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है”ह”ह

IS 12595 (1989): Classification of Terminology forExploration of Mineral Deposits [MTD 13: Ores and RawMaterials]

REAFFIRMED

IS 12595 : 1989

Indian Standard

CLASSIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGY FOREXPLORATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

UDC 622'1'013'36: 001'4

© BIS 1989

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

August 1989 Price Group 5

AMENDMENT NO.1 MAY 1995TO

IS 1-2595: 1989 CLASSIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGYFOR EXPLORATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

I(Page 3, clause ltl ) - Add Ihe following mailer at thc end of the cia usc:

'See 11 for tbe guidelines for desirable environmental prognllllilic forexploration projects at various stages.'

(Page 5, clause 11 ) - Add 'for guidance ouly ' at the end of the clause.

(Page 9, Annex C. title) - Substitute the following for the existing title:

~GUIDELlNES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMj: F9REXPLORATION PROJECTS'

MID 13)Reprography Unit, BlS, New Delhi, India

Ores and Raw Materials Sectional Committee, SMDC 16

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 20 February 1989, after thedraft finalized by the Ores and Raw Materials Sectional Committee had been approved by theStructural and Metals Division Council.

Economic mineral deposits are natural concentration of resources which form raw material for anumber of industrial, agricultural and allied products. 'Exploration' of mineral deposit in thepresent context, is a term used in:

a) Mineral search, and

b) Mineral appraisal in known deposits for preparation of mineral inventory and for economicevaluation.

Search for locating new deposits involves geological, geophysical, geochemical, biogeochemical andgeobiological methods of prospecting, both on remotely sensed data as welJ as ground truth.

The task of mineral appraisal is beset with the problems of:

a) Identifying the spatial extent of the mineral body, called deposit;

b) Limiting three dimensions of the possible payload with grade variation;

c) Converting the volume to tonnage vis-a-vis tenor; and

d) Denoting ore to waste proportion as welJ as grade variation over and within the ore bodies, soas to arrive at the economics of winning it with open-cast and/or underground mining as thecase may be.

Directly or indirectly, the implications are on the degree or assurance of predictive inference, afterthe studies are satisfactorily and scientifically carried out. Depending upon the exploration strategyand inputs, reliable estimates are possible on the limits of confidence attributed to the forecasts; evenbefore the onset of the mining operations.

The current classification relates to two basic approaches:

a) Probability, that is, assurance of appraisal; and

b) Feasibility, that is, techno-economic viability.

1t has, therefore, been felt necessary to formulate national standards and glossary of explorationterms covered in two Sections.

Section I 'Reserves and resources' of mineral deposits

Section 2 'Norms of exploration' for mineral appraisal covering the following aspects:

a) Surface and subsurface geology;b) Geotechnical studies; andc) End use, etc.

Being aware of the limitations in quantifying the error estimates over the estimates of tonnage,grade and many other predictive conclusions; the potential risk hazard of an investor in the unknownassets, such as minerals, is the factor influencing some guidelines to judge the certainty, to bestandardised, for mineral industry to develop soundly. The methodology of reserve estimation as wellas prediction of error-limits are' outside the scope of this document; for reasons of increasingly largevariety of available procedures depending on the shape, size, nature and types of mineralization pro­posed to be taken up in any mineral exploration programme.

In the preparation of this standard, assistance rendered by Geological Survey of India is greatlyacknowledged. Annex A of this standard is based on the "Report of the Committee on Standardiza­tion of Terminology and Classification of Ore Reserves", published by the Geological Survey of India.

IS 12595 : 1989

Indian Standard

CLASSIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGY FOREXPLORATION O,F MINERAL DEPOSITS

Section 1 Reserves and Resources

1 SCOPE

This Section 1 specifies the definitives for a classi­fication of terminology pertaining to .reserve.s andresources of economic mineral deposits subjectedto appraisal through mineral exploration.

2 CRITICAL DEFINITIONS

Five critical terms are being enunciated for app­reciation of the terminological classification laiddown in this standard. The scheme of classifica­tion thus envisaged, has been designed with dueconsideration towards the intensity of explorationand hence it has achieved the degree of certaintyin assessments made thereof. The critical termsare as follows.

2.1 Ore

A solid and natural aggregate of one or moreminerals, from which one or more metals or eco­nomic minerals can be extracted profitably andmay encompass industrial minerals and rocks, forexample, clays, abrasives and salt.

2.2 Deposit

An anomalous portion of earth's crust, wherenatural incidence of minerals or metals is highenough over the normal crustal abundance to beeconomically mineable.

2.3 Resource Base

A subjectively projected order of tonnage of oreminerals with least data on prognosis but withoptimistic interpolations of alternative geologicalinterpretations, so as to form the broad canvasfor any long term planning.

2.4 Resources

A concentration of solid, liquid or gaseous mate­rials on earth or any other celestial body in suchform, that commercial extraction of the commo­dity is either possible at present or feasible withinthe foreseeable future, through a technology whichhas either existed on the drawing board or hasfound application on laboratory scale.

2.5 Reserve

A calculable tonnage of ore or metal includingthose that are believed, though not conclusivelyestablished, to exist within given mineralized

1

boundaries and divisible into the categories of'Developed', 'Proved', 'Probable and Possible',depending upon their degree of assurance onexistence [ see IS 5028 : 1969 'Glossary of miningterms ( planning & surveying)' ], as perceived froma higher to a progressively lower order, inferredfrom geological appraisals.

3 RESERVE CLASSIFICATION

Reserve of ore being a connotation of calculabletonnage with variable degree of assurance on theestimates, warrants a classification devised withgreater exactitude in definitives. A four foldclassification, as under, should cover adequately.3.1 Developed Reserve

3.1.1 This category includes the very best of theeconomically exploitable sections or parts of thedeposit wherein, the degree of geological assuranceon tonnage, grade and other physico-chemical­cum-metallurgical parameters are decidedly thehighest. These reserves should be blocked outand be kept ready for immediate exploitation withquality and quantity estimated on mine develop­ment preparatory to industrial production. Oreblocking out is to be in suitable dimension, guidedby the nature of physico-chemical characters ofthe deposit including beneficiability, if needed, aswell as the method of working to be adopted inactual mining; with developmental mining carriedout preferably on four sides of the block thusdesignated. Open-cuts, and/or cross-cuts for asystematic sampling must be provided at suitableand regular intervals. The error or estimationof tonnage should not exceed 10 percent.

3.1.2 Samples collected from open-cuts and cross­cuts should be subjected to laboratory scale andpilot plant tests for determination of processparameters, namely handling, communition, bene­ficiation, agglomeration, for the ore. The reserveestimate has to be based upon cut-off grade whichcould sustain the current industrial requirements.Ore below the cut-off as well as the waste rockwithin the ore body, have to be sized up withcommensurate degree of assurance in reference tomode of distribution and the relation withmineable ore. It is desirable that reserves, gradeand waste quantity are indicated benchwise orlevelwise for facilitating production planningand quality control system during the miningperiod to follow.

IS 12595 : 1989

3.1.3 If the best known part of a deposit is not tobe taken up for immediate mining for any geolo­gical, techno-economic or marketing reasons, oralternatively if some part of the deposit waspartially mined in past and with further explora­tion acquired higher degree of assurance thoughnot being set for immediate mining; even then theterm 'Developed Reserve' should be applied forthe reserves thus estimated and may includerecoverable reserves as in vogue for the tonnagebeing ushered in for concurrent exploitation.

3.2 Proved Reserve

This category will have to encompass conclusionson all main geological aspects of the deposit orpart thereof, in matters such as tonnage, grade,physico-chemical and metallurgical parameters.Though strictly a geological ore reserve, the reserveincluded herein, must have total evaluation of thetype of occurrence, shape and structure of thedeposit including attitude and tenor, etc, in differentsegments of the blocks under the purview of'Proved Reserve'. The configuration of the mineralbody should be defined by adequately spacedboreholes and/or exploratory openings. The in­formation collected should be sufficient to facilitatepreinvestment decisions on production planning,mine development, capacity projections andpreparation of feasibility records with techno­economic options, alternatively delineated afterstudies on anticipated recoverable mine produce.The error of estimation in tonnage should be inthe range of 10 to 20 percent.

3.3 Probable Reserve

This category implies a clearly lower status to theore reserves in terms of degree of assurance, inspite of being still within the direction of econo­mic considerations. Here the tonnage and gradeare computed, based partly on the data retrievedfrom 'Developed' or 'Proved' blocks on extensionsand partly from geological knowledge of analogousore or mineral bodies within the metaJIogeneticprovince or epoch. This category thus must includethe currently non-produceable parts of the depo­sits being exploited, developed or under feasibilitystudy, besides the deposit which too may becomeproducible with marginal improvements in econo­mic and/or technological fronts. Peripheralportions of large iron ore deposit could exemplifythe former while medium to small base metalprospects of India could illustrate the later kind ofprobable reserve, provided mineral exploration hasbeen undertaken commensurate with desirableaccuracy of vital conclusions thus enumerated.The error of estimate of tonnage should be in therange of 20 to 30 percent.

3.4 Possible Reserve

This category includes reserves estimated after

2

exploration which may suffice for a rapid evalua­tion of tonnage, grade and physico-chemicalcharacters of a deposit; based on assumedcontinuity of ore from geological evidences and/orwidely spaced exploration openings, corroboratinggeophysical/geochemical survey data, large-scalegeological maps and/or rather disconnected surfaceinformations from pits, cliff sections, mine facesand similar suggestive interpretations; if available.The 'Possible Reserves' may have an error level of30 to 50 percent.

4 RESOURCE POTENTIAL

This includes tonnage estimates and grade predic­tion, etc, made on mineral bodies, which may betaken as incidences, prospects, reported occur­rences, suspected emplacements on geologicalpremises or hypothetical and imaginary ore bodies,not necessarily established to conclusively to beexisting. Thus the 'Resource Potential' will enfoldwithin its' ambit, both 'Resource' as well as'Resource Base' and shall have futuristic implica­tions rather than present day utility.

5 CONFIDENCE OF ESTIMATION

5.1 Classical statistics based upon the concept ofrandomness of sample input and geostatisticsbased upon the concept of regionalization in geolo­gical variable have varied approaches to resourceevaluation. The techniques of treating samplingdata from geologically chosen points or mathema­tically decided spots of drawing, shall be realisti­cally applied to project into the realms of theunknown and would end up in reliable forecast.The techniques in this field are too exhaustivefor enumeration or even exemplification. Thesealso change both with respect to the nature of thegeological model, namely, the deposit, as well aswith the individual judgements of the experiencedgeoscientists. The confidence level of these estima­tion thus have variations, both natural andgenerated.

5.2 Statistical approach for estimating the reali­ability in a quantified manner is also an appliedfield within the domain of ore reserve estimation.The error standardisation in a porbabilistic modelhas been receiving impetus, due primarily to theincreasingly large investment in planned projectsand the consequent risk hazard inherent withmineral deposits. The adjudication of quantifiedrisk factor before an investment decision, hasbeen greatly facilitated with modern statisticaltechniques on treatment of samples and theirresults. The methodology in vogue has a muchdiversified application.

IS 12595 : 1989

Section 2 Norms of Exploration

6 SCOPE

This ( Section 2 ) provides classification of activitiesin each step of mineral exploration programme,depending upon the basis of works, and theobjective at each step of the programme aswell as the resultant status of resource evaluation.The various phases of the activities are as under:

a) Reconnaissance for broad inventory of theresources,

b) Preliminary exploration for establishmentof developmental potentiality,

c) Detailed exploration for formulation ofactual mine plans and designs, and

d) Guidelines for environmental studies.

7 RECONNAISSANCE

7.1 The basis of this initial level of work is oftenthe disjointed and piece-meal informations receivedon mineral incidence and/or interpretations fromavailable literature.7.2 The objective of reconnoitory phase is tosearch for mineral districts, narrow belts or pros­pects.

7.3 The activities of reconnaissance may include:

a) Geological mapping on 1: 200 000 to1 : 50 000 scale;

b) Satellite imagery /Airborne geophysicalsurvey/Regional geochemical survey, etc;

c) Synthesis of existing available geological,structural, tectonic date with regionalcorrelation and analogy;

d) Petrographic analyses to ascertain the rocktypes and mineral assemblages;

e) Identification of mineral/zone of interest;and

f) Locating geophysical and geochemicalanomalies and the determinations on causa­tive sources.

7.4 The resultant status of the reconnaissancephase may register spatial definitions of commer­ciable mineralized zones, which may contributeto produce one or many blocks/prospects war­ranting further studies. If no zone qualifies intothese considerations all subsequent interests mayhave to be called off.

8 PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION

8.1 The basis of this step in an exploration systemis often the encouraging results of reconnaissance.In cases of more discreate informations fromliterature, personal knowledge or informal reports,the preliminary exploration phase is limited with­out going in through a reconnoitory phase.

3

8.l.1 The objective of preliminary exploration isto assess broad potential over a wide field areaand selection of blocks/prospects for eventualdetailed exploration, if necessary.

8.2 In order to narrow down the space and timeof exploration by eliminating unproductive ranges,preliminary exploration is divisible into two stagesnamely, stage I and stage II.

8.2.1 The activities of the stage I of preliminaryexploration programme should include:

a) Geological Mapping on I: 50 000 to1 : 25 000 scale..

b) Analysis of the mining history of the region;

c) Petrographic study of all the lithologicalunits;

d) Determination of the geological type forthe deposit/occurrence and its analogy withknown deposits;

e) Soil sampling, stream sediment study anddetailed geochemical prospecting;

f) Detailed group-geophysical prospecting;

g) Pitting and trenching/drilling wherevernecessary; and

h) Assessment of geological data base includ­ding tectonic, stratigraphic, hydrologicaland geotechnic studies.

8.2.2 The activities of stage II of preliminaryexploration programme should include:

a) Surface survey including triangulation andbench height, with transferrence of nationalgrids and bench marks and/or triangulationpoints on to the base map;

b) Limited surface geological mapping inscale I : 10000 to 1 : 2000;

c) Analyses of geology, structure, tectonics,history of investigation and mining andgeological documentation of all exploratoryworks including pitting and trenching, coredrilling and chemical analysis of samplesthereof;

Drilling aspects comprise planning of thehole locations, execution and managementof drilling, logging of holes in suitableformat, and interpretation;

Chemical analysis aspect comprises theanalysis of primary samples for grade, assay,composite samples for gauge composition,trace elememts for deleterious constituentsand check sampling for reliability tests;

IS 12595 : 1989

d) Petrographic study of rocks associated withthe mineral deposit and study of rockssuitable to host the mineral;

e) Mineralogical study of host and ore, grainsize distribution, structures and texturesand liberation characteristics wherevernecessary;

f) Systematic geochemical sampling and inter­pretation;

g) Application of borehole geophysics;

h) Technological analyses of samples so as toindicate the ore characters and possiblebeneficiation techniques under bench scaletesting conditions;

j) Preparation of geological cross-sections,longitudinal sections, slice plans and draw­ings correlating different litho-units andstructures, isometric panel projectionsand block diagrams, etc, indicating (i)structural disposition, (ii) ore area, (iii)lithostratigraphic succession, (iv) grademaps as well as, (v) broad-based grade­tonnage curves indicating trend features;and

k) Geomathematical evaluation of explorationdata for facilitating the next phase.

8.3 Preliminary exploration enables an organiza­tion to derive the resultant status as follows:

a) Reserves of mineral deposit estimated inthe 'Probable' and 'Possible' categoriesthat is remain as indentified resources; ,

b) Avoid inadequate, incomplete or superflu­ous studies accounting for infructuousexpenditure;

c) Avoid subsequent unnecessary work if non­profitability is established at this phase;

d) Establish the initial evaluation of the econo­mic soundness or otherwise of the project;

e) Determine the approximate cost estimatefor the next phase of work;

f) Indentify the gaps in the data base andtechnological know-how; and

g), In~rease in confidence on the relative econo­mic value of. the deposit through reliablesample location, collection analvsis inter­pretation and control duri~g the •ex~cutionof this phase.

9 DETAILED EXPLORATION

The basis of detailed exploration phase of theprogramme stems from the choice of mine-com-

4

patible blocks derived as conclusions from prelimi­nary exploration programme.

9.1 The objective of detailed exploration is toprovide stable data base for possible mine­feasibility studies to be carried on the in-shelfprojects. The aims of the detailed exploration areas follows:

a) To firm up results obtained during prelimi­nary exploration;

b) To collect more data on the mineral depositwith regard to ore geometry, reservesandgrade distribution within the body, mineabi­lity, process-technological know-how andmarketability, etc;

c) To establish higher degree of accuracy anddependability by projecting the geometricalpattern of the deposit and blocking outreserves on a predetermined norm whichwould help in drawing up the mine plans;

d) To obtain mining - geological, details in­cluding waste dump yards and plant struc­tural sites, etc; and

e) To help in the preparation of detailed pro­ject report for opening up the mine andexploitation of the mineral commodity.

9.2 The activities in the case of detailedexplora­tion must include:

a) Preparation of a base map with total com­ple~ent of surf~ce.surveydetails and geologyas III .the pre!lmmary exploration stage IIbut with details commensurate with thescale of I : 1 000 to 1 : 250, as and whennecessary;

b) Physical execution of. exploration inputs.su~h. as: (1) Surface drilling or undergrounddrilling at a closer interval with boreholesUf\;eys, (2) Aditing and trenching, (3) Col­lection of data on all the rock formationsincluding host rock, hanging and footwallrocks, (4) Collection of geohydrological andenvironmental data, (5) Collection of bore­hole samples, composite samples and theirlaboratory testing, (6) Conducting beneficia­t!on test on. pilot pla~t scale, (7) Prepara­tron of detailed geological plant, X-sectionsand Lesections, (8) Ore reserve estimation(9) Estimation of confidence to assur~qua~titative realiability index for the con­elusions, and (10). Br~ad outlines of gradeand reserve distributions and waste inclu­sions within ore to facilitate mine planning;

c) Detailed documentation of exploratorywor~s and geological informations as app­ropnate to the scale of present operations;

d) Detailed geochemical sampling to make useof all trace elements;

e) Geophysical survey in drillholes and under­ground exploratory workings, wherevernecessary;

f) Technological investigation of bulk samples;

g) Choosing the most suitable processings/treatment plant after pilot-plant scale andindustrial scale testing of the produce;

h) Detailed study of physical properties ofrocks and raw materials which control thedevelopment of the deposit and the choiceof extraction procedure with drainage-venti­Ilation-haulage methodology;

j) Geomathematical studies on the ore depositand predictive forecasts; and

k) Environment database compilation com­prising ground water, petromineral, rockmechanics and geotechnical studies.

9.3 The resultant status after the Detailed explo­ration will end up in estimates of reserves of thecategories such as developed, proved, probableand possible; which shall be adequate for the pur­poses of the feasibility report on the mining of themineral deposits explored so far.

10 QUANTUM OF EXPLORATION INPUT

Quantification of exploration requirements corres­ponding to various categories of reserves at diffe­rent stages of exploration, shall depend upon:

a) Aim of the work; .

b) Prediction accuracy desirable;

IS 12595 : 1989

c) Shape, size and complexity of the mineraldeposit;

d) Type of the mineral commodity; and

e) Geological homogenity /heterogenity.

10.1 In the absence of comprehensive feed-backdata on exploited deposits and correlation withexploration programmes of past, broad groupingsof the geological archetypes have been standar­dized on the basis of semblance in the attributes,which are:

a) Stratiform, stratabound, tabular bodies withpredictable regular habit;

b) Lenticular bodies and massive bodies ofirregular shape and grade, silicified linearzones;

c) Lenses, veins, and replacement bodies,

d) Gemstone and rare metal pegmatites reefsand veins; and

e) Placers and residual refractory mineraldeposits.

10.2 Spacings in terms of exploration openingsmay be designed, based on experiences in Indiaand abroad and average characters of depositarchetypes. Judicious considerations of all aspectsmay include necessary changes in explorationintervals, as per individual needs,

10.3 Exploration practice in different types ofdeposits is given in Annex A, for guidance.

11 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Environmental studies at different stages of explo­ratory work have been given in Annexes Band C.

ANNEX A

( Clause 10.3 )EXPLORATION PRACTICE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEPOSITS

(1) (2)

1 Stratiform, stra­tabound andtabular deposits.

51No.

Types ofDeposit

Characteristics ofDeposit

(3)

Of regular habit with pre­dictable change in trendwith sharp to moderatephysical contrast withbounding surfaces; lowdipping to moderatelysteep, simply folded andfaulted. Also as blanketcappings and surficialtabular bodies.

Principal Kinds ofMineral

(4)

Coal seams, lignite beds,iron-ore formations andcappings, manganesehorizons in sedimentaryand metasedimentarysequences, thick bauxitecappings, regional chro­mite lodes in largeultramafics; limestone,dolomite barytes, gypsum,potash . and salt beds;chalk and fireclay; fuller'searth.

5

ExplorationPractice

(5)

Wide-spaced drilling gene­rally good enough up toprobable reserve categorywith attendant alternateexploratory pit/trenchopenings for bulk sampl­ing, as necessary.

Spacing for:Coal, gypsum, potashand Salt beds 1 000 mIron and manganeseore 400-200 m

IS 12595 : 19-89

SlNo.

(1 ).

Types ofDeposit

(2.)

Characterlstlcs ofDeposit

(3)

Principal Kinds ofMineral

(4)

ExplorationPractice

(5)

Limestone anddolomite 500-300 mBauxite of thickcapping 400-200 mChromite as regionalload lodes 300-100 mBarytes formations

400-300mProgressive grid reductionfor higher category. Aditin suitable topography.Dry drilling in bauxiteand in formations vulne­rable to wash.

2 Stratiform, strata­bound and tabulardeposits.

3 Lenticular bodiesof all dimensionsincluding bodiesoccurring in ech­elon; silicifiedlinear zones ofcomposite veins.

4 Lenses, veins andpockets; stock­works, irregularshaped, modestto small sizebodies.

Of irregular habit and/orwith faults of largemeasure folds solutioncavities, irregular ero­sion and weathering(oxidation) feature, par­tings and bifurcations,igneous intrusives,facies changes, etc.

Gradual and abrupt char­ge in thickness and gradealong strike and dipdirection; bounding sur­faces of mineralizedbodies often sharp, butin sulphides mostly defi­ned by assay contacts;(a) massive bodies withirregular shape andgrade-homogeneous dis­tri bution of metal valuesas in replacement anddisseminated type bodies-shapes interpretative;(b) steeply dippingnarrow bodies with orwithout pitch; pinch andswell type, with or with­out bifurcations, partingsetc.

Bodies distributed inspace lacking estimableregular patterns; struc­tural control less thanlithologic, if any; smallcluster of multi-shapedbodies, of volcanic ori­gin pipes and chimneys,of magmatic origin-

Coal seams, lignite beds,iron-ore formations andcappings, manganese hori­zons in sedimentary andmeta-sedimentary sequen­ces, thick bauxite capp­ings, regional chromitelodes in large ultramafics,limestone, dolomite bary­tes, gypsum, potash andsalt beds, chalk and fire­clay; fuller's earth.

Base metal sulphides, sup­ergene iron and manga­nese bodies in lateritoedcountry pockety bauxiteand nickel-cobalt lateri­tes, auriferous quartzreefs, graphite lenses;porphyry deposits ofcopper, molybdenum andtin; pyrites and pyrrho­tite bodies.

Small multimetal complexsulphide bodies of Cu.Pb-Zn-Sb-Hg, podiformchromite; Sn-Ag chim­neys and pipes; tectitemineral bodies; skarndeposits of scheelite,

powellite, wollastronite,fluorite, etc, and semigem

6

Close-spaced, probing,choice of location andnumber of sites dependenton variability. Boreholegeophysics in complicatedfault or folded structu­res; regular grid patternmay be replaced by selec­tien of sites best suitedto unravel the structuralcomplexity. Example maybe cited of a faulted coalbasin where the area maybe subdivided into polygo­nal homogeneous blocksbounded by structuralplanes (here faults).Assessibility in compli­cated folded body is poor.

Moderate to close-spaceddrilling and pitting up toprobable reserves; adits/shafts and two level deve­lopment and undergroundboreholes for steeply dip­ping bodies with deviationcheck; sampling intervalcommensurate with com­plexity (0'5 m to 1'0 m )check sampling. Spacingof probe points alongstrike generally not toexceed 200 m to be decidedon the length of individuahlenses in series drilling indipping mineralized zones.fewer probe points indeeper intersections.Drilling preferably withapplication of borehole­geophysics. Explorationplanning to be guided bythe results of ground geo­chemical and geophysicalsurveys.

Irregularity in shape and'distribution of grade de­mand larger input ofexploratory mining, deeppitting, trenching/ben­ching, level developmentin underground mineswith supporting under­ground boreholes. Close-

SlNo.

(I)

Types ofDeposit

(2)

Characteristics ofDeposit

(3)

plugs and pods, clotsand seggregations ofhydrothermal origin­vein and replacement.Bodies in stock-work.Metamorphic and meta­somatic in skarn andtectites, in griesens andin thermal aureole aro­und intrusives.

Principal Kinds ofMineral

(4)

minerals, network ofapatite, barytes, asbestosveins, vermiculite bodies,magnesite lenses andmica in pegmatite, pyro­phyllite lens and veins,opal, insitu-sillimanite,kyanite lenses, highgrade bauxite in clay po­ckets, clay, ochre andbentonite lenses,diamondpipes.

IS 12595 : 1989

ExplorationPractice

(5)

drilling (SOm-2Sm) toassess grade wise estimatesof reserves. Well docu­mented surveys-surfaceand sub-surface. Provedcategory difficult toachieve. Explorationplanning to be guided bythe results of carefulground geochemical andgeophysical surveys. Ex­ploration preferably withattendant exploitationscheme.

5 Gemstone andrare metal peg­rnat ites, reefsand veins.

6 Placers and resi­dual refractorymineral depositsof hill and valleywash.

Highly erratic distributionof minerals and metals.No trend in grade andthickness; no assuredcontinuity; cluster ofhigh values haloed bybarren zones; structuraland litholigic controlsindeterminateo

Eluvial, colluvial andalluvial placer concentra­tion of heavy metals andminerals; pebble andcobble, boulder beds,gravel beds in alluviumand colluvium; conglo­merates, foothills fandeposits, grain-size fromextremely fine stria tedmaterial to rough topolished boulders.

Tin-tungsten-tantalum-ni­obium - molybdenumveins and pegrnatites;beryl, topaz, emeralddeposits, mineralizationassociated with alkalinerock complexes andveins in carbonatites.

Placer tin and gold depo­sits, monazite, garnet,Iimenite, rutile; diamo­niferous conglomerate;floats and grave] bedsof corundum, kyanite,sillimanite, floats andtalus deposits of mag­netite.

High input of exploratorymine openings-open pit orunderground with bulkdetermination of grade.Role of drilling second­ary to delineate likelyoutline of host rock. Cat­egory of reserve unattai­nable beyond po ssiblereserves.

Exploration of regionaland preliminary resourceevaluation scale followedby direct exploitation.

Pitting in grids; trenchinghydraulicking, sluicingand pannings for bulksample, concentrationand concentrate analysis,large diameter dri lling;boulder exposure tracingin alluvial and colIuvialterrains; geomorphic ana­lyses of terrain and slopeformation.

ANNEX B

( Clause 11 )

GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR EXPLORATION/MINING

B-O The environmental base line data is to beacquired during mineral exploration comprising thefollowing:

a) Geoscientific data base

b) General demographic data

B-1 GEOSCIENTIFIC DATA BASE

B-I.I Geological Documentation

B-l.I.I Geological map of the area ( Quarternaryand recent formations to be mapped if needed ).

7

B-l.l.2 General Geologica! Data:

- Lithology and its distribution pattern- Rock texture and its variability- Mineralogical data for significant lithologies- Chemical composition of rocks and soils- Type of deposits- Thickness of soil cover and other over-

burden/interburdenThickness of ore body with its morpholo­gical featureOre to overburden data

IS 12595 : 1989

B-1.1.3 Structural Geological Data:

- Lineament

- Folds-. Faults

- Foliation- Joints

- Dip and strike

- Igneous intrusions ( dykes, sills, etc)

B-1.1.4 Rock Texture, (crystallinity, grain size,shape, etc).

B-1.2 Geomorphological Map and Terrain Analy<;is

B-1.2.1 Geomorphological Mop, on a scale of notless than 1 : 50 000.

B-1.2.2 Land forms-hills, plateaux spurs, valleys,low-lying platead, scarps, peneplained areas,height from local erosional surface. Surface waterregime-flow dimensions of rivers, streams andnallas, ponds, lakes and reservior-bodies, etc.Water-falls with water flow measurement duringthe different local seasons. General stream systemwith its relation to minor/major river basins ( forregional-scale documentation and landsat imageriesif available, may be used ).

B-l.2.3 Terrain Analysis

B-l.2.3.1 Break of slope analysis

B-1.2.3.2 Vulnerability of soil/surface deposits,etc, to erosion, sate of erosion due to surfacedrainage, etc.

B-1.3 Geotechnical Documentation

B-1.3.1 Slope Stability Study, of hill and naturalslopes.

B-1.3.2 Geological Discontinuities, ( Nature of theiroccurrence, orientation and position in space,continuity, intensity, surface properties, etc ).

B-1.3.3 Geological Hazards Studies, ( Subsidence,landslides, mud-flow, seismicity, etc. Past record,frequency, intensity, areal extent of areas proneto these hazards ).

B-1.3.4 Geotechnical Properties, of rocks to besubjected to mining operations.

B-1.3.4.1 Joint survey, ( Type of structure, positionin space, orientation, intensity, joint wall rockhardness, continuity, gauge strength ).

B-l.3.4.2 Physico-mechanical properties, of therocks, soils, etc, and their distribution. Hardness,density, adsorption, soluble component, organicmaterial, strength, elasticity, permeability, swell­ing index, etc.

'B-1.3.4.3 Solid bed and soil quality analysis,(Grain size, plastic limit, water content, specificgravity, bulk density, organic material content,soluble material content, coefficient of permea­bility, cohesion and coefficient of internal friction ).

B-1.4 GeohydroIogicaI Documentation

B-l.4.1 Geohydrological Map of the Area (showinggroundwater table, aquifier, wells, spring, drai­nage channels reservoirs, etc ).

B-1.4.2 Ground Water Inventory, (flow patternwith seasonal fluctuations to be specified ).

B-1.4.3 Geophysical Data Acquisition, (availablelog of bore holes, data on temperature gradientand radio activity, etc ).

B-1.4.4 Geochemical Investigations, of soil, ore­body, over-burden rocks, underlying rocks, etc,with particular reference to toxic elements.

B-1.4.5 Physical and Chemical Qualities, of surfaceand ground water:

a) Physical

( Taste, Turbidity, Colour, Odour, etc)

b) Chemical

- Total solids

( Amount, nature and composition)

- Water analysis

(Important chemical constituents anddeleterious substances(harmful elements,total hardness, Eh, pH, COD or chemi­cal oxygen demand, etc )

c) Bacterial analysis

( coliform test)

B-l.5 Other Potential Hazards

B-1.5.1 Air

B-1.5.1.1 Background qualitative appraisal, ofamient air quality. Mass concentration of theparticulate matter (mg/m3 ) , sulphur oxides.( mg/m" ), nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbonmonoxide hazardous toxicates, etc.

B-1.5.1.2 Atmospheric heal

B-1.5.1.3 Radioactivityi particulate) in air

B-1.5.I.4 Thermal discharge, due to spontaneouscombustions, mine fires, etc.

B-I.5.2 Noise and VIbration

B-1.5.2.1 Existing level

B-1.5.2.2 Possible causes/sources

8

to Possible

'B-l.5.2.3 Effectsjobservation, if any

B-2 GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

B-2.1 Location

B-2.2 Aerial Extent

B-2.3 Altitude

B-2.4 General Topography

Topographic map of the area marked or referredto with' at least a triangulation station or otherestablished altitude points (bench mark), on ascale or I : 50 000 with a contour interval of notmore than 20 m to be submitted with a briefdescription of topography.

B-2.5 Features Existing Within 10 km of the Site

B-2.5.1 Human Settlements, number of villages andtheir population ( including tribal), with particu­lars regarding their means of livelihood and habits.Fishing habits if any; prevailing earning structureof the common people. Festivals and fairs ( Placesof religious importance and their ages ). Incidenceof gypsy camps/settlements in the area.

B-2.5.2 Lands, distribution of government andpriv~te.land, showing land-use pattern on map,specifying t~e forest land, revenue land, cultivable~a~d, .grazIng land, etc. Type of cultivation,irrigational infrastructure. Cropping pattern,Income pattern from land, public attitude formineral exploration from present land-use.

B-2.5.3 Weekly shandy markets, shopping andrecreational facilities, schools and hostels, etc.

B-2.5.4 National parks, sanctuaries, places ofarchaeological interest, caves, other tourist spots,beach resorts, etc.

B-2.5.5 Railways, tramlines, aerial ropewayselectrical transmission lines/substations, telephon~lines, national/state highways, roads, tracks,waterways, pipelines, etc.

B-2.6 Meteorological Data, (with average annualand seasonal fluctuation pattern based on at least5 years data ).

IS 12595 : 1989

B-2.6.1 Temperature ( in °C )

B-2.6.2 Rainfall ( in mm )

a) Monthly precipitation,

b) Annual average, and

c) Range.

B-2.6.3 Snowfall-Period, days in a year.

B-2.6.4 Fog and Frost-Period, days in a year.

B-2.6.5 Dust Storming and Cyclones-Period,

Frequency, vulnerability of the area

B-2.6.6 Wind Speed and Direction

B-2.6.7 Humidity

B-2.7 Ecological Conditions

B-2.7.1 Fauna, Wild life habitat, aquaticlife, cattle,birds, snakes and scorpions, insects, rodents,distinctive micro-organisms in soil and water( Data should be supported by studies carried outby Zoological Survey of India, if any).

B-2.7.2 Flora, Type of forest and its economicvalue. Density-Trees per hectare vis-a-vis mineablereserves. Rare species in the area and theirpresent use. Fruit-bearing trees. Pasturage. Localfodder growth (Data should be strengthened asfar as possible, by records from Divisional Forest,Officer and Botanical Survey of India ).

B-2.8 Aesthetic Qualities

B-2.8.1 Visual Quality and Scale of Existing Lands

B-2.8.2 Land-Water Interface

B-2.8.3 Water Surface Quality

B-2.8.4 Wooden Shoreline

B-2.9 Socio-Economic Baseline

B-2.9.1 Present Infrastructure

B-2.9.2 Likely Developments DueMining activity

ANNEX C( Clause 11 )

ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME FOR EXPLORATION PROJECTS

C-l PRELIMINARY EXPLORAnON-STAGE I C-l.2 Establish air, water and noise, ambientC-l.1 Reconnaissance quality monitoring programmes. Assist in the loca­

tion of access roads, drilling and camp sites and. Flora, fauna ecological archaeological, historical sight lines to reduce site impacts; supervise repairand heritage surveys. work.

9

IS 12595: 1989

C-2 PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION­STAGEU

C-2.1 Extend and upgrade the reconnaissancesurveys. undertake preliminary surveys of terrain,soils and erosion, hydrological and meteorologicalstudies and surveys of existing land use, residentsand rural properties, local communities and town­ships to cover area affected by possible miningproject options.

C-2.2 Expand monitoring programmes into addi­tional areas of potential disturbance. Work outcost-conceptual environmental engineering safe­guards to minimise potential impacts associatedwith the components of the various project options.

C-2.3 Prepare CAC report, that is, Constraints,Alternatives and Safeguards report.

C-3 DETAILED EXPLORATION/PRE­FEASIBILITY

C-3.1 Undertake investigations of natural andphysical environment, land use, cultural, sociolo­gical and economic aspects of people and com­munities to ensure all potential constraints on theproject are identified and defined.

C-3.2 Analyse the results of ecological, air, noiseand water quality monitoring to establish ambientconditions before mining.

C-3.3 Examine each component of the project, theconstruction and the operational stages in orderto identify and minimize direct and/or indirectimpacts due to pollution and conflicts at the local,state and national levels, by change in the designand/or addition of safeguards and controls.

C-3.4 Prepare the environmental impact statement,detailing the likely and unavoidable effects of theprojects.

C-4 PROJECT PLANNING

C-4.1 Undertake any additional work required byauthorities plan and commence all long-term anddetailed environmental studies and research; toestablish base-line conditions accurately.

C-4.2 Upgrade air, water and noise monitoring.

C-4.3 Commence rehabilitation trials.

C-4.4 Finalise design details for safeguards tosatisfy pollution control requirements.

10

Standard Mark

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Revision of Indian Standards

Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any, areissued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession ofthe latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving thefollowing reference:

Doc: No. SMDC 16 ( 3116)

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue

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Text Affected

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