is astrology a science?. behaviorism arose out of an attempt to make psychology a science. focuses...
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Is astrology a science?Is astrology a science?
BehaviorismBehaviorismArose out of an attempt to make
psychology a science.Focuses on what is observable and
measurable -- namely, behavior.
Why do they act like that?Why do they act like that? Test anxiety Pencil tap Overly competitive Class clown Use pencil
sharpener Boys mean to girls
they like (visaversa) Shy/withdrawn Acting tough
Cough during silence Copy cat
behavior/group think Teacher’s pet Talk without raising
hand
Dealing with CC Dealing with OC
Go to same seat Cheating Excuse for leaving
class Can’t leave other
kids alone Class clown Sleeping
Answer every question/talk a lot
Refusal to participate Can’t stay still Trouble maker Doesn’t write down
anything. Get up and down all the
time. PDA
Bad behavior for student teacher
Reactive student Passing notes Teacher’s pet Talker Shy Inappropriate
behavior/PDA
Classical ConditioningClassical ConditioningA useful principle of learning for
understanding how reflexive (i.e., automatic, unreflective) learning occurs.
But not so useful for understanding intentional learning or complex learning.
Pavlov's ExperimentsPavlov's Experiments (1) (1)
Pavlov's ExperimentsPavlov's Experiments (2) (2)
Pavlov's ExperimentsPavlov's Experiments (3) (3)
UCS UCRMeat Salivate
CS CRBell Salivate
Examples of CC in education?Examples of CC in education?
Example of CCBud Light Commercial
Dealing with classically Dealing with classically conditioned behaviorsconditioned behaviorsHow could you understand test anxiety
in terms of classical conditioning?Are there behaviors on our list that can
be explained by classical conditioning?How could you change the conditioning
pattern?
Eliminating Classically Eliminating Classically Conditioned BehaviorsConditioned BehaviorsExtinctionCounterconditioning
Systematic desensitization.
Operant ConditioningOperant ConditioningA useful principle of learning for
understanding observable, behavioral forms of learning.
But not so useful for understanding such things a complex, mental processes.
Operant ConditioningOperant ConditioningOperant conditioning is basic common
sense: If a behavior is reinforced (i.e., rewarded in
some way), it is more likely to be repeated (its occurrence will increase).
If a behavior is punished in some way, it is less likely to be repeated (its occurrence will decrease).
The problem is, we always mess up by reinforcing behaviors we DON’T want and punishing behaviors we DO want.
Conditions needed for Conditions needed for Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Individual must make a response.Reinforcer must follow the response.Reinforcer must be contingent on the
response.
Types of ConsequencesTypes of Consequences
Desirable Undesirable Add something
Positive Reinforcement (behavior increases)
Positive Punishment (behavior decreases)
Remove something
Negative Punishment (behavior decreases)
Negative Reinforcement (behavior increases)
Operant Conditioning at Work!Operant Conditioning at Work!
Are there behaviors on our list that could be explained in terms of operant conditioning?
Eliminating unwanted behaviorEliminating unwanted behaviorExtinction
Stop rewarding the behavior!Reinforce an incompatible behavior
Ex. To eliminate speaking out of turn, reinforce hand raising.
ShapingShapingReinforce a series of behaviors that
increasingly resemble the terminal (desired) behavior.
Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis Basic assumption of Applied Behavior
Analysis: All deviant behavior is the result of environmental
conditions - we are who are we are because we’ve been conditioned to be that way.
With enough effort, we can identify the cause of the deviant behavior and change the environment so that the deviant behavior is eliminated.
Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis Identify current and target behaviors in
observable, measurable form. Identify environmental causes for the problem. Develop and implement an intervention plan that:
Changes the problematic setting events. Eliminates reinforcement of problem behavior. Shapes and reinforces appropriate behavior.
Measure before, during, and after to monitor progress. Revise as necessary.
Fade out the intervention.
Direct Instruction (DI)Direct Instruction (DI)
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Direct Instruction (DI)Direct Instruction (DI)What are the defining qualities of DI?How does it relate to the principles of
CC and OC?What kind of learning does DI address?What is your opinion of DI?
Classical vs. Operant Cond.Classical vs. Operant Cond.
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Stimulus precedes response.Involuntary
Response precedes stimulus.Voluntary (sort of)
Both can be taking place at the same time.
Critique of Behaviorism Critique of Behaviorism What are the strengths/weaknesses of this
perspective? What happens when rewards stop? Is it problematic that other people and the
environment are seen as the cause of behavior?
Do humans operate according to natural laws in the same way that physical world operates according to natural laws (e.g., laws of physics)?