iru comparasion imo-cen-rev cen ver 2010-03-22 · • imo/ilo/un ece guidelines for packing of...
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Comparison of Cargo Securing according toComparison of Cargo Securing according to
Cargo SecuringCargo Securing
IMO/ILO/UN ECEIMO/ILO/UN ECE(2001)(2001)
EN 12195EN 12195--11(Dec 2003)(Dec 2003)
Rev Rev prENprEN 1219512195--1 1 (Jan 2009)(Jan 2009)
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Different Different requirements in requirements in guidelines and guidelines and standardsstandards
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•• IMO/ILO/UN ECEIMO/ILO/UN ECE
Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s)with IMO Model Course 3.18
Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing
•• Standard EN 12195Standard EN 12195--11
Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces
•• Updated version Standard Updated version Standard prENprEN 1219512195--1 (rev: 20091 (rev: 2009--1)1)
Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1Calculation of securing forces
Cargo SecuringCargo Securing
•• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing
for Road Transportfor Road Transport
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IMO/ILO/UN ECE2001
Rev prEN 12195-1Jan 2009
EN 12195-1Dec 2003
Cargo securing guidelines
Cargo SecuringCargo Securing
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Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringDifferences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.7 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.7 (FT=STF)
EN 12195-1
fs = 1.25
fs = 1.1
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
Safety factor in calculations of frictional
(top over) lashings
- Forward
- Sideways and backward
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)
cx = 1.0
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.5 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF)
Acceleration coefficients
(road transport)
- Forward
- Sliding sideways
- Tipping sideways
+ Direct lashings
+ Frictional lashings
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECEItem
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Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringDifferences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
fµ = µd/µs
0.75 < fµ < 1.0
fµ = 0,70fµ = 0,70Conversion factor fµ for
direct lashings
k = 2k =1.5k = 2Coefficient of transmission (k-factor)
IncludedNot includedIncludedInternal friction
Dynamic friction
µd = µs × 0.70
Dynamic friction
µd = µs × fµ
EN 12195-1
µ =µs × 0.925
µ × fµ
Static friction µs
Dynamic friction
µd = µs × fµ
Friction factor established by friction test
- Frictional lashings
- Direct lashings
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECEItem
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Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringDifferences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
IncludedNot includedIncludedLashing protocol
Calculations
Static inclining test
Dynamic driving test (road transport)
CalculationsCalculations
Static inclining test
Verification of the
efficiency of securing arrangement by
µ = 0.50
µ = 0.40
Not included
EN 12195-1
µ = 0.45
µ = 0.30
µ = 0.45
µ = 0.50
µ = 0.40
Not included
Some differences in table
of friction factors, e.g:- sawn wood against fabric base
laminate/plywood
- sawn wood against steel sheet
- steel crate against fabric base laminate/plywood
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECEItem
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Wooden boxes
L
B
H
Quantity = 8 piecesH × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m
Weight = 3 000 kg/boxTotal cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 m
Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kNSTF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
Friction between floor and cargo µ = µstatic = 0.4
Cargo securing example 1Cargo securing example 1Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor and strong headboard
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 1Cargo securing example 1Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
where
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 84.3º
Answer
EN 12195-1
Td
zy
Fµk
gmµccn
⋅⋅⋅
⋅⋅−≥
αsin
)(s
T
zyf
Fµ
gmµccn ⋅
⋅⋅
⋅⋅−≥
αsin2
)(
n = 3.9
where
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.4 (table B.1)
α = 84.3º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
n = 1.02n = 0.9
Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
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9 top over lashings9 top over lashings(with supporting beam)
• Friction factor µ = 0.4• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.1
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
8 top over lashings8 top over lashings(One lashing / section)
Cargo securing example 1Cargo securing example 1Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
• Static friction µs = 0.4• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.0
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0
Reasons for the difference:
EN 12195-1
32 top over lashings32 top over lashings(Four lashings / section)
Rev prEN 12195-1
16 top over lashings16 top over lashings(Two lashing / section).
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Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kNSTF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections
Cargo section dimensions:H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 mWeight = 2 000 kg/sectionTotal cargo weight: 22.0 tonnesH/B = (2.4/2.4) =1
Number of rows = 3
Length = 13.6 m Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 m
Steel crates
B
H
Side bottomblocking
Blocking
Cargo securing example 2Cargo securing example 2Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
Curtain sided trailer with strong headboard
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 2Cargo securing example 2Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
h = 2.4
w = 2.4
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn
α = 90º
Answer
EN 12195-1
n = 5.4/section
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
d = 1.2
b = 0.4
w = 0.8
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN
N = 3
fs = 1.1
α = 90º
n = 0.9/sectionn = 0.9/section
Equation (16)Equation (11)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
αα cos)2(sin)1(
)(
2
1
⋅−−⋅−
⋅−⋅⋅≥
hkwk
wchcgmnF
zy
T))1(25.0(sin
)(
−+⋅⋅
⋅−⋅⋅≥
NFw
bcdcgmfn
T
zy
sα
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Cargo securing example 2Cargo securing example 2
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
11 top over lashings11 top over lashings(One lashing / section)
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
EN 12195-1
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.0• Internal friction considered
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.7
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0• No instructions for internal friction
66 top over lashings66 top over lashings(Six lashings / section)
Reasons for the difference:
11 top over lashings11 top over lashings(One lashing / section)
Rev prEN 12195-1
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or
cy = 0.6• Lashing force FT = STF or
FT = 0.5 × LC• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.1• Internal friction considered
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Paper reels
• Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections• H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel• Weight = 650 kg / reel• Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes
• H1/B1= (1.3/2.2) ≈ 0.6• H2/B2= (2.6/2.2) ≈ 1.2• Number of rows = 2• Static friction between floor and
reel and between reels, µstatic = 0.5• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5 × 0.925)
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 m
Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kNSTF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
One layer
B1
H1
Two layers
B2
H2
Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
Curtain sided trailer with strong headboard
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
where
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α1 = 85.6º
α2 = 87.8º
EN 12195-1
Td
zy
Fµk
gmµccn
⋅⋅⋅
⋅⋅−≥
αsin
)(
s
T
zyf
Fµ
gmµccn ⋅
⋅⋅
⋅⋅−≥
αsin2
)(
n1 = 0.91/sectionn2 = 1.82/section
where
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
α1 = 85.6º
α2 = 87.8º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
No sliding
Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
n1 = 0.20/sectionn2 = 0.39/section
Answer
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer
where
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 1.3
w = 1.1
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 85.6º
EN 12195-1
where
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cy = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 0.65
b = 0.55
w = 1.1
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α =85.6º
Equation (16)Equation (11)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
αα cos)2(sin)1(
)(
2
1
⋅−−⋅−
⋅−⋅⋅≥
hkwk
wchcgmnF
zy
Ts
T
zyf
NFw
bcdcgmn ⋅
−+⋅⋅
⋅−⋅⋅≥
))1(25.0(sin
)(
α
No tipping No tipping No tipping
Answer
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers
where
m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 2.6
w = 1.1
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 87.8º
EN 12195-1
where
m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.3
b = 0.55
w = 1.1
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α = 87.8º
Equation (16)Equation (11)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
αα cos)2(sin)1(
)(
2
1
⋅−−⋅−
⋅−⋅⋅≥
hkwk
wchcgmnF
zy
T s
T
zyf
NFw
bcdcgmn ⋅
−+⋅⋅
⋅−⋅⋅≥
))1(25.0(sin
)(
α
n2 = 0.5/section n2 = 4.6/section n2 = 0.7/section
Answer
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IMO/ILO/UN ECE
9 top over lashings9 top over lashings(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to
prevent tipping and wandering)
Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
• Static friction µs = 0.5• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.0• Internal friction considered
EN 12195-1
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7×µs= 0.35• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
and cy = 0.7 (tipping)• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0• No instructions for internal friction
Reasons for the difference:
36 top over lashings36 top over lashings(five lashings/section when loaded in
two layers to prevent sliding and tipping, and one lashing/section when loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)
Rev prEN 12195-1
• Friction factor µ = 0.45• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
• Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5 ×LC
• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs= 1.1• Internal friction considered
10 top over lashings10 top over lashings(five lashings / six sections loaded in two layers to prevent tipping, and one lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded
in one layer to prevent sliding)
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Truck with plyfa floor Heat exchanger with steel feet
• The heat exchanger is blocked in forward direction.
• H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m• Centre of gravity: h × b × l =
1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes • h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0• Number of rows = 1• Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction factor
µ = 0.45
Length = 8. m
Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 mBreadth between lashing points = 2.36 m
Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kNSTF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
H
L
h
l
b
B
H
L
h
l
b
B
Cargo securing example 4Cargo securing example 4Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 4Cargo securing example 4Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 70º
EN 12195-1
Td
zy
Fµk
gmµccn
⋅⋅⋅
⋅⋅−≥
αsin
)(
s
T
zyf
Fµ
gmµccn ⋅
⋅⋅
⋅⋅−≥
αsin2
)(
n = 2.7
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
α = 70º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
n = 0.6 n = 0.7
Answer
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Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Cargo securing example 4Cargo securing example 4Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
h = 2.0
w = 0.9
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN
α = 70º
Answer
EN 12195-1
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
w = 0.9
FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α = 70º
Equation (16)Equation (11) modified for centre of gravity off centre
EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)
αα cos)2(sin)1(
)(
⋅−−⋅−
⋅−⋅⋅≥
hkwk
bcdcgmnF
zy
T s
T
zyf
NFw
bcdcgmn ⋅
−+⋅⋅
⋅−⋅⋅≥
))1(25.0(sin
)(
α
n = 1.25 n = 30.0 n = 1.9
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IMO/ILO/UN ECE
2 top over lashings2 top over lashings
Cargo securing example 4Cargo securing example 4Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
• Static friction µs = 0.4• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.0
EN 12195-1
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
and cy = 0.7 (tipping)• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0
30 top over lashings30 top over lashings
Reasons for the difference:
2 top over lashings2 top over lashings
Rev prEN 12195-1
• Friction factor µ = 0.45• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6• Lashing force FT = STF or
FT = 0.5 × LC• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.1
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Cargo weight in ton prevented from
sliding by one Top-Over lashingSideways Forward Backwards
IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN
µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1
0,05 0,09 0,04 0,08 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,08
0,10 0,20 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,04 0,09 0,20 0,09 0,18
0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 0,14 0,07 0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31
0,20 0,53 0,23 0,48 0,20 0,09 0,21 0,53 0,23 0,48
0,25 0,80 0,31 0,73 0,27 0,12 0,29 0,80 0,31 0,73
0,30 1,20 0,42 1,09 0,34 0,15 0,38 1,20 0,42 1,09
0,35 1,87 0,56 1,70 0,43 0,19 0,50 1,87 0,56 1,70
0,40 3,20 0,74 2,91 0,53 0,23 0,64 3,20 0,74 2,91
0,45 7,20 0,99 6,55 0,65 0,27 0,82 7,20 0,99 6,55
0,50 0,80 0,31 1,07
0,55 0,98 0,36 1,41
0,60 No sliding 1,20 0,42 1,92 No sliding
0,65 1,49 0,48 2,77
0,70 1,87 0,56 4,48
0,75 2,40 0,64 9,60
Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringComparison between the different guidelines for road transport
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Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent slidingSideways Forward Backwards
IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN
µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1
0,05 100% 204% 110% 100% 200% 99% 100% 204% 110%
0,10 100% 212% 110% 100% 204% 97% 100% 212% 110%
0,15 100% 223% 110% 100% 208% 96% 100% 223% 110%
0,20 100% 237% 110% 100% 212% 94% 100% 237% 110%
0,25 100% 256% 110% 100% 217% 92% 100% 256% 110%
0,30 100% 286% 110% 100% 223% 89% 100% 286% 110%
0,35 100% 335% 110% 100% 229% 87% 100% 335% 110%
0,40 100% 434% 110% 100% 237% 83% 100% 434% 110%
0,45 100% 730% 110% 100% 246% 80% 100% 730% 110%
0,50 100% 256% 75%
0,55 100% 270% 69%
0,60 No sliding 100% 286% 63% No sliding
0,65 100% 307% 54%
0,70 100% 335% 42%
0,75 100% 375% 25%
Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringComparison between the different guidelines for road transport
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SAFE IS ENOUGHSAFE IS ENOUGH!
Cargo SecuringCargo Securing
SAFE ENOUGHSAFE ENOUGH!
IMO/ILO/UN ECEIMO/ILO/UN ECE(2001)(2001) EN 12195EN 12195--11
(Dec 2003)(Dec 2003)
Rev Rev prENprEN 1219512195--1 1 (Jan 2009)(Jan 2009)