is charcoal the perfect renewable fuel? - sintef ... · metallurgical charcoal production in brazil...
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26 March 2014 www.hnei.hawaii.edu 1
Stationary Bioenergy research, use and markets in the USA –
Status and reflections
Michael J. Antal, Jr Coral Industries Distinguished Professor
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute University of Hawaii at Manoa
www.hnei.hawaii.edu 2
Overview
• The current situation in Hawaii (Maui & Kauai) • Biomass power on the Mainland (historical) • The current situation on the Mainland • Projections of future biopower in the USA • Research news concerning biocarbons • Conclusions
Isolated Island Grids with no Interconnection
1200MW 80MW
5MW
200MW
190MW
• Significant solar and wind resource, but resource intermittency challenges grid operations
• Resource potential (large) and isolated island load (small) • Large gap between peak and minimum load (> 2:1)
Opportunity to validate and deploy new technologies 3
5MW 80% of state population
Integrating Large Amounts of Wind and Solar Power
Maui Island Case
Kaheawa I (30 MW)
Kaheawa II (21 MW)
Auwahi (21 MW)
4
40+ MW of Distributed PV
Exponential Growth in PV Market Island of Maui
(Source: Maui Electric Company, Ltd.)
Integrating High Penetrations of PV on Distribution Feeders Is a Challenge in Hawaii Today 5
• In both 2011 and 2012, the installed PV on Maui doubled the total installed PV capacity of the prior year
• July, 2013 PV @ 37+ MW
Solar Resource Intermittency and Variability
6/23/2010
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PV
Output
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Panaewa
Mauna Lani
0.0%
100.0%
Mauna Lani Substation Load
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www.hnei.hawaii.edu 8
“Green Energy Hawaii”
• Situated on the island of Kauai • Employs Chiptec “up draft” gasifiers • Albizia wood chip fuel • (n.b. albizia is an invasive species!) • Up to 80,000 lb/hr superheated steam @ 750 F • 7,100 kW gross electrical power output • Construction underway
www.hnei.hawaii.edu 10
“Green Energy Hawaii”
• Situated on the island of Kauai • Employs Chiptec “up draft” gasifiers • Albizia wood chip fuel • (n.b. albizia is an invasive species!) • Up to 80,000 lb/hr superheated steam @ 750 F • 7,100 kW gross electrical power output • Construction underway
http://www.powermag.com/psnhs-northern-wood-power-project-repowers-coal-fired-plant-with-new-fluidized-bed-combustor 15
“Northern Wood Power”
• Situated on the Piscataqua River, Portsmouth, NH • Wood fired Alstom CFB • 400,000 tons/yr whole-tree wood chips • 50-70 tractor trailers @ 30 tons/ea per day • 5 acre, 19,000 ton wood storage facility • 450,000 lb/hr steam @ 1250 psi & 950 F • 50 MW electrical power output • $75 million capital cost (2006)
http://www.powermag.com/psnhs-northern-wood-power-project-repowers-coal-fired-plant-with-new-fluidized-bed-combustor 16
“Northern Wood Power” Project
wwwhttp://ucanr.edu/sites/WoodyBiomass/Woody_Biomass_Utilization_2/California_Biomass_Power_Plants 17
Biomass Power Plants in California
USA Power Capacity Growth
Biomassmagazine.com 21
December 2013 • Biomass fired: + 269 MW (+12 units) • Wind: +20 MW (+ 2 units) • Solar: +79 MW (+ 35 units) • Natural gas: 685 MW (14 units) • Oil: 2 MW (4 units)
2013 Full Year • Biomass fired: + 777 MW (+97 units) • Wind: +1.19 GW • Solar: +2.94 GW • Natural gas: 7.27 GW • Coal: 1.54 GW
http://forisk.com/resources/resources-from-forisk-wood-bioenergy-us-free-summary/ 22
Estimated Wood-Use by Announced Facilities in the US
http://forisk.com/resources/resources-from-forisk-wood-bioenergy-us-free-summary/ 23
Number and Wood Use of Announced and Operating Projects, 2023
Silicon – Basic prosess Production (overview)
24 / 12
SiC
C (Coal / Coke / Charcoal)
SiO2 (Quartz)
Silicon
SiO(g) + 2C = SiC + CO
O2 (air)
2SiO + O2 = 2SiO2
SiO2 (Microsilica)
2SiO(g) = SiO2 + Si
SiO(g)
SiO2 + Si = 2SiO(g)
SiO2 + C + SiC = Si + SiO(g) + CO
CO2
2CO + O2 = 2CO2
Surface
Inner reductionzone
Charge
http://forisk.com/resources/resources-from-forisk-wood-bioenergy-us-free-summary/ 25
Estimated Wood-Use by Announced Facilities in the US
1) Wang et al., Energy Fuels, 2013, 27, 2146-2156 27
Parity plot of fixed-carbon yields from various oak wood feedstocks1
• Recent FC yields reproduce earlier results.
• Muffle furnace yields in N2 are lower.
• TGA yields are much lower.
• Proximate analysis yields are very much lower.
www.hnei.hawaii.edu 28
Wood for Power vs. Silicon • Charcoal is the desired reductant for Si production • Consider 4.2 kg wood = 24 kWhth
• Power from combustion of 4.2 kg wood = 7.1 kWh • 4.2 kg wood → 1.4 kg charcoal → 1.0 kg Si • 1.0 kg Si → 1.3 m2 Si, which as a PV panel
(assuming 15% efficiency & 1% degradation/yr) will generate 6500 kWh over its 20 yr life
• Also, charcoal (activated carbon) for clean air & water & batteries, cooking, carbon sequestration & soil beneficiation
www.hnei.hawaii.edu 29
Conclusions • Little growth for liquid transportation fuels • Big growth in intermittent wind and PV power that may provide
>30% of power demand • Batteries will provide brief backup • Big growth in wood pellet production (~ 14 new large (>500,000
tpy) export facilities); but wood pellets make little sense • Big opportunities for solid biofuels to fill in for intermittent power
production • As an energy dense, clean burning fuel charcoal briquettes,
manufactured efficiently by modern technology, are an interesting sensible alternative to wood pellets for heat and power production
• Silicon (e.g. PV panels, cell phones, laptop computers) production requires charcoal. A sensible use of biomass!
www.hnei.hawaii.edu 30
Acknowledgments
• Tom Miles, T R Miles Technical Consultants, Inc. • Dr. Scott Turn, HNEI • Dr. Viktor Myrvagnes, Elkem