008 Deposit As 6008; upper natural

6009 Deposit As 6005; lower natural

6010 Deposit Service trench/pipe (gas) Modern

6011 Deposit Sub-base levelling, cut by 6014 Modern

6012 Deposit As 6002, remnant only Post-medieval


6014 Deposit Service trench/cables (electric) Modern

Context No



7002 Deposit Cobble remnant below 7001, as 6002 etc Post-medieval

7003 Deposit Sub-base fill of service trench (BT) Modern

7004 Deposit Matrix/bedding for 7002, as 6003 etc Post-medieval

7005 Deposit Pinkish brown silty with flat stone, poss upper natural



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Context No


7007 Deposit Dirty mixed stony, similar to 1004 ?modern

7008 Deposit Sandy ferrous deposit below 7007, becoming more loamy with charcoal

Unknown

7009 Deposit Service trench fill/pipe (old water-main) Modern

7010* Deposit Fused slag surface, ?metalling, d 0.50m Unknown

7011* Deposit Mixed ?occupation layer, charcoal-rich, with some pink clay, stone and ?tile fragments

?Roman

7012 Deposit Pink clay ?floor below 7011, d 0.60m ?Roman

7013 Deposit Clay marl natural d 0.70m


7015 Deposit Service trench fill/duct (electric) Modern


7017 Deposit Sub-base Modern

7018 Deposit As 7008 Unknown

7019 Deposit Material as 7010 but layer broken up Unknown

7020 Deposit Sub-base fill of service trench (gas) Modern

Context No


8001 Deposit Tarmac road/pavement surfacer Modern

8002 Deposit Mixed redeposited under SW pavement; brick ash and loam, very compact

Modern

8003 Deposit Lower 8002, looser Modern

8004 Deposit Service trench/cable (BT), part of 8002/3 Modern

8005 Deposit Brownish sandy/gravelly below 8003, to 0.55m

Unknown

8006 Deposit Pink sandy clay/stone, clean; natural


8008 Deposit Cobbles, SW side of road, to 0.25m Post-medieval

8009 Deposit As 8002 but less brick, solid, where 8008 absent

?modern

8010 Deposit Loose ashy slaggy below 8008; main lower layer c0.25m-0.60m

Post-medieval

8011 Deposit Buff sandy/gravelly with charcoal; similar to 8005, above 8006

Unknown

8012 Deposit Partial tarmac surface NE pavement Modern

8013 Deposit Black ashy below 8012 Modern

8014 Deposit Stone building debris below 8013, perhaps from rebuilding of adjacent wall

Modern


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Context No


8015 Deposit ?cobble remnant, redeposited, part of 8014 Modern

8016 Deposit Service trench/cable (electric) d 0.30m Modern

8017 Deposit Service trench/brick cover (electric) d 0.40m Modern

8018 Deposit Mixed backfill over 8019 Modern

8019 Deposit Greyish sub-base lower fill of service trenches, network of electric cables/gas main

Modern

Context No



9002 Deposit Sub-base, various Modern

9003 Deposit Mixed backfill/make up 0.07m- 0.25m ?modern

9004 Deposit As 9003 but with more broken stone, pinker ?modern

9005 Deposit Charcoal flecked brownish pink clayey loam, a little small stone; ?PM cultivation.

Post-medieval

9006 Deposit Service trench/pipe (gas), not defined Modern

9007 Deposit Service trench/duct (?electric) Modern

9008 Deposit Service trench/twin ceramic pipes (?BT) Modern

9009 Deposit As 9005 but cleaner, below 9005 at d.0.80m, natural subsoil

9010 Deposit Solid stone surface, ?bedrock d 0.80m (SE)

9011 Deposit Service trench/pipe (?electric) Modern

9012 Deposit Service trench/pipe (water);sub-base fill Modern


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Appendix II: Finds index

Note: u/s = unstratified, prefixed by number of relevant trench

Context No

Material type

Description Qty Weight (kg)

Period

T1 u/s Pottery Brown-glazed buffware 1 0.012 C18

Pottery ‘Local’ red earthenware 1 0.062 Post-medieval

Context No

Material type


Period

T2 u/s Pottery Red earthenware with gold lustre 1 0.034 C19

2005 Pottery ‘Local’ red earthenware, large pan 1 0.044 Post-medieval

Context No

Material type


Period

T3 u/s Brick/tile Brick fr u/d 1 0.038 Modern

Context No

Material type


Period

T4 u/s Stone Flat sandstone piece ?bakestone 1 0.126 Unknown

Brick/tile Brick frags u/d 2 0.126. Modern

Context No

Material type


Period

5007 Brick/tile U/d frags 4 0.078 P-Med/Roman

Context No

Material type


Period

6013 Stone Roof-tile frag 1 0.408 ?post-medieval

Brick/Tile Tegula flange 1 0.158 Roman

Pottery ‘Local’ red earthenwares 2 0.026 Post-medieval

Context No

Material type


Period

7010* Slag Sample 001 1.460 Unknown

7011* Stone etc Sample 002 0.970 Unknown

Context No

Material type


Period

T8 u/s Pottery Misc modern ceramics 1 0.014 C19

8002 Pottery Misc modern ceramics incl plate and teapot frags

3 0.074 C19

8003/4 Ceramic Drainpipe frag 1 0.074 Modern


22

Context No

Material type


Period

8005 Bone Sheep teeth/?jaw frag 3 0.014 Unknown

8018 Plastic Cord/line frag 1 Modern

Brick/tile U/d frags (one piece may be abraded pottery rather than tile)

7 0.428 P-Med/Roman

Context No

Material type


Period

9005 Bone Sheep ?tibia 1 0.086 Unknown

Pottery ‘Local’ red earthenware 1 0.022 Post-medieval

*samples taken for analysis

isca road, caerleon: archaeological watching brief

Documents