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IS 4453 (2009): Subsurface Exploration by Pits, Trenches,Drifts and Shafts - Code of Practice [WRD 5: GelogicalInvestigation and Subsurface Exploration]

IS 4453 : 2009

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Indian Standard

SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION BY PITS, TRENCHES,DRIFTS AND SHAFTS - CODE OF PRACTICE

( Second Revision )

ICS <J1.020

© HIS 2009

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD SMA:"JAK B HA VAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFA R MARG

NEW DELH I ) Ioooz

Jllll e 2009 . Price Group ~

Geological Investigations and Subsurface Exploration Sectional Committee, WRD OS

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau ofIndian Standards, after the draft finalizedby the Geological Investigations and Subsurface Exploration Sectional Committee had been approved by theWater Resources Division Council.

This standard was first published in 1967 and revised in 1980. The present revision is proposed to reflect theexperience gained on the subject since then.

Open test pits, trenches, drifts and shafts are features accessible for visual examination in subsurface explorationand afford complete information on the ground penetrated. Location and depth of pits, trenches, drifts and shaftsdepend on the investigation requirement and the type of proposed structure. For water resources projects, locationand depth of subsurface exploration by pits, trenches, drifts and shafts is of paramount importance and may bedecided in consultation with engineering geologist. Knowledge of the nature, structure and composition of thestrata encountered is obtained by inspection of the materials in place. They are useful features for foundationexploration, wherever the depth of overburden and ground water conditions permit.

For exploring foundations for dams and prospecting for embankment material or concrete aggregates, open pitsand trenches are generally employed to obtain the required information. They enable selective and controlledsampling for laboratory tests and classification of the excavated material.

Drifts are normally employed to explore, in detail, in the hill-sides, the continuity, nature and structure of particulargeological formations. They are most frequently used for establishing the minimum excavation limits to reachfresh and sound rock in order to decide the foundation level of the structures like dams, spillways, etc, and tohave access to the proposed locations of underground structures (tunnel, caverns, etc) for site specific geotechnicalassessment and also for the detailed investigation of fault or shear zones as well as other zones of weakness andburied channels in the river section. Drifts are specially useful for taking undisturbed samples for tests in thelaboratory and for performing in-situ tests, like the uniaxial jacking test, in-situ shear test on rock mass and othertests to determine modulus of deformation, shear strength parameter and in-situ stress measurement of theformations encountered.

Shafts are normally employed to vertically reach either a particular formation at a great depth (exceeding about6 m) or to extend the exploration below river bed by means of tunnels.

It has been assumed in the formulation of this standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted toappropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,observed or calculated, expressing the results of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance withIS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant places retained in therounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

IS 4453 : 2009

Indian Standard

SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION BY PITS, TRENCHES,DRIFfS AND SHAFfS - CODE OF PRACTICE

( Second Revision)

2 REFERENCESO_L GROUHll

AtE

50 mm SHEETINO

3000 mm

SECTION XX

soX ISO mm STUD fRAMETO BE SPACED AS NATUREOf GROUND REQUlRES

TItleClassification and identification ofsoil s for general engineeringpurpo ses (first revision)Code of practice for subsurfaceinvestigations for foundations (firstrevision)Code of safety for excavation work(first revision)

/SNo.1498 ; 1970

1892 : 1979

3764 : 1992

1 SCOPE

The following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text , constitute provisions ofthis standard. At the time of publication, the editionsind icated were valid. All standards are subject torevision and parties to agreeme nts based on thisstandard are encouraged to investigate the possibilityof applying the most recent editions of the standardsindicated below :

This standard lays down the method for subsurfaceexploration by means ofpits, trenches , drifts and shafts .

3 EXPLORATION BY TEST PITS

3.1 Pits are dug manually but mechanical equipmentmay also be used. The depth of the pit should beaccording to the requirements of investigation and isgenerally limited to a few metres below the groundwater table (see IS 1892). For carrying out excavationsafely , reference may be made to IS 3764. Pits arenormally of the shape of an inverted frustum of apyramid. The top of the pit is usually a square of size3 01 x 3 01 and its bottom is also a square of 1.2 01 x1.2 01 providing sufficient space. The depths of suchpits are around 3 01 in softer soil with sloping cut walls.The walls may be kept near vertical in case of hardsoil and the depth of the pit may also be increased to6 m. Additional space for sheeting and supports ,hoisting arrangements, ladder, in-situ tests, samplingfor laboratory tests, etc, should be provided (see Fig. I) .

3.2 During excavation, the bottom of the pit should bekept at a level so that each lift may represent thecorresponding portion of the deposit in quality andquantity. The excavated material should beplaced roundthe pits as stockpiles, separated when significantly

FIG. I TYPICAL TEST PIT SHOWING ARR ANGEME!IIT OF

SHEETING AND BRACING (ILLUSTRATIVE SKETCH)

different materials are encountered, and marked stakesshould be driven into the stockpiles to indicate thedepth from which the materials were excavated in orderto facilitate logging and sampling later on. Based ondesign requ irements, SPT tests wherever required, mayalso be conducted at regular intervals of 1.0 m to 1.501 at the change of the strata for determination ofpotentiability ofliquefaction of material and modelingof deformation.

3.3 Deep test pits should be ventilated to preventaccumulation of dead air. For this purpose connectedlengths of pipe starting slightly above the floor andextending about one metre above the mouth of the pit

IS 4453 : 2009

have been found satisfactory. Canvas sheeting may alsobe used to deflect wind into the pit. When there islikelihood of the presence of obnoxious gases. speci alprecautions shall be taken for ventilating the pit(see IS 3764) . To prevent accumulation of dead air.forced ventilation may be necessary.

3.4 Test pits left open for inspection shall be providedwith covers or barricades for safety. Pits and trenchesshall be suitably fenced. Trenches and pits should befilled back properly, when exploration and physicalinspections are completed and the relevant records havebeen obtained.

3.5 When water is encountered in a pit, a suit abledewatering system may be required for furtherprogress . Where suction pumps are used, it is desirablethat the suction hose be 10 mrn larger in diameter thanthe discharge opening of the pump and the suction headnot more than 4.5 m. This requires resetting the pumpin the pit (on a frame attached to the cr ibbin g) atintervals of about 3.5 m. When an internal combustionengine is used in the pit, it would be nece ssary to leadthe exhaust gases well away from the pit.

3.6 Undisturbed samples may be obtained from openpits from each stratum if the nature of the depositpermits. For this purpose, a pillar of suitabledimensions, say, 40 Col x 40 Col should be leftundisturbed at the centre of the pit to collectundisturbed samples of required size from each layershowing a change of formation . If the thickness ofeachlayer exceeds 2 m, a second sample may be taken.These undisturbed samples will be useful for thedetermination of several characteristics of the in-situmaterials. Special care shall be taken to preserve thenatural moisture content of the samples.

4 EXPLORAnON BY TRENCHES

4.1 Trenches are similar to test pits in all respects,except that they are continuous over a length andprovide a continuous exposure of the surface along adesired line or section . They are best suited forexploration on slopes.

4.2 The field work consists of excavating an opentrench from the top to the bottom of the slope to reachrepresentative undisturbed material. Either a single slottrench down the face of the slope or a series of shorttrenches spaced at appropriate intervals along the slopemay be excavated. Depending on the extent of theinvesjigation required, use may be made of picks andshovels, bulldozers, ditching machines, back hoes ordragline. A trenching layout suitable for materialsinvestigations is shown in Fig. 2.

4.3 Safety precautions shall be taken as in the case of

2

deep test pits to prevent accidents cau sed by cavingground (see IS 3764 ).

4.4 All the instructions for pits given in 3 sha ll applyto trenches.

5 EXPLORATION BY DRIFTS OR TESTTUNNELS

5.1 Drift s or test tunnels should be provided with agen tle/low outward slope of the floor in order to beself-draining. A rectangular section with minimumclear dimensions of 1.8 m width and 2.1 In height isadopted in hard rock. In soft rock, howe ver, it will beadvantageous to provide an arc hed roo f with thedimensions as above.

5.2 The roof and the sides sha ll be adequatelysupported. wherever the ground is unable to stand . Thesize and spacing of the supports will depend on thecharacter of the formation and the spacing and altitudeof joints therein . Wherever blocky and hard rock is tobe tunneled through, it may be advantageous to userock bolts to hold together the jointed blocks of rock.

5.3 Ventilation by air from a compressor or a blowerdepending on the length of the drift may be resorted tofor removing pockets of foul air or blast gases whenexplosives are used.

5.4 Adequate lighting arrangement shall be providedfor proper examination and recording of data in driftsor tunnels.

5.5 Proper approach to the drift shall be made forproper rransportation of men, testing equipment andother materials/accessories. Proper ropeway shall beprovided for crossing the river for testing rock masson the other bank of the river.

6 EXPLORAnON BY SHAFTS

6.1 Shafts may be rectangular or circular in sectiondepending upon the investigation requirement and theease of construction and should have minimumdimension of2.4 x 2.4 m or of 2.4 m diameter in caseof circular section, to provide space for movement ofmen, equipment and other accessories.

6.2 In hand dug shafts, the materials are removed bybuckets operated by hoists or windlass, which shouldbe equipped with a ratchet device for safety.

6.3 Deep shafts should be ventilated to preventaccumulation ofdead air or blast gases when explosivesare used. For this purpose, connected lengths of stovepipe starting slightly above the floor and extendingone metre into open air above the mouth of the shaftshould be used. Air from a compressor or blower mayalso be used.

' 0 .. • • • ' 0 " •• ' • •

• • ' .0" •• ' . ' • '. .. : :

: :~~'~ ~'~~ ~¥';;

SIDE SLOPE TO SUITTHE MATERIAL ANDDEPTH OF EXCAVAT~N

CHANGE OF ST RATA

SECTION X X

.: .... '0 '• • ~P'" 4. ' • •

:-t\~ :~: ..." :.: ':.~ \: 'COAR~E' :S~N D '~: ;'.:. .s: -:...... . .. ; ,,". ,.). -,t • • • -, AND, GRAVE-l,i ' ' . . . .' " • . .... . . •."il: ;: ••.• . .. ... . " , · ~, " ,J"' ·'''': I \, ....... Jj, . .. • • ;... .'. . - . I . .. .. . . '. . ....' •• • : ,,' • • •• • • .' A ""2'""."A . : 4 . . '" ", s': ..., .':" : IS • •• :,: lA •••• ~ " . .. .... ~'''''." .: ••••

BOTTOM WIDTH TO SUITTHE METHOD OF EXCAVATION

r'F'IN'e::SA'NO'.:,;·:·.'AND GRAVEL: .....:!.:. " . . . to e o. to "0

D

CHANGE OFST RATA

ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACE

SIZE AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES TO SUITTHE PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATIONrL

o

oo

fL3A HORIZONTAL OR MILDLY

SLOPING GROUND

....,

BOTTOM OFTHE TRENCH

38 STEEPLY SLOPING GROUND

F IG. 2 TYPICAL TRENCHING LAYOUT ( I LLUSTRATIVE)

-rIJt~

Ng~

IS 4453 : 2009

6.4 When water is encountered. a pumping systemshould be used to enable further progress. Electricalpumps should be preferred to one s with internalcombustion engines to avoid pollution of air; otherwiseit would be necessary to lead the exhaust gases wellabove the mouth of the shaft.

6.5 In weak and caving ground , the sides of the shaftsshall be adequately supported to prevent accidents . Thespacing and the size of the support will depend on thenature of the strata .

6.6 Shafts left open for inspection shall be providedwith covers. grills or barricades for safety .

7 RECORDING OF INFORMAnON

7.1 Besides proper supervision of the work, carefuland systematic records should be kept and madeavailable at project site for consultation. Inaccurateobservation and incomplete records may result inserious errors of geological correlat ion of formationsand ineffective expenditure of time and money.

7.2 Test Pits

A recommended proforma for the recording ofinformation obtained from trial pits is given in Annex A.In some cases. where the strata are irregular in shape. itmay benecessarytocarry out three-dimensional loggingin the same manner as provided for shafts (see 7.4).

7.3 Drifts

Geological logging and sampling of exploratory driftsshould proceed concurrently with the operation ofexcavation, after proper cleaning of side walls and ,crowns . The drifts should be mapped showing thegeological formations indicating extent of weatheringand details of structural features. such as the directionand magnitude of dip, extent and attitude of fault orshear zones and clay seams. A longitudinal section ofa drift is given in Fig. 3. A three-dimensional geologicallog is shown in Fig . 4. For preparing a three­dimensional log of an exploratory drift. the perimeterof the section is assumed to be opened out at thejunctions of invert and walls; walls and crown (springline) up to centre of crown so that the length of thediagram represents the length of the drift to a suitablescale and the width of the diagram represents theperimeter to the same or other convenient scale. Theboundaries of geological units and weaker zones andthe trend of other geological features like joints.beddings, foliations, etc, should be recorded in thespread out section of the drift . This recording shouldbe done by measuring the distance of any particulargeological feature at the junction of the half-crown andthe wall, the spring line ( mid-point line of the wall)and at the junction of the wall with the floor of the

4

drift. Before logging, the distances are usually markedalong the spring line (or centre line) of the drift, froma reference point which is usually taken at the portalof the drift, or at the starting point of the open-outsection of the drift, if any. The log of the drift thusobtained on a spread out section is folded back (tv theoriginal rectangular shape of the drift) to give a three­dimens ional model of the drift, showing the actualdisposition of the geological feature s.

7.4 Shaft<;

The shafts are concurrently mapped with excavationin the same way as drifts giving the type of rocksencountered at various elevations, direction andmagnitude of dip, extent and attitude of bedding/folia]plane.fault or shear zones, clay seams, etc. Forpreparing a three-dimensional (3D) log of"a circularshaft. the depths should be marked from the groundlevel downwards. along four lines (shown for one linein Fig. 5 ); the north-south ( or upstream-downstream)and east-west (or right-left) diameters of the shaft. Theperimeter of the shaft on any suitable scale should betaken to have been spread out in the vertical planeparallel to the east-west (or right-left) diameter of theshaft and passing through the south (or downstream)edge of the shaft . half of the spread out section lyingto the east (or right) side and the remaining half to thewest (or left) side. The intercepts of the variousgeological features on the four reference lines shouldbe recorded on the spread-out log. When this log isfolded back to the circular shape, a three-dimensionalmodel of the exploratoryshaft is obtained , showingthe actual disposition of the geological features. Atypical example of the plot of a three-dimensional logfor circular shaft is given in Fig. 5.

7.5 Plans and sections illustrating exploratory featuresshould generally be drawn to the scale of I : 1000.Geological logs should be drawn I : 100 scale. Theinformation given in 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 should alsorecorded .

7.5.1 General

a) Organ ization responsible for the work.

b) Location on map - If a co-ordinate systemhas been established the location should begiven by co-ordinates easting or northing orchain stations. The location shall be definedby the number of the exploratory feature, itsco-ordinates and elevation. In the case ofdrifts, direction should also be mentioned. Atsite a permanent pillar should be erected atthe portals of drifts and near the mouths ofpits with the grid co -ordinate lines andnumber inscribed thereon.

c) Elevation ofground surface or other reference

point - The elevation with respect to meansea level or reduced level, of the groundsurface and of the bottom or end of excavationalong with intermediate elevations andcorresponding depths from the top or start ofthe excavation should be indicated for allpoints of change of formation, to demarcatethe boundaries of different types of materialspenetrated.

d) Dates of starting and completing the work.

e) Name of persons responsible for thepreparation of plans and sections withsignature.

f) Scales of plans or sections in linearrepresentation.

IS 4453 : 2009

g) On plans, the north point, either true ormagnetic, should clearly be marked.

7.5.2 Geotechnical Details

a) Soil or rock type should be recorded givingbrief, but complete description of the natureand condition of the materials penetrated.Different formations and their physicalcondition should be shown by appropriatesymbols or colours.

b) Disposition and attitude of contacts, faults,joints, shear zones and clay seams.

c) Inflows of water and ground waterfluctuations - Records should be keptshowing the elevation and fluctuations in

-;::: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 .~ .., ~.: 1~" ",;" 1'2' ",3 ~~":'5' ;',6' ',7 fa

REDUCED DISTANCE IN METRES

~ CLAY FILLEO JOINT ~ HIGHLY BLOCKY LIME STONE

(ZI SHEAR ZONE ~ THINLY BEDDED SLATES

~ MASSIVE LIME STONE m SILICEOUS SLATES. .

Bedding and Foliation DIPS: (Points 1 to 4 In the section)

1. At RD m dipping due .2. At RD m dipping due .3. At RD m dipping due .4. At RD m dipping due .

Joints:

1. Joint at RD m dipping due .2. Joint at RD m dipping due ..3. Joint at RD m dipping due .

RD = Reduced distance In metres.

NarES1 In addition details about other structural discontinuities like bedding (50), foliation (51)' Joints (JI) etc, should also be given onthe section.

2 Weathering/distressing limits W,- W. (highly weathered), W, (moderately weathered) and WI (slightly weathered) should also begiven along RDs.

3 The gaps should be stuitably filled in giving information about drift.

4 For purpose of representation a uniform height of drift should be assumed.

5 The wall of the drift which the geological cross-section represents should be specified.

6 The horizontal and vertical scales used should be specified.

FIG. 3 A GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE WALL OF

A DRIFT IN A GEOLOGICALLY SIMPLE ENVIRONMENT

5

S2PlANE DU'11'IING DRIFT GEQIolETRV

81 PlAAE DEFINING DRIFT GEOMETR'f'

WA1'ER SEEPAGE

SECONOAR'f IHFlWHG (QUARTZ) ALOHG THEJOlNT

CUV FUED JOINT

CRUSHED ROCK FIlLEDDISCONTINUITIES (501omm)

CRUSHED ROCKFILLEDDISCONTINUlTIES (2-&nm)

TRACE OF DISCONTINUITY WITH ORIENTATION

CRUSHEDROC!< I SHEARZOHEI SHEAR SEAM

BIOTITE SCHIST

DR~

1.8 m ":af1.t m

SlIDI(fLY WEATHEREDDRl

_....

TIGHT·'O"'"CRVSl£Il ROCK

III01lTE SCIIST

3D GEOLOGICAL LOG OF EXPLORATORY DRIFT

I' 20 22

Mel"" a.ASsn ' -VI

_....UHOIJI.ATClIlY.'-STAlNlND

2 •5 ..... CltUStiEDROCK

ROUGH l»IOtAATORY5_""

LEFT SPL

RIGHTSPL

LEFT INVERT

RIGHTINVERT ~~~~;p.":'-~.l-._.1-:...J....:l._.L-.-----':E...._~--'-"-­

RO (m) 1RClCK.nP.I-IWEATHEA1NOSEEPAlIl!

AVO. "TIOll

D .1I• APElI1\.II!JfC0H 12 •T

AI'UITIlREIF IU.IlQIH "U nIT IUINllI

"E

• 14

AI'ElI1IJRUUING.1: .R.O ••

II ·/ 1lOCK c:uaa......II.I'POIl'I'.....-

F IG. 4 T YPICAL E XAMPLE OF A T HREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) GEOLOGICAL LOG OF EXPLORATORY D RIFT

635·00

RL637·70

I1lUJ0:...UJ~

~

GROUNDSURFACE

18 F-6 1

CLAY COATEDFAULT PLANE 19

VI20

UJ210:...

UJ 22615·00

~

~ 23J: 24...Q.tlJ 250

26

27

Index

IS 4453 : 2009

Quartzite (White)Quartzitic Shale (Thickly Bedded)Thinly Bedded StateF-1. F-2. etc. indicate faultsQ-1. Q-2. etc. indicate quartzite (white).SL-1. SL·2. etc. indicate quartzitic shale.

NOTE - No ground water was encountered in the shaft up to the depth illustrated .

FIG. 5 A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) LOG OF A SHAFT

7

IS 4453 : 2009

ground-water level, water inflows duringexcavation or any other information bearingon the ground-water conditions, such aspumping record of percolation tests .

d) Record of material collected for testing ­The points from which samples were taken,date and methods of sampling, purpose ofsampling and by whom should be recorded.Sufficient information should be given on

the samples to permi t their readyidentification at a future date. The name ofproject,dam site pit or drift number,date, depthand other pertinent information should beindicated. Each sample bag or containershould be provided with two tag cardsshowing these particulars. One tag should beput inside and the other outside the bag orcontainer.

ANNEXA(Clause 7.2)

LOG OF TEST PIT FOR BORROW AND FOUNDATION INVESTGATIONS

Feature Project TestPitNo .Area Designation Co-ordinates Ground Elevation Depth of Ground Water Level \).............. Method of Excavation Approximate Dimensions of Hole Dates of Excavation .Hole Logged by ..

Clnsification Drpth Siu Clusification Volumr Wright Percentage Wright Percentage Wright Percentage LocationSymbol (m) and and Drsc:ription of Hole of 0 to by Volume of 75 to by Volume of PIns by Volume of In-

Letter/GraphicType ofMatrrial Sampled 7Smm of 0 to 75 12Smm of7S to 12Smm of Plus 125 situ

of (Gin Grological (m1 Matrrial mm Material 12Smm Material mm TestsSample and In-place in Material]) in Material]) in MateriaJ3lTaken Description for Sample Sample Sample

FoundatiollInvestigation) n

(kg) (kg) (kg)

Remarks:"

1) Record after water has reached its natura! level.

2) This may be done as given in IS 1498.

3) (Weight of rock sampled x 100)

(Bulk specified gravity of rock) x (Volume of hole sampled)

4) Record water test and density test data. if applicable. and also bulk specific gravity stating how obtained (measured orestimated) under remarks.

GIIGIPN-143 BISINDI09-3OO 8

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: WRD 05 (448 ).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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