iron warrior: volume 7, issue 3

8/14/2019 Iron Warrior: Volume 7, Issue 3

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June 1986 The Engineering Society s Studen.t orum June 1986

A ocalypse owBuildingOur Future:

. Military hardware cannotexist without engineers.an we afford to keep tryingto build a better bomb

an we afford not to ?See PointCounterpoint,

page4

FeatureInterview:Greg Sorbara


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2 IRON WARRIORAssignments - Who Needs Them

Hand-in assignments are something we are a1l familiar with, partof the tradition of university life.Assignments are a neccessary partof our education - we can't be reallyprepared to be engineers withouthaving to solve problems on ourown. They are also the bestmeasure of how well we understand the course material before wego into midterms and finals. But isit really necessary for assignmentsto be handed in?The responsibility for markingassignments is usually iven toTA's. Every week, they mark alarge stack of papers, many handedin at the last minute, and not all ofthem original (I know that may behard to believe). Most of us havebeen in the situation of just nothaving quite enough time tocomplete an assignment, and ratherthan voluntarily losing marks, theusual solution is to clone. Cloning,although it may get you the marks,is a waste of time for both the TAand yourself - you haven't reallylearned anything unless you figureout how to solve the problemyourself. .Assignments are not usually

worth that much in terms of marks,and if solutions were posted,correct solutions could be found atany time, on your own schedule.We don't really need T A's to tell uswhat we don't understand - we'dget more mileage out of them if theywere available more often to answerquestions.Both students and professorscomplain that if assignments did nothave to be handed in, t ~ y wouldn'tget done. Well, we're sll:pposed tobe in university now. It all comesdown to what we will get more outof for our educati0n - havingsomeone hold our hands week byweek to make sure we learn whatwe are paying for, or learning towork independently and schedulingour own education, budgeting ourown time.

Just one more thing - ElectricalEngineering has a departmentpolicy of no hand-in assignments.We seem to muddle throughwithout any lessening of the qualityof our education. Solutions arenearly always available in the EEReading Room, allowing morefreedom to work the way that suitsus best.

Professionalism eans ResponsibilityA surprising number of peoplehave stopped me in the hall and

said, AI, your last editorial wasprobab\y really good, but what thehell were you talking about? Tothese people, and to any others whomight be just itching to ask, I cansay this: I sure do hate explainingmyself to people, since I rarelyknow what the hell I'm talkingabout, but .for you, OK. First, goget the last issue of the Wanior.Now, do the ballpark calculationsthat I did, for your own case. Youshould notice the following: theactual amount of money you spendhere is small compared to the valueof your time; and, you get a prettygood return on your -investment,unless you're doing somethingwrong. Got the idea? Good. NowI can talk about what I wanted totalk about, which is this Doctorstuff. Listen: you and I are going tobe professionals one of these days(well, I am), and we should bepaying attention to what goes on.OK. I can appreciate the OMApoint of view: as a member of analleged self-governing body of

The Iron Warrior is a forum for ideaspresented by the Engineering Societies ofthe University of Waterloo. Viewsexpressed in the lron Warrior other thaneditorials, are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the opinions of theeditors or the Engineering Societies.The Iron Warrior welcomes allsubmissions from students, faculty, andother members of the universitycommunity. Articles, letters, and artworkshould reflect the concerns and intellectuallevel of the University in general .

professionals, it would sure churnmy butter to have the governmenttry to tell me how much I could: charge rot >my services. Q .THEOTHER HAND; if you have beengranted the respect and trust of thepublic, you should uphold thattrust. If you use your special skillsand knowledge to hold the publichostage, you have betrayed thattrust, and maybe yourself, too.Doctors are supposed to take theHippocratic Oath which, you wouldthink, would preclude closingEmergency Wards in the name ofcollective bargaining.Suppose engineers decided thatthe Code of Ethics wasn'timportant. OK, some don't take itseriously, and maybe you don'teither, but what if all engineers upand said, Well, that's it. There willbe no more safe vehicles, no cleandrinking water, and no moreelectric light or heat, until somebody comes across with a littleR-E-S-P-E-C-T. That would probably turn a few heads, no doubt.But would it be professional ?

IRON WARRIORAll submissions become the property ofthe Iron Warrior which reserves theright to refuse publication/circulation ofmaterial which it deems unsuitable. TheIron Warrior also reserves the right toedit grammar, spelling, and portions oftext that do not meet University standards.Authors will be contacted for any majorchanges that may be required.All submissions must be legible and must

..-include the author's name, class (ifapplicable) and a phone number wherehe/she may be reached.

All submissions should be forwarded to:The Engineering SocietyCPH 1327ext. 2323All advertising enquires should be directedto:The Advertising Managerlo Engineering Society

CPH 1327ext. 2323

June 1986IRON W RRIORSTAFFEditorsPeter StubleyAI McGowanWritersShayne SmithPaul MeyerDavid B. JensenDoug ParkerSteve TaylorTom SchmitzMartin BaronTodd RuthmanWendy SwanJudy BeauchampSurabhi ShahSean MawJulian FordGus BoyleFrancis ChowTed JudgeCopy EditorsMichael SchatzJOlia Elvidge

d v e r U ~ i n gJames V Abraham director)Todd RuthmanGreg KrebsJypesettingLuigi director)l onPinaE.E.R.C.Layoutlynda Wilson director)Mr. Guy R. BissonJames V. AbrahamBfIIAUanTodd RuthmanDoug Pat1


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June 986

The issue of fees and tuition is of?bvi?us interest to all and I thoughtIt mIght prove useful to providesome ~ c k g r o u n d on the issue. Ibelieve it also only fair that youknow where I st,and on the subject.

The main sources of income tothe university are the grants fromthe 'province and tuition fees paidby students (grants $9.2M: tuition$19.4M; 1985/86 . The grants arebased on a complex formula thatuses student enrolments, presentand past, and is based on a basicincome unit (BIU). An engineeringstudent is "worth" 2 BIU's (Arts is1 BIU, Masters 4 BIU's andPh.D's 6 BIU's). A medicalstudent is worth 5 BIU's. The84 85 value is $4125. This schemewas put in place in 1967 andrelected the relative costs ofmounting the programs at that time.Whether it is still valid is debatable.

Tuition is set by the governmenteach year. There is a published basevalue, but universities are allowedto exceed this value by 10%. Allengineering programs in Ontario reat this 110% value. I believe nearlyall programs are. Each year, thegovernment then decides theincrease - 4% this year.for both the

Do you get the feeling th at everyterm, we seem to be paying morefor tuition and incidentals yet weseem to be getting less for ourmoney? f you look at the declineof our athletic facilities as well asthe increase in co-op fees, it isobvious that this is exactly the case,and we should tackle these issuesbefore less is accepted as normal.An event of relative insignificanceto anyone except active PAC usersand varsity athletes were the cuts tothe Athletic Injuries Clinic lastwinter. To those who don't know,the clinic was forced to reduce staffand cut back services to onlyvarsity athletes.

. .

I say "insignificant" because theclinic only became important whenyou had some injury that was besttreated at the clinic. However,anyone who has had the misfortuneto require their services somehowfelt extremely fortunate to havesuch top-notch facilities and peopleat hand. f you've ever gone to theclinic, you know that it was great tohave an injury treated properly.The most important fact of thismess is that it represents anothernegative growth for athletics atWaterloo. The last real positivegrowth in the athletics departmentfrom an undergrad standpoint wasthe Columbia Icefield, whichopened in 1984. Since then,classrooms have made their way

IRON WARRIOR

The Price of ducation

\BIU value ane . the tuition base.

In engineering, tuition reflectsapproximately 18% of the directcosts of your education. A recentgovernment sponsored study - theBovey Commission - recommendedthat this rise to 25% over 5 years.The government did not act on thatrecommendation. Twenty yearsago, students paid 33% of the directcosts.

into the PAC, at the expense of thevarsity weight room and theproposed women's locker roomexpansion, the injury clinic hasmoved off campus, and there is auser fee for lockers in the changerooms.The amount of athletic facilities atWaterloo is already . one of theworst in Ontario on a per student

basis. Worse than that is theDECLINE of these facilities inrecent times, which the athleticsdepartment is powerless to stop inthe face of the administration.Where do we come in? Petitions. do not seem to work (it didn't seemto work when classes were put inthe PAC) so there must be someway to get the message across tothe powers that be. The everpopular excuse of underfundingwill creep into the picture, but thatshould never be used as a reason totake the space of existing facilitiesfrom the campus.A solution to this dilemma maytake the form of a campus adver-tising campaign similar to that ofthe Seventies where a typical 65year old Swede was compared to a21 year old Canadian, and theSwede was in better physical condition. How about a typical UWundergrad verses a typical 65 yearold Swede? The results could bescary i f the present trend continues.

We will also have to say more in the

I support the Boveyrecommendation. It was, in myview, entirely reasonable. t wascoupled with an increase in OSAPmon ies. It appears the tuitionincrea es are too sensitive an is uefor politicians to deal with. Istrongly feel that the situationregarding university funding is nowextremely serious - the worst I haveexperienced in twenty years ofinvolvement with post secondaryeducation. While it is difficult tomeasure the quality of education",I feel that we no longer have theresources to provide the environment to educate people to the fullexten t of their potential. Thesolution is political and will requirethe politicians to recognize theproblem. Ontario recently became10 out of 10 in terms ofgovernment support for universities.

This brings one to fees. Co-opschools are expensive to operate.We require an extensive Departmentof Co-ordination and we operateour teaching program twelvemonths a year. Most people ask,given the rather obvious success ofco-op, why do other schools notbegin a co-op program. The answeris obvious. They wouldn't touch it

next few months about the extraodinary increases in co-op fees. Bythe end of 1988, you can expect tosee $300 co-op fees PER TERM .Are you willing to pay that? .Whatdo you expect for your money?You should feel it is necessary tohave a say where your money isgoing since it represents almost$2400 i f you pay it from day one,like next year's frosh will do.Engineers pay every term even ifyou stay with one company for sixterms or if you find your own job,or if you do not even get a job.There are vehicles through whichthe co-op fee increases can beaddressed, such as the Student ,

3

with a ten foot pole It is tooexpensive and there is no government grant that reflects thisexpense. We have carried it off thetop" of our operating budget foryears, but, because of the recentbudget cuts, we have increased theco-op fees,

The computer fee is composed oftwo parts - $100 to the universityand $50 to the faculty. We areusing your fee to enhance andoperate the facilities in engineering.At present, our costs are of theorder of $600,000 per year. I willdetail these in the next issue. Thefees collected so far are $147,000. Istill believe the fee represents abetter solution than requiringstudents to buy their own micros.Queens, MacMaster and, to someextent, Guelph, now have thisrequirement. I believe, however,that it is just a matter of time beforewe will follow suit.

tJw.c. Lennox,Dean of Engineering

Advisory Council (SAC). and anew co-op fee committee beingformed by the Peds. SAC is therefor problem undergrads have withthe co-op ystem, and it i also abody where useful changes can besuggested to the administrators ofr:o-op. This fee issue is sure to be atopic of hot debate jf we choose tomake it one (that is a hint).The co-op fee Commitee is beingset up to investigate the need for thefce increases by finding out justhow much money is being used forco-op and to determine if it is reallynecessary to have such a large fee.Is the co -op fee increase justanother computer fee in disguise?Will we be getting better servicefrom Co-ordination or any jobguarantees? These are just some ofthe questions that the commitee willattempt to answer.If you f ~ l that blindly acceptingless serVIce and accessibility inreturn for greater outlays of cash is

not for you, then make an effort toadd some input to SAC or theCo-op Fee Committee. Let thosewho take your money know that wewant something in return, not justless of something we have now.


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4 IRON WARRIOR June 1986

POINT COUNTERPOINTMilitary ngineering

by David B. JensenIn the last decade, the peacemovement has commandedincreasing public attention throughits more numerous and vocaldemonstrations around the world.This heightened level of awarenesshas induced many responsibleindividuals to re-evaluate theirmoral position with respect tonuclear weapons and the machineryof death in general. This leadsengineers into a moral quandary - is

it right to create machinery whosesole purpose is to bum or fragmentother human beings?The above question can beconsidered from many standpoints.Yes, in a simplistic, moral sense itis not right to kill another humanbeing. But, when answering such aquestion, one must also take intoaccount all pertinent considerations.To continue this discussion, afew basic rules need to beestablished. First, every humanbeing has the right to defend

himself when transgressed upon byone with i l l intentions. Along withthis ri ht ust also go some sort ofresponsible self-restraint: we've allseen the results of the righteousself-defenders in cowboy movies.Through a simple process ofreasoning, we can see the validityof this first right. There are thoseon earth who would do wrong toothers and it would seem axiomaticfor the individual, or a country, tohave the right to self-defense.Second, as callous as it mayseem, the taking of another's life

cannot always be said to be thewrong thing to do. Consider, forexample, a hostage taker on theverge of murdering hostages: itwould be more right to kill thewrong-doer than to allow innocenthostages to be killed in the name ofpassivity. '

America were to be attacked, theattackers would surely not beinnocent and we would not beacting immorally if we were todefend ourselves.Having established the abovepoints, I wish to argue for thevalidity of weapons engineering.We in the Western World enjoy,on almost all scales, a life offreedom. Yes, we do have to go towork in the morning, and no, youcan't drive through a subdivison at

100 mph at 3 o'clock in themorning because of your rights as a'free' individual. But excepting therules which we must obey tomaintain order in society. we dohave a great deal of lateral freedom.On the other hand, the SovietUnion and the Eastern bloccountries have shown a remarkabledisregard for the individual and hisright to certain basic freedoms. Youcannot go wherever you want to inthe Soviet Union; you cannot do orsay what you want to and youcannot become what you want tobecome. The bottom line is that youdo whatever is best for the state,whether you can get a note fromyour minister saying you are anavowed pacifist or not. There arethose who say that maybe theSoviet people enjoy this lifestyleand the author respects the right ofthose people to their opinions . But,in the last 40 years, the Sovietshave shown a remarkable affinityfor expansionist policies (it isopenly stated in communist doctrinethat the policy of the Soviet Unionis an international workersrevolution as they see it) - fromEast Germany to Czechoslovakia toAngola to North Yemen to Vietnamto North Korea to Afghanistan, etc.This may also be the will of thepeople living within these countriesbut from what we can see, itappears not.

At this point, supporters of thedisarmament movement advocateMany who would not participate increased arms negotiations within the weapons industry cite the Soviets with the aim ofreligious reasons. Specifically, eliminating nuclear arms andDeuteronomy 5: 7 is quoted where reducing weapons stockpiles worldit is written Thou shalt not kill . V wide. Unfortunately, there areYet, Numbers 35: 16 states If several points which appear to pointanyone strikes another with an iron in the direction of failure for nuclearobject so that he dies, he is a arms reduction/elimination at themurderer; the murderer shall be put present time:to death . Thus we can see that theBible, under certain circumstances,prescribes death as a justpunishment. We can therefore notsay that weapons should be notmade because the Bible says weshalt not kill. The Bible itselfprescribes that the Israelites shouldarm themselves and make war uponother divinely selected nations. Itwould perhaps be correct toparaphrase Deuteronomy 5: 7 asmeaning Thou shalt not kill theinnocent . Obviously if North

1) The Soviet record fordisobeying previously negotiatedarms pacts including the mostrecent SALT n Unratified Accord(deployment of SS25 ICBM, building of Krasnoyarsk Anti-BallisticRadar, illegally encrypting telemetry results needed to verifymissile tests.)(see Military , page 5)

by PauJ MeyerEngineers should not participatein, or contribute to militaryprojects. Is this feasible? Is thisacceptable? Is this reasonable? Isthis neccessary? f we, asengineers, want good engineeringthen the answer to all four of thesequestions must be yes.

Before examining why, let usdefine a few terms. By militaryprojects , it is understood that weare talking about projects whoseprimary purpose is the victory overan armed enemy (ie. to killpersonnel, destroy property, etc.).This also includes so calledspin-off' projects such as missileguidance systems or defensivekiller satellites.

When we say goodengineering, what do we reallymean? Do we mean technicallyproficient or do we mean morallygood? Well, the best engineering isboth. Most of us can think ofexamples of good engineeringfrom a technical standpoint: anelectric amplifier with no distortion,a bridge that spans two kilometres,a Ferrari, etc. -- engineering thathas the capacity to impress us withits ability to perform its designfunction with a minimum of wastedmaterial or energy.

We can also think of engineeringthat is good from a moralstandpoint in that it benefits a largenumber of human beings orimproves their quaFty of life.Sewage treatment plants thatprevent cholera, plastic pumps thatbring water to the Sahel (area justsouth of the Sahara - Ed.),Cobalt-60 radiotherapy units thatfight cancer; these are all examplesof eNgineering for the public good.One can sense that these projects,and others like them, were designedby engineers whose primary motivewas to benefit their fellow man.Thus, it was good engineering.

Military projects, while they areoccasionally technically proficient,are rarely created with the benefit ofmankind as their primary motive.(It is the rare military project that isdesigned to increase anyone'schance of survival, except byensuring that a larger number ofenemies die first. This is hardly tothe benefit of mankind as a whole.)

While one could argue that thedefence of one's home, childrenand way of life is a noble goal, it ishard to believe that defence is themain motive of the designer. Oneneed only examine the technicalspecifications of most weaponssystems to see that aggression istheir primary function, either in theshort term (machine guns) or the

long term (Strategic DefenseInitiatives). As instruments ofaggression, they work against theinterests of humanity as a whole.One argument that is frequentlyraised to justify the engineers'involvement in military projects isthe side benefits that result frommilitary designs. The inertialguidance systems designed formissiles are now used to guidecivilian aircraft, making travel saferfor all , is one such example.However, is this really good

engineering in either sense? f wewanted to develop an inertialguidance system for aircraft, wecould have done so at a fraction ofthe cost of a guided missileprogram and without producing themissiles themselves.f we wanted to developoperations research we could havedone so with the intentions ofoptimizing factory productionsrather than invading Nazi-occupiedFrance, without sacrificing hundreds of Canadians at Dieppe.f we want to develop high-techcommunications systems, we cando so without participating inAmerican aggression against theUSSR. Good engineering demands that we work directlytowards our goal and that that goalis a valid one.

By their very nature, militaryprojects are jnvolved in the destruction of life or pro'perty.Engineers, or at least goodengineers, are dedicated to theenhancement of life through thecreation of works. If we involveourselves in projects whoseultimate goal is to destroy ourworks (and our clients),we not onlyhurt ourselves but work against thebest interests of humanity.

As responsible, moral,technically proficient and sociallyintelligent individuals, our choice isclear: we must be creators, notdestroyers.

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June 1986 IRON WARRIOR 5Computerized TrafficCops in the UK

Militaryngilleerillg(continued from page 4)

2) With each new Soviet~ a d e r s h i p , the ~ o r 1 d waits holdingIt s breath for a new and improvedrelationship between the East and

West. To be considered is the factthat, to reach the top ranks in theruling Politburo of the SovietUnion, one must successfully beindoctrinated for a 30 to 40 yearperiod in the lower ranks of theParty. Successfully rising throughthe ranks means reiterating andsupporting Soviet Marxist policychange is not looked uponfavourably). Thus, it is not likelythat with the arrival of a newGeneral Secretary will corne newwarmth to the West or an intentionof greatly altering past Soviet

p o l ~ c y . Also Russia is not ruled bya slOgle person who co-ordinatespolicy. It has a very broadpowerbase with three or four senior

them over long distances. ShouldRussia negotiate away this trumpcard, it would be relegated to theposition of a floundering economicgiant. Thus it doesn't appear likelythat the Soviets will give up theirinternational position and power toappease international concern overnuclear arms proliferation.Doug ParkerSCOOT is a traffic-controlsystem that has been implementedin seven cities in the UK to date. Itemploys a computer algorithm thatmakes instantaneous decisions tochange the traffic signal timingswith the goal of minimizing thelengths of the line-ups caused.

In 1967, Dennis Robertson, ofBri tain 's Road ResearchLaboratory, wrote a significantcomputer application calledTRANSYT. A colleague hadrecently devised a traffic model thatproduced an accurate picture of thelengths of all of the queues in thenetwork. The TRANSYT programcalculates signal timings that willminimize he . um.(). a e equeues. This sum represents delayto the drivers in the network and isinstantly convertible to economictenns. This program has been verysuccessful. Several newer andenhanced versions have beencreated both in Britain and in theUnited States.

SCOOT is simply a version of thetime-tested TRANSYT algorithmthat runs in real-time. WithTRANSYT, the necessary information with regard to the volumesof traffic on the roads was gatheredand input to the program. Thesignal timings generated would thenbe implemented in the actual trafficsignals. With SCOOT, thisvolumes information is fed automatically into the delay-minimizingalgorithm from vehicle-sensingdetectors on the streets. Theresulting timing adjustments aremade immediately. The form ofthese adjustments is important. fany single adjustment is too large,traffic will be disrupted by thetransition between the two timings.f the adjustments are tooinfrequent, the timings may not

effectively handle transientconditions in the traffic flow and~ h ~ ~ f o r e the timings must beupdated, both frequently and byrelatively small increments.

Three different timings areupdated by SCOOT: splits, offsets,and cycle. The split is thegreen/amber/red proportion of theentire cycle. The offset is the timethat the green for the cycle beginswith respect to some universal and

arbitrary time zero for the entirenetwork. The cycle length is thetime for one repetition ofgreen/amber/red.Just before a signal changescolour, the program uses the latestinformation available to decidewhether the projected delay inqueues could be shottened byadvancing or retarding theupcoming change by four seconds.If neither change is favourable. . 'none IS lffiplemented.Once each cycle, SCOOTperforms the same sort of

experiments with the expectedeffects of a plus or minus foursecond change in the offset of thatparticular signal. Finally, every fewminutes, the cycle length of agrouping of intersections can beshifted by a few seconds. Some ofthe decisions made will undoubtedly be wrong. Fortunately, aslong as the majority of the decisionsare correct, the incremental andfrequent nature of the updatingprocess masks their effects."Nice idea", you say , "but howmuch does it cost?" The hardwarerequired includes some kind of fastcOI,l1pu ter, inductive-loop detectorsfor the roads, and communicationsequipment. All of this must be

i n ~ t a l l e d The detection equipmentWIll have to be well maintainedbecause, if more than about 10% ofthe data is missing, the results maybe a little confused. A system likethis is a major undertaking that can

.. Politburo m e m b e r ~ (including theg e n ~ r a l s ~ r e t a r y ) fmally voting onpolIcy Issues. Again, suddenchange in policy doesn't appear tobe likely.

3) Economically, the SovietUnion does not have a viableeconomic base (e.g., for the last 20years, the Soviets have experienced'bad weather' precluding them fromgrowing their own wheat in the

Taking into account the aboveand judging from past Sovietbehaviour, the only successfulattempt to negotiate peacefulpolicies is from a position ofstrength (witness the extremelyquick return by the Soviets to theArms Negotiating table with theintroduction of SDI) - thus the needfor advanced weaponry and the roleof the weapons engineer as alegitimate contributor to the establishment of a stable internationalpower balance. The arming ofWestern countries does notpreclude the need for negotiationswith the Eastern bloc in the interestof stability. Only when a change inSoviet policy is evident can a truepact of peace be hoped for.

The author does not advocate apre-emptive strike upon the SovietUnion or any other Eastern Bloccountry: we must always retain therespect of the international community by our affinity for peace.But true peace can only be hopedfor under a balance of power. Thusthe need exists for the engineer toapply his talents to ensure that wewill never be held at so great amiJitary deficit that others weuld-think that we could be overcomemilitarily and the balance of peacebroken.

only pay for itself in extremelyc o o g e s ~ d m b a n a r e a s w h e r e t h e ~ ~

.raine, which alone could supplytheir need, leaving the Sovietsdependent on Canadian andAmerican wheat surpluses),Technologically, in almost every

r e s ~ ~ c t , the Soviets severely lagbehmd the West. Thus Russiaattains its 'Superpower' status andability to influence world eventssolely upon the power whichaccompanies posession of weaponsand the ability to accurately deliver

I realize that such a complex topiccannot be fully argued in a fewshort paragraphs and I welcomeany comments or criticism.potential benefits begin to becomereally significant economically.

OopsIn my counterpoint in the May1986 issue of the IRONWARRIOR, I stated that translationerrors were responsible for the birthof the tradition of ImmaculateConception. This is patently incorrect. What I should have said (andindeed intended) was that translation errors resulted in the traditionof the origin birth of ChristImmaculate Conception is "'thedogma of the unique privilege bywhich Mary was conceived in hermothe.t; s womb without the stain of

original sin through the anticipatedmerits of Jesus Christ" (RandomHouse Dictionary).My apologies for any inconvenience this error may have causedand my thanks to the several people(engineers no less ) who broughtthis error to my attention.

Damien L Hanel4A Electrical Engineering

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/


The Mechanics o Fusionby Shayne SmithAnalysis of a Tokamak

The Tokamak concept is widelyacknowledged as being the mostfeasible approach in establishing afusion energy reactor. Projects suchas JET, TFTR, and JT 60 werediscussed briefly in Part One.These four projects together represent the international progress beingmade in magnetic confinementresearch.

In the last issue, it was noted thatextreme temperatures must bemaintained in order to sustain thefusion reaction. In fact, an averageof about 5 keY is required, corresponding to a minimum temperatureof 58 million C

The temperature alone does notdetermine whether fusion willoccur. A British scientist, J.D.Lawson, established another necessary condition for the plasma tosustain fusion. This "confinementparameter", also called the awsonCriterion is the product of theplasma density (in particles per unitvolume) and the confInement time(in seconds). Lawson s workshowed that less confinement timewas required for denser plasma inorder to ensure the onset of fusion.Current estimates indicate that theconfinement arameter must begreater than 1020 seconds per cubicmetre to sustain a thermonuclearburn in 200 million C plasma. Fig.1 illustrates the system schematically. The toroidal reaction vesselcontains the plasma in a vacuum. Amagnetic field confines the plasma,and an auxiliary heating systemhelps to raise its temperature. Asystem must be in place to fuel thereaction and purify the exhauststream. The first wall of thereaction vessel must be able towithstand the radiation and heatgenerated by the plasma, and asurrounding blanket must have theability to -capture the escaping

RITIUM- - - DeUTERIUM

neutrons where their heat can beremoved by a coolant and transported to a conventional powersystem consisting of heat exchangers, boilers, and turbines.

The blanket must also be able tobreed tritium from the availableneutron flux and recycle fuel backinto the system.Heating Systems

The principal method used to heatthe plasma in a Tokamak is ohmicheating, which is accomplished byusing the plasma as a secondarywinding in a large DC transformer,as shown in Figure 2 Poloidal fIeldcoils act as the primary windingsfor the iron transformer core.Plasma currents of several millionamperes can be generated in thismanner. Besides generating therequired magnetic fields, thisplasma current acts to heat theplasma to extremely high temperatures by electrical resistance.

Unfortunately, a transformercannot drive current in the secondary winding continuously withoutincreasing the primary currentindefInitely. After a finite period oftime, the transformer must be"reset'l, resulting in a tennination ofthe fusion burn. Present Tokamakdesigns, therefore, use a pulsedmode operation, in which one pulseof the poloidal field generates therequired condt on for usion tooccur. The fact that the transfonnermust operate as a pulsed systempoints out the need for auxiliaryheating, to lengthen the pulses oreliminate them altogether.Two main approaches have beenused in establishing effective auxi-liary heating systems. The fIrst isNeutral Beam Injection (NBI), inwhich neutralized deuterium atomsare energized and injected into theplasma: the plasma is thus heatedby interatomic collisions.Another method of heating uses

antennae mounted on the walls ofthe torus to radiate high-powerelectromagnetic waves, which arelaunched into the plasma.

IIIIIIIII

FIGURE 1 Schemat-iof a Tokamak System

FlGUR 2 TokamakKasnetic Field ,ConHsuraUon

Winding{Prunorycirelllt]

'Resonant interactionconverts the radio-frequency (RF)waves into thermal energy.Power RequirementsPower consumption requirementsfor a fusion test facility are typicallygreater than the local power gridcan support. Because these testreactors do not generate their ownpower as yet, it is necessary toincorporate a separate generatingfacility into the test site.

During operating pulses at JET,peak power requirements couldexceed 900 MW. What cannot besupplied by the local utility isinstead provided by two massivevertical-shaft fly wheel generators, at the JET site. E.ach generatorprovides 400 MW of peak power .The rotors each weigh 775 tonnesand are accelerated by an 8.8 MWPony- motQr. When power isneeded at JET, the rotor windingsare energized and the rotationalenergy of the flywheel is convertedto electricity. The resulting Ccurrent is rectifIed to DC for use bythe magnet and transformer system.

Five principal loads account forthe power demand at JET: toroidalmagnetic fields (600 MW), ohmicheating circuit (300 MW), plasmapositioning control (150 MW),neutral beam injection 80MW) andradio requency heating 60 ).Similar roto-generator sets areemployed at the TFfR to meet itspower requirements.EngineeringDifficulties

There are many problems to besolved with a Tokamak system,none of which appear to beinsurmountable.The following listssome of the engineering hurdlesto be overcome:Neutron radiation: High energyneutrons from the fusion reactionescape the plasma and collide with ,and displace the atoms in the metallattice of the surrounding structuraland blanket material .This presentstwo serious problems: embrittlement and radioactive activation (ie.the blanket material itself maybecome radioactive).The fact that the first wall of thereactor might have to be replacedperiodically due to metal deterio-

Iron Transformer Core

Toroidal Field Coils

PoloidalMagneticField

I I II I I SoodGry c/reull) ToroidalMagnetic FieldL

ration introduces some seriousconcerns, both economic andenvironmental. On the other hand,Vanadium looks to be very durablein a radioactive environment, and isbeing considered as a primestructural component.Strutural Integr,ity and MaterialSelection: Given the idea of howTokamak operates, it is easy toenvision the hostile environment inwhich a particular component mustsurvive. Metals will be subjected topulsed high temperatures,time - varying magnetic fieldstresses, and radiation- inducedembrittlement, as well as cheniicalreaction with contained gases andliquids. In some areas, metals mustwithstand shear loads of up to 120kPa. At JET, the maximum twistingmoment around the axis of themachine is approximately 30 :MNmImpuri t ies and VacuumControl: To achieve a suitableenvironment for fusion andadequate control of the fusion fuel,the reaction vessel must maintain avery high vacuum. Some applications require vacuum conditionson the order of one-billionth of anatmosphere. This is not a particularly easy task, given that thevolume of the vessel is severalhundred cubic metres. Weld qualitymust be extremely high to ensureair-tig tness. A , for example,the maximum acceptable leakagerate corresponds to one litre of airescaping from the vacuum vesselevery 3000 years.

Tritium Handling: In early fusionreactors, it will be necessary tomaintain substantial inventories oftritium, which can be a significantradiation hazard, if not properlycontrolled and monitored. Thetrouble is that there just isn't a greatdeal of scientifIc information on thebehaviour of high concen- trationsof tritium. Like other hydrogenisotopes, tritium can penneate manymaterials, including metals, ratherquickly. I t can also degrade andembrittle polymers and ceramics.Remote Manipulation: Remotehandling facilities are veryexpensive and tedious to develop:however, it would obviously berequired in some maintenanceapplications. Replacing componentson the inside of the torus, as well ashanoling activated metals andtritiated components, will be themain tasks of a remote manipulationfacility. Hands-on applications willnever be practical for all maintenance, because there is too muchradioactivity with the shielding. In asufficiently shielded environment,however, workers in plasticalpha-suits may be ablo to do mostof the routine maintenance.

The fInal article in this series willexamine the political and ethicalconsiderations of nuclear power,and outline the possible future offusion reactors.


7/16

June 1986 IRON WARRIOR 7A New Wave in Canadian Architecture

by Martin BaronIn the late 1700's, engineeringwas being taught in Paris at someof the first all-engineering schoolsin the world. The schools did not

see a separation between what wetoday call engineering andarchitecture; t e two subjects werebeing taught as parallels. But by1800, a separation was growing.As far as buildings were concerned,engineers were concentrating onstructure, while architects werepaying more attention to shape,function, and aesthetics.During the two world wars,engineering became more important. The architects had little tocontribute to the military effort, andconsidered themselves more andmore to be artists. World famous

architects like Walter Gropius wereforming their ideas and philo-sophies in schools such as theBauhaus in Germany, a schooldedicated to art. It may have beenfunctional art, but it was completelyseparated from mathematical engineering.Today, engineers and architectswork together in the design and .construction of large buildings.Typically, it is more of a division ofinterests and responsibilities than apartnership. The engineer makesfunctions such as electrical and

heating systems work. He usuallydoesn't consider the ramificationsof his work on the architecture.The architect must deal. more withpeople. A building can be o -sidered as public art. It is something to be experienced, as well assomething that works. The engi-neer wants to make the structurestand. The architect wants to makethe structure define and modulatespace. It is not difficult to see howconflicts between architects andengineers can develop.The University of Waterloo hasbeen described as a collection of

the worst architecture in thecountry . Our new William G.Davis building is changing that. Itis a beautifully innovative deSIgnthat brings forth a new marriage

between architecture and engi-neering.Ron Keenberg, the architect ofthe new building, believes that theengineering aspects of a buildingshould not be hidden. "Why is thisceiling staying up?" he asks. Iknow that there is a column in thatcomer. I want to see it. I can flip aswitch and the lights come on. Idon't see how, is it magic? No "

. The systems and structures of abuilding are as much a part of thebuilding as the doors and the windows. Yet the ventilation ducts,wires, plumbing, and skeletalsupport structures of a building areusually hidden. In the new ICRbuilding, beams and pillars areclearly visible. Cables are carriedby overhead racks, they are nothidden behind walls or underfloors. Electr ical panels are out inthe open too.

The temperature control system isa mass thermal energy storagesystem. Unlike most other systemsof this type where thermal energy istored in water tanks, the concreteof the ICR building itself is thestorage unit. Air flows throughholes in the concrete and intorooms, modulating the temperature.This l i m i n ~ t s the need for duct

work, reducing construction costs.Thermostats in each room controlthe air flow into the room from theconcrete "pipes". The air temperature in a room can be varied from18C to 25C at a rate of lIrc perhour. Heating costs will be 40%down from a conventional heatingsystem.At $85 per square foot, the ICRis much less expensive than themore typical $150-$200 per squarefoot buildings that other schools areconstructing. Don't mistake this

for a functional design" . Witharchitects exploring engineering,the word function has beenreplaced by "purpose". The building has a purpose and conveys it.Researchers asked to haveprivacy and isolation for their research. The administration wantedmore interaction between different

research groups. As the building isdesigned, the researchers can gointo their labs and offices and berelatively isolated for their work,until they come out.

Instead of having traditionalcorridors, the new ICR buildinghas "streets". The streets are veryopen, and increase interaction. Onecan not step out of an office withoutseeing another person, unlike Elfor example. There are many morestaircases than required by code toagain stress interaction. There isone dining room where profs,students, and grads all intermingle.A great hall with a ceiling fourstories above the ground adds to theopen feeling of the streets.Dynamic energies are focused in thestreets and galleries. Consequent-ly, the money was spent on thestreets and galleries. The laboratories are reI atively plain incomparison. Money was onlyspent where it was necessary.The building is not a computerbuilding, but rather a teachingbUilding. It is for people.How about engineers? Did youtake PSYCH 101 or ECON 101 asan Arts elective? Architects are"expanding their horizons". Theyare trying to work beyond the

leading edge because the leadingedge, as new as it is, is known.Working at the leading edge givesrise to redundant reproduction ofideas. We, the artists, architects,scientists and engineers, must reachpast the leading edge to achil,;veadvancement. Are the architectsgiving us a hint? Like a slap in theface

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by Wendy Swan,Surabhi Shah,and Judy Beauchamp

Education Around theorld

Tired of exams at the end ofevery term? Tired of fees that area l w ~ y s going up? Then maybe youshould consider the educationsystems in other countries. Everycountry has its own way ofproviding post-secondary education. We take midterms and examsevery term for granted, and, muchas we grumble about fees, weaccept the responsibility of payingfor at least part of our education.However, some countries onlyhave comprehensive exams at theend of all schooling, and somecountries pay all tuitions, makinguniversity almost free.

The attitudes of students alsovaries from country to country,coloured somewhat by the systemsthey are used to . Some people thinkwe don't work hard enough, whileothers are used to more free timeand think we work too hard. Somestudents are much more active inpolitical life than we are, whilestudents in some countries cannotafford to be anything even remotelyconsidered radical.We hardly ever consider orappreciate the quality of student li feand education that we enjoy inCanada. It 's a pretty good way tolearn, but it's hardly the only way.ermany

Engineering is extremely popularin Germany. At a larger university,it is not unusual to have 800students in a first year lecture. Thissize, of course, makes the profes sor somewhat remote, but there areteaching assistants available if yourequire additional help.

The engineering school year isdivided into two terms: October toFebruary, and from a time just afterEaster through to June. Assignments and midterms carry little orno weight, and most courses have100% final examinations. Thesefinals are usually written over aperiod of six to eight weeks afterthe term is finished. However, atsome institutions, only two sets offinals are written: one set after thefirst two years and the second setafter the final two years.

German schools tend to place amajor emphasis on project workand oral presentations . Theseprojects can often stretch a fouryear degree to six years, duringwhich time the student pursues hisor her own particular area ofresearch.As a rule, German students havemore options than Canadianstudents in choosing their technicalcourses. There are also no formalhumanities requirements whichmust be fulfilled to obtain anengineering degree.At the older schools in Germany,campuses tend to be spread out allover the city. There is a centraladministrative core, but otherbuildings can be several kilometresaway. A bicycle is definitely amust

A bicycle is definitely a must

Compared to German students,Canadian students seem to workmuch harder, but also tend tosocialize more with fellow students.However, many Germ.an studentsseem to direct much of theirenergies for political activities -more so than their Canadiancounterparts. The Canadian stu dents also seem to have moredisposable income than the Germanstudents.

In Germany, the tuition is paid bythe government. Other fees (eg.administrative, student union, etc.)are paid by the student and totalabout 30/term. Furthermore, living expenses in Germany aregenerally less than in Canada. Forexample, a decent apartment can behad for $100Imonth, while residence fees are about 150lmonth(without a meal plan). However,residence rooms are much smallerthan in the UW Student Villages.

One last point (for those of youwho complain about the malefemale ratio at UW) -- thepercentage of women in a typicalengineering program is approximately 2% as compared to aboutto% at UW. That's 16 women in aGlass of 800

The United StatesUniversity education in theUnited States is basically the sameas Canada but there are somedifferences. The American schoolstend to have a more rigid structure,relying more heavily on formalcoursework and assignments thanon individual project work. Thismeans that the total number ofcourses taken to obtain a degree ismuch greater. Technical educationtends to be more liberal than inCanada, with more courses in thehumanities and the social sciences.The students themselves are alsomore liberal in their attitudes thanCanadian students. They are muchmore involved in political organizations and movements, participatingheavily in organizations such asGreenpeace and Science for Peace.In Canada, all of the universities-have similar tuitions, because theyare all government-supported. Inthe US, there are private schoolsand state colleges. The statecolleges are government-supported,and have a policy of universal

access. The private colleges havevery l e government support, andrely mostly on endowments andtuition for funding. This means that

TrinidadThe West Indies has one mainuniversity: the. University of theWest Indies. This institution is veryold and was once a part of a Britishcollege before the current politicalorganization of several independentnations developed.There are three campuses at theuniversity, one each on the islandsof Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados.Each campus has one major faculty(engineering, medicine or law), aswell as several smaller facultiessuch as arts, science, or agriculture.The engineering faculty is located inTrinidad.Ten years ago, tuition was paidby the government. Today, thestudent must pay for his or hereducation. Fortunately the fees aresignificantly less than they are inCanada -- approximately $200Trinidadian (less than 100Canadian) per year.

tuition can vary widely from schoolto school. The fees can be as highas 15,000 Cdn at the moreprestigious schools, and can be aslow as 3,000 Cdn for state. colleges.Financial resources are obviouslya consideration when decidingwhich school to attend. Generally,the bigger the school, the more itcosts. However, the bigger schoolsalso tend to be better endowed,resulting in more money availablefor financial assistance. Although

the prestigious schools, such asMIT, Princeton and Northwesternhave plenty of research dollars andresources, the private schoolsystem also results in schools thatare starving for money and havebarely enough to get by from yearto year.

Technical degrees are not alwaysas complete as they -are here. InCanada, an engineering degreeprovides enough background tob.ecome a licensed professional. AtStanford, in contrast, anundergraduate degree is not reallyenough , and 60%-70% of theg.:aduating class goes on to get amaster's degree.

About 10,000 students in totalattend the University of the WestIndies and of these, about 400study engineering. An average firstyear class is around 100 students.The first year curriculum inengineering is very general. Thestudents then choose a particulardiscipline (Mechanical, Electrical,Civil, Chemical and Agricultural) insecond year. There are also variousspecializations within disciplines.An example is IndustrialEngineering which is offered by the

e p ~ t m e n t of Mechanical Engineenng.University tends to be muchmore popular in Canada, wherestudents are much more careeroriented, than in the West Indes.However, the highly volatile natureof West Indian politics seem toencourage students to become morepolitically aware and active thantheir Canadian counterparts.


9/16

June 986Italy

f you are a self-motivatedperson, who hates being tied downby deadlines, and happen to speakItalian, you might prefer takingyour engineering degree in Italy.At the Politecnico di Milano, you

wouldn't be required to attendclasses, do assignments or writemidterms. The only written workrequired is a final examination, ofwhich the resulting mark has littleinfluence on you final grade. At thispoint, you're probably asking"what's the catch?"n engineering degreerequires five years

In Italy, an . engineering degreerequires five years of instruction.Each school year, from Novemberto May, students take six courses,each having seven hours of classesper week. The exception to this ruleis in the first year, where there areonly five courses. Courses rarelyhave midterm exams, assig l1Ilents orlabs. You don't even need to go toclass. Before graduating, however,each student must take a written andan oral examination for eachcourse.ustralia

In Australia, all vocationalschooling is paid for by the Federalgovernment ("vocational schooling"impb.es an education leadingtowards some u s e f ~ l job skills).Since tuition is paid for by thegovernment, there are fewerscholarships available than inCanada. Students, however, areexpected to pay other fees such asStudent Union and registrationfees. This comes to approximately$200/year. Furthermore, studentsmust pay for their own room andboard and t ~ x t o o k s (textbooks aregenerally imported and therefore arevery expensive) and this encourages many students to live at homeand attend a local university.

Community colleges are verypopular in Australia. Most studentsattend part time and hold a day timejob. t takes about f o ~ r years tocomplete a 600-900 hour certificate.

Many employers give studyleave for part-time students

Many industries give "study-leave"during normal working hours totheir employees so that they canattend college. As a result, the agegroup attending community collegetends to be relatively older.Post-secondary education isdivided into three levels: community colleges which offer mostlycertificate programs; colleges ofadvanced education which offerdiplomas and undergraduate degrees (similar to RyersonPoly technical in Toronto); anduniversities offering programs leading to undergraduate and graduatedegrees.

IRON WARRIOR

In Italy, students do not need totake the exams at the end of theterm. It's generally the responsibility of the student to decidewhen he or she will take theseexams. Furthermore, the studentmay take these exams as manytimes is needed in order to pass,without having to repeat courses .The written final may consist of 3to 5 questions, of which 2 or 3must be done perfectly. Although apassing grade on a written finalexam may not influence the finalmark, it is a prerequisite to takingthe oral exam. A student's finalcourse mark is determined by thisoral exam which lasts approxi-mately 1 112 hOUTS .

It often takes six yearsBecause of this method ofexamination, students usually takesix years or more to obtain theirdegree. Normally this wouldinclude a two month break in thesummer, depending on how thestudent had scheduled his or herexams. t is very p o s s i ~ l e .to

Australian engineering studentsstudy mostly core subjects throughtheir first three years, just asCanadian students do. In fourthy e r ~ they can specialize but musttake courses from at least twodifferent subject are'as such as fluidmechanics and solid mechanics.There is also a final year project- asort of "mini-thesis". Also, thereare no rigid arts requirements.

There are fewer universitystudents per capita in Australia thanin Canada and fewer still ingraduate studies. Furthermore, it iseasier ' to get accepted into anengineering program than in

complete the requirements n bveyears, but this is wholly dependenton the student's motivation.The final requirement, afterpissing all of the course exams, isto complete and present a thesis or

major project. Depending on thequality of this project, the student'sfinal average can be increased frombetween two and ten percent.After six years of school, youmight expect Italian student tohave large debts, but the cost for ayear is only about $400 for aresident Italian. For those of youready to jump on a plane, it may beas high as 95,000 lira (not as bad asit sounds).Overall, an Italian post-secondaryeducation allows for more flexibility but expects more responsi

bility from the student than inCanada. The disadvantage is that itlacks some of the practicalapplications such as those involvingteamwork, laboratory techniquesand presentations. However, if theidea of no assignments and flexibleexams appeal to you, you may wantto start brushing up on your Italian.

Canada, but the first year drop outrate is very high. One of the largestAustralian schools , the Universityof Melbourne, has approximately200-250 first year engineers. Afterfirst year only 50-60 remain. Alsothe percentage of women inengineering programs ranges from5%-10%, somewhat similar to thatin Canadian schools.Although there i no formal co-opprogram in Australia, enginecringstudents must complete a certainnumber of hours obtaining hand-onexperience in an engineering relatedjob. These hours can be obta.ined allin one summer or over the courseof the whole four year period.

November to March issummer breakThe school year is divided intothree, 3-month terms. Finalexaminations cover the full ninemonths and are general1y worthabout 70% of the final grade. Afterlectures are completed, there is atwo week period before examinations, called SwatVac, start. Thetotal exam period is about threeweeks. Summer break is from theend of November to early March.Australian engineering studentsappear to be very similar toCanadian students. One of thebiggest engineering events at theUniversity of Melbourne is theannual Trike Race, for whichgroups of engineering studentsbuild large tricycles (28" frontwheels), and ride them in a 100kmrelay race. And of course, theanthem We are, we are, we are .. "is just as popular in Australia as it ishere in Canada.

MexicoThe nature of universityeducation in Mexico is largelydependent on whether the institution is of state or privateownership. The government'scommitmen t to education results inan increased availability of post

secondary education: Mexico Cityalone has seven universities.Government subsidies make itpossible for students to attend anystate-owned university for a feeequivalent of $l/year. In contrast,private university fees are prohibitive for many. Perhaps it is thisfact which enable such a largenumber of Mexico's high schoolgraduates to attend university. Formany, the fact that they will attend auniversity is determined at an earlystage. This is subject, however, toan ability to support th.emselvesduring the course of their postsecondary education. Although thegovernment does provide significant subsidies for tuition, it doesnot provide a program for loans and~ r n t s for living expenses (such asuSAP in Ontario).Graduate students, by constrast,receive strong financial support i fthey wish to study abroad. Whereasundergraduate education is considered standard, graduate studies isa desired lUXUry for many. Onereason for this is largely economic -most university professors, forexample, have fulltime jobs outsideof the university (professors'salaries are often inadequate)leaving them little time for research.The state of research within thecountry forces many graduatestudents to do their further studiesabroad.

Political alld soci lawareness is widespre dThe atmosph re in a typical stateuniversity campus in Mexicogreatly differs from that in Canada.Pilar Erena, a graduate studentfrom Mexico now studying physicsat Waterloo, notes Canadianuniversities are apolitical...likc OUf

private universities in Mexico".Political and social awareness iswidespread among the studentpopulation in Mexico. An activeinterest in the arts (especially musicand film) is as much apparent inthe science and engineeringstudents as they are in thosestudying the humanities.Observing Canadian campus life,Brena finds that Mexican studentsby contrast are more grouporiented. This stems form a basicunderlying cultural difference:"individual sacrifices are made forthe benefit of the group". Shenotes, "competition is not with yourneighbour; it is with yourself." As aresult, students are not as reluctantto discuss assignments and classwork.Most students in Mexico go on toattend post-secondary schools, witha quality of undergraduate education comp&rable to any inCanada. However, the politicalflavour of campus life and thecollective thinking stemming fromcultural influences results in aneducation unique to Mexico.


10/16

10 IRON WARRIOR June 1986Malaria - The Hidden Warby Francis ChowThere will always be some littlething too big for us to tackle.Consider the malaria mosquito. Ithardly weighs two milligrams. Lessthan a pest, it's a nuisance; a littlescrap of nothing. Surely malariamosquitoes can t be worthy

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opponents for a species such asours, consummate omnivores andmasters of this planet; we werecreated in the very image of Godand given dominion over all livingthings.It's too bad no one bothered toaquaint the mosquitoes with theseimpressive credentials. They mighthave hurt us less since we beganthe fight against them.The fighting started 88 years agowhen a enthusiastic youngVictorian named Ronald Ross,working in oppressive heat inIndia, opened the hostilities onhumanity's behalf. The openingdays of any war are always themost exciting, and this war's wereno exception, but before the storyof Ronald Ross and what he did istold, let me detail the war's currentstatus.I'll start with the body count.Human casualties since 1898exceed 200 million That sequivalent to the current populationof the United States or the USSR.Furthermore, despite an initiallyhopeful period in the late 1940'sand early 1950's, humanity is todayvery much in retreat.' In Asia,where the battle had seemed almostwon, malaria is now resurgent. InEI Salvador, and Guatemala, thereare now: malaria mosquitoesimmune to all known insecticidesIn North America, the malariaparasite, a foreigner not accustomedto our climate, was not driven outuntil 1950 after a long, bitter andexpensive campaign (it has beenreintroduced several times since,but stopped before it could spread).At WHO (World Health Organization) headquarters in Geneva,nerve centre for the human effort,there is even talk of limited warand strategic withdrawal . Suchtalk has grim implications for thepeople of developing nations:

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As limited war againstmalaria by definition cannotextend to the protection of allpeople, a suggested strategy is toconcentrate on protecting thosepeople in society whose economic contributions are mostimportant -- workers in keyindustries, producers of cashcrops, those who labour to buildroads, dams and other capitalimprovements ... tAll this is a far cry from theexultant mood of Ronald Ross in1898 when he wrote,

This day relenting GodHath placed within my handA wondrous thing; and GodBe praised. At His command,Seeking His secret deedsWith tears and toiling breathI find thy cunning seeds,o million - murdering death.

preparation of specimen slides. Ontop of these shortcomings, he washighly temperamental and anarrogant braggart (his temperamentmay have been the cause of hisproblems with the army). He had,however, characteristics whichwere to see him through:perseverance, intelligence, andenthusiasm.Ross always believed he couldtriumph against all odds.Characteristically, he became anearly advocate of the exterminationof Anopheles mosquitoes.Ronald Ross was a Victorian. Inthat era, science and technologywere inflating human capabilities,and Europeans were at a zenith ofpower the like of which the worldhad never seen before or since.Victorians believed in action.Their first campaign waslaunched in 1899 in the Britishcolony of Sierra Leone on Africa'swest coast. It was a sweepingRoss, a British Colonial Army campaign to eliminate all the placesMedical Officer (and an amateur where mosquitoes could breed.poet and mathematician), had Despite a heroic effort to eithersucceeded in identifying the swar- remove, fill in, or oil everyming sporozoites of the malaria standing puddle, the size of thisparasite Plasmodium in-the salivary task proved unmanageable. Aglands of an Anopheles mosquito. single mosquito could (underHis triumph had cost him three favourable conditions) have twentyyears of lonely and unrewarding million descendants in ten weeks.toil. With no time for his wife (who With such resources at its disposal,missed him a great deal) and three the enemy would hold Sierra Leonechildren, and fighting an army for another fifty years (until thebureaucracy who couldn't see the c o m i n ~ of DDT).merits of his work, Ross sought Desplte the stalemate at Sierraout India's most malarious regions. Leone, hostilities soon spread toTheir names conjure images of the other fronts. Here are some of thebygone days of Empire: Bombay, milestones:Secunderbad, Banjalore, Sigur Under military discipline andGhat. Kalhutti. and Calcutta. I with access to immense funding,Ross' task was almost impossible there were heartening victories forgiven the primitive instruments at us in Kuala Larnpur, Panama, andhis disposal. Furthermore, he Staten Island. There, underbegan his work with a handicap Malcolm Watson, Williaminsuperable for any lesser man: he .Crawford Gorgas, and Alvah andwas ignorant of almost everything Doty respectively, the enemy washe needed to know. Knowing little rou ted and contained, if notof bacteriology or zoology, he had defeated. (Following World War II,read almost nothing on the subject it was driven from North Americaof malaria, was untrained in the use entirely.)of the microscope, and was During World War I and Worldunaware of the procedures and War II, when control measureschemIcals required for the proper lapsed, ' malaria surged with avengeance everywhere, and duringthe two World Wars, killed morepeople than bombs, artillery andfirearms combined. .After World War IT DDT offeredthe first real hope of victory, and itwas used against the mosquito withconsiderable success, but thechemical had terrible environmentalside effects, and in any case, themosquitoes were soon to develop a

resistance to it in many parts of theworld. Malaria cases in Indiasoared to over 30 million in 1977after and all time low (through theuse of DDT) of 50 thousand in1961.Today, in spite of an impressivearray of drugs which can kill themalaria parasite once it has invadedthe human body, and an equallyimpressive array of anti-mosquitoinsecticides, the enemy remainsimmensely strong.War continues.


11/16

June 986 IRON WARRIOR

Greg Sorbara Minister of. by Al McGowan

The Iron Warrior interviewedMr Sorbara in the MinistersReading Room at Queen sPark on Tuesday June 17th.

IW: What is the role of yourposition in determining theprovince's educational policy?GS: The government sets thepolicy, but my position (as Ministerof Colleges and Universities)obviously means that I have a lot tosay about the formation of thatpolicy. It's a collective process - theCabinet as a group defineswhatever direction we as agovernment take, and I, as theminister responsible, implementthat decision.IW: The President of theUniversity of Waterloo, in anaddress to the Empire Club,said that the direction inwhich we were headed wouldcause us to become a thirdworld nation. What do youthink of his contention thatwe are selling our resourceswith no consideration fordeveloping a solid technological base?GS: I don't see that happening. Asa government, we have committed abillion dollars over the next tenyears towards technology, andbeing technologically relevant inworld markets. If you look at theThrone Speech, you will see thatwe are providing another $15million in the budget to be appliedtowards research- in that very area.Now, I know that Dr. Wrightenjoys a reputation for being veryoutspoken - even, sometimes, at therisk of the facts. The question ofbeing technologically competitivemust be addressed on a number offronts: primary and secondaryindustry, universities, the privatesector anq so on. I think that we areaddressing the question in allthose ways.IW: Aren't you limited inwhat you can do by thechoice between ' balancingyour budget today anddeveloping a solid R&Dprogram for the future?G S: Well, it's not a simpleeither/or choice. We have to dealwith as many areas of the economyas we can in any given yearlybudget, including the deficit and theability of the taxpayers to meetincreases. Naturally, the Treasurer

Colleges nd Universitieshas to be concerned about imposingmore taxes on people who can'tafford to pay the incremental costs,and we are limited in that sense: wecan't spend more than the taxpayercan afford.IW: Isn't there an additionalcomplication with the necessary consideration of politicalsurvival? One would expectthat a long ,-range planwould be limited to a fouryear span.G S: Well, that's one of thedilemmas that plagues the politicalprocess, and probably always will.Any political party has to beconcerned with being elected, andhas to devote a certain amount of itsenergy to that end. Sometimes, butnot always, the politically expedientact may not be good for theprovinces as a whole, 'and goodgovernment involves putting thepublic interest before the party. Iwould like to think thatgovernments that are courageous,that are acting in the best interestsof the public, will say, we will dothe right thing , instead of simplyconcentrating on getting elected,and I think that ours is one ofthose.IW: The chairman of UW'sLong-Range Planning Committee made some commentson post-secondary educationin the last issue of theWarrior; what is yourreaction to these? First, doyou see an active role that thegovernment could play inreducing the Brain Drain?GS: Yes, I think we have a role toplay, which is to ensure thatuniversities have adequateresources, in terms of their facilitiesand hiring monies. This is not tosay that there won't be a continuingflow of good people out of the

province or out of the country, andthat may not be a bad thing. Wedon't want to place importrestrictions on the people thatcome to Ontario, so we shouldn'tbe restricting the export of thosewho want to leave for whateverreason. The fact that Americans,and others, look to places likeWaterloo for good research peoplesays that we're doing a good job indeveloping our technologies.IW: Second, why is Ontario intenth place of ten provinces n termsoffunding dollars per student?GS: One thing to consider is thatwe have more university studentsper capita than any other province,so that the total amount of moneywe spend is divided by a largenumber. The result is that thesituation looks worse than itactually is. That doesn't mean thatwe are happy with our current levelof spending, but only that one hasto be careful when interpretingstatistical data. You would probablylike to know when we'll be n rutplace, or first, in the country, but Ican't answer that.IW: Does the reduction intransfer payments fromOttawa have an effect on thatstatistical position?G S : Well, yes and no. Thereduction in transfer payments is, Ithink, a short-sighted deficitreduction measure on the part of thefederal government. I think it was aresult of their not having any setpolicy on post-secondary education, and when it came time tobalance the budget, the transferpayments were cut. So, the fedshad not directed themselves to theafter-effects of their actions, withthe result that we essentially lostout. On the other hand, we can'tuse them as our scapegoat bysaying Ottawa cut us off, there'snothing we can do. We are notabout to use this situation to ignoreour responsibility to our postsecondary institutions, and I thinkthat our current budget reflects thatsense of responsibility.IW: The LRPC Chairman alsosuggested that the universitiesmight not see any real dollarscoming out of these budgetaryallotments. How much of thebillion dollars, for ~ x a m p l e will theuniversities actually receiveGS: Well that's up to the Premier'sCouncil, so I don't really know. Iwould imagine that it would be asubstantial portion of the total,although the money may be tied to a

particular sector or industry, toreflect the needs of the provincialeconomy . I don't fault Dr.Brzustowski's assessment, and Idon't think that a billion-dollarresearch fund ends the need forfurther development, but until thePremier's Council is formed andstarts to set policy on the allocationof the budget, I really can't saywhere the money will go.

IW: Finally, coming back tohort-tcrm versus long-termplanning, what can universities (and students) expectfrom the government in thefuture?GS: Well, I don't want to giveaway the government secrets, soyou probably won't get as completean answer as you would like. Frommy own perspective, I can say thatI would like to se,e the freeing ofour institutions , to allow them tomore aggressively pursue theirwork with the highest standardspossible. Now, that's all very welland glowing, but not a very goodanswer to the question.I see the future of the province asdepending on our collectiveintelligence, and that has to becontinually maintained andupgraded. That may mean thepursuit of different educationalmodels than those we are usingnow, and not necessarily relying onconventional methods forimproving our technological baseand educating our students.Universities have to free themselvesfrom the bonds of conventionalteaching techniques, whichWaterloo has done to some extentwith the co-op program, in order toensure that the educational processcan develop and meet the newdemands of the market. Again,Government has a role to play nthat process, but it is a co-operativeeffort.


12/16


The SPE nd YOUby Todd Ruthman

In a recent meeting of the IronWarrior staff, someone asked howmany of us had heard of theCanadian Society for ProfessionalEngineers (CSPE). The answerwasless than half. The purpose ofthis article is to introduce to you anew and important organization forengineers, present and future . Weare at a crossroads in ourprofession and you must make thedecision which way to goWhat is the CSPE?The Canadian Society forProfessional Engineers (CSPE)gained its charter in February of1979. t has since dedicated itselfto the promotion of theengineering profession and itscontribution towards maintainingthe social and economic well beingof the Canadian Public.For an understanding of why theCSPE is important to you , theengineer, here is a summary of itscharter. The CSPE exists to:1) promote the interest of itsmembers2) provide a lobby ing voice forengineers3) to make the registration as aprofessional engineer (P.Eng)mo re meaningful '4) to maintain and fur ther the

professional and ethical standards of its members.

History of the CSPELet us look at three of the mainprofessions in Canada today:

medicine, law and engineering.All three professions areself-governing and t ~ i r m e m b e ~ sare licensed profeSSIOnals. ThISmeans that they require a license topractice their profess,ion (althot1;ghthis is not as unIversal wIthengineers), They get these licensesfrom a licensing body, theAssociation of ProfessionalEngineers of Ontario (or anotherprovince or territory) for engineers,the College of Physicians andSurgeons for doctors and the UpperCanada Law Society for a ~ e r sThese associations have thepower to strip a member. hislicense. The reason for thIS IS toensure that the professional servesand protects the public. Thi.s iS,theonly reason t ~ t these a m z a t l ~ n sexist: to mom tor then profeSSIon,Many years ago, the doctors andlawyers realized that theseorganizations, while important,were lacking in helping individualmembers. Because of this, theyformed other organizations such asthe Can adian Medical Associationand the Canadian Bar Association.

These organizations were run bythe professionals themselves and

iTOT L I\ GeW O ~ N & ~ N H IR SALON

membership was purely voluntary.Over the years, these groups havebecome very powerful and usefulfor their professions. The news isfull of the OMA's fight against thegovernment. They also providemany services to their memberssuch as inexpensive insurance andeducational upgrading.Realizing that such a serviceorganization is essential to anyprofession, the APEO has recentlybeen trying to provide someservices for engineers. But becausethey are also the licensing body,many problems arise. Their mandate will not permit them to helpengineers in cases such as wrongfuldismissal or in lobbying forengineers in general, since this

would place the APEO in aconflict-of -interest situation. Someof the people in this 'service'section of the APEO recognized thisconflict of interest and proposed aseparate organization, the CSPE.And with the initial consent of theAPEd (see Problems) theyfounded the CSPE in 1979.The PresentThe CSPE presently providesmany services to its members.These include legal aid in casessuch as wrongful dismissal andalso with the patent propriety

rights. CSPE also providesassistance in writing resumes and arecommended res idential andautomobile insurance plan.Because the trend in engineeringpositions seems to be short termagreements, the CSPE has alsodeveloped an employment contract.This contract is provided on requestto its members and is presented tothe prospective employer as aguideline. Its purpose is to helpinexperienced engineers whootherwi se may not have consideredall of the factors involved.Present goals of the CSPEinclude the promotion of a nationwide registration standard, thedevelopment of 'portable' pensionplans, the encouragement of research and development in Canada,the representation of the interests ofits members as well as the public.affected by engineering whereverpossible, and better utilization ofthe engineer's skills.Another useful project of theCSPE is the reconstruction of theincome model provided by theAPEO. APEO's chart deals mainly

with years of service. The CSPE'smodel takes such things as- - - - - - - -. .. - - - - - - . . . - - - - - - : ; ; ; ; ; ; ~ ' c o m m u n i c a t i o n skills, efforts to$2.00 offCut& StyleI I remain current, management ability,I Y price for I 10.00 off responsibility and other suchI I factors into account. ThisI all Perms. I Highlights researched model is beneficial forI I both the engineer and the employer.--------.------------------ot Va Ii d wi th Any Other Oi scounts Since its inception, the CSPE,W tm t PI 746 8764 has become an effective body,es oun ce representing, speaking out andAlso ask about our Membershi Cards for 20% off

lobbying on behalf of engineers,and is generally providing servicessimilar to those long since availableto other professions.The Future

In the future the CSPE hopes toexpand its services to its membersand increase its lobbying strength.One current plan . is theestablishment of a job placementservice similar to the alumni referralsystem here. This would provideunem- ployed engineers help infinding a job and those alreadyworking the opportunity to keeptheir options open even whileemployed. Although similarservices exist today, they are run as

businesses and charge large feeswhile the CSPE intends to offer itas a service to its members. Theseand other projects all depend on alarge increase -in membership in thenear future.ProblemsAs with all new organizations,the CSPE faces some challenges.The greatest of these -hurdles is,surprisingly, the APEO. Initially,the APEO was all for this neworgani zation and even providedsome funds to get the organization

started. However, for some reasonor another, the APEO currentlyfeels that it is better equ ipped toprovide services to engineers.Simply by comparing the goals andpresent services of the twoorganizations, one can see that thisis not the case. Regardless of thisfact, the APEO seems to berestrict ing contact between theCSPE and non-members in theengineering field.This is directly linked to theCSPE's main problem, membership. Originally the CSPE had a

membership of 5000 professionalengineers. This has since droppedto 3000. However, it is encouraging to see that these member aredetermined to stay with the CSPE,because they recognize itsimportance to the profession . Thefact still remains though, that inorder to flourish and even tosurvive, the CSPE needs newmembers and lots of them.The End

Have you thought much about thefuture, about what happens aftergraduation? f you haven't, youshould. t could make all thedifference in your professional life.You, as an engineering student, arethe fu ture of our society. You arealso the future of the CSPE. Doyou want to decide your future? Doyou care about your future? Do youcare at all? The future is yours ..what will it be? You be the judge -ask for more information fromEngSoc.


13/16

June 1986 IRON WARRIOR 13

The Day efore TomorrowFictionbyJulian Ford

Dr. William Thomson stared outthe small window in his lab at thescene beyond and his mindwandered backwards. Even afterthree years, he had not grownaccustomed to the twisted metal, theblackened ground where nothingwould grow and the empty howlingof the wind through empty streets.It had been three years since theend, since they had finally annihilated themselves.When the bombs fell, Will, hiswife, and a handful of scientistfriends fled north to a bomb shelterthey had built. Only days after thefirst exchange, the world lay quietexcept for the sounds of mourning.Thomson and his small groupemerged from their shelter eightmonths later to find the world theyhad known was gone.Will's group grew in size as theyran into other survivors, all of themmoving, fleeing the radioactiveclouds which plagued them. Foralmost a month, however, they hadbeen living in a small town whosename had been forgotten, all hoping

they had finally found a home,where they could s{ar-t to r bui dwhat they had lost.Will's reflections were interrupted by the sound offootsteps.The door creaked openand his wife, Sandy, walked in.She wore an old dirty cotton dress,her hair was uncombed and herhands and face were smeared withdirt from digging in the field. Shehad been so beautiful before, hethought. Despite her appearance,she wore a smile. It never ceased toamaze him, how she could always

wear a smile to try and cheer upothers."I've got a surprise for you," shesaid as she walked over and gavehim an affectionate kiss. She placedthe plate she had been carrying onthe table in front of him."It's a carrot. We've just beendigging t h e ~ up. We've run allkinds of tests on them and theyseem to be alright. That means thesoil we've been working on isgood enough to start growingvegetables on a regular basis now."She .beamed with pride at her

accomplishment. A smile spreadacross Will's face."Oh, Will " she exclaimed as shethrew her arms around him,squeezing him tightly, "we're onour way again. I can feel it." Justthen she noticed the equipment onhis bench.

Well, it's progressing butthere's so many components I justcan't find anymore.""Don't forget that Greg is comingback from the city today," she said."He might have brought you backsomething." Will shrugged. It hadbeen virtually impossible to findany useful equipment. Most of ithad been destroyed in the war. Thecomputers he was using now, hehad taken with him into the shelter.He picked up the carrot andstared at it for a moment. anayhad peeled it and cleaned it for him.It had been so long. He bit into itand tasted the juices he had almostforgotten. The smile came back intohis face. Maybe he should try to bemore optimistic, he thought, theway Sandy was."Maybe he will," he said. Willlooked out the window again andsaw some children carrying bucketsand various garden equipment. Thesight always disturbed him."It's not fair that they shouldhave to ive tl)is way because of ourmistakes. Those kids should bepiaying tag or hide-and-seek, not.doing hard labour." Sandy took hishand and stroked it, then gently

kissed it.\"Everything will get back tonormal, you'll see. Already we'regrowing vegetables." She indicatedthe carrot in his hand. "We'refinding more cities that arebecoming habitable again, we'vebeen living here for almost amonth. Everything's starting to

look up." She smiled at him. "Nowyou get back to work," she said."We've both got lots to do." Sheturned and walked out of the room.Will watched her go, then turnedback to his work bench and thenetwork of wires and componentsthat covered it. He was so close, hethought, yet so far without the rightparts. He sank heavily into his chair"How's you machine or whatever ' with an ~ x s p e ~ t e d s gh. Heit is coming along?" Will' s eyes looked at his momtor, vanous dataturned to the mass of components scattered ~ c r o s s the screen, andwhich lay atop his work bench. began tappmg at the keyboard.

The sun began to set The bloodred sky cast an eerie glow overeverything. The sound of a car homsuddenly flooded the small camp.When Will heard the horn, he gotup from his bench and looked outthe window. He saw the beat-upbrown Toyota he knew to beGreg's. Greg ~ a s one of t?e pe,?plewith whom Wlll had survIved eIghtmonths underground. This wasGreg's third trip to try and findsurvivors, equipment, food oranything else useful. He had .sobeen fairly successful by bnngmgback canned food and someequipment. When Will reached thecompound, most of the camp hadalready gathered around r ~ gswamping him with questions. Willpushed his way through the crowdand when he finally got to Greg,Greg turned to him and handed hima small box.

"Here," he said. I've got apresent for you.""What's inside?" asked Will."Go open it in your lab. Oh, andI want to talk to you, too."

"You took the readings?""Yeah. I'll go over it with youlater." Will didn't like the look ofthe frown that was on Greg's face.They stood and stared at each otherfor a moment, then Greg turnedaway and forced a smile onto hisface as another of the inquisitivecrowd questioned him about histrip. Will took the parcel Greg hadgiven him and turned back towardsthe lab.Will cleared away a space on hiswork bench and placed the boxthere. He opened it and as soon ashe looked inside, a smile spread

widely across his face. He went towork immediately. He typed awayat the computer and beganassembling various parts from thepackage.

t

Will had been working for almostan hour when there was a knock atthe door."Come " he shouted. The dooropened and Greg walked. in."Any of that stuff useful?" heasked with a knowing smile."Where the hell did you find allof this?""We lucked out and found somesort of manufacturing firm.Radiation levels were pretty high,otherwise I might have been able toget more.""What about all the readings Iasked for?" Greg looked down atthe floor then back up at Will. Hisface had lost the smile he came inwith.Not good. The levels ofradiation are getting higher just aswe suspected. There's obviously 'some fallout drifting up from thesouth again. It's moving pretty fast,we might have two more weeksbefore we have to move again." Heglanced at Will's work bench. "Sohow's your miracle m a c h i n ~coming? No one else knows what It

is yet, do they?""No, no one else knows.Sandy's given up asking me now.Well, I've managed to reproducemost of it, but with this stuffy u've brought, 1 ,hould be able toget quite a bit don ."Great," said Greg. "Well, I'mdead tired. I think I'm going to tumin. We can discuss yourdevelopments in the morning.""Fine, sec you then." Gregturned and walked out of the room.

continued next issue.

M ~ f V i Y h o n e y garlic chicken wingsParkdale Plaza465 Phillip St.

Waterloo. 884-0001


14/16

14 IRON WARRIORTIP TOE THROUGH THE TRIVIA

by Ted Judge

Due to the overwhelmingnumbers of entries to my lastcolumn, I awarded the prize, a bagof OREO cookies, to myself. Withthis month's topic being movies, itseemed appropriate to award a passfor two to the theatre. To ensurethat there is a winner (nobodywants me to go), the entry with themost correct answers will win. Sosubmit your ans wers to theEngineering Society Office by July11 so you can be on your way tothe movies.

1) What actor supplied the voiceof Darth Vader for the Star Warstrilogy?2) Who played the female leadin the 1976 version of KingKong?

3) What actor died duringthe filming of Twilight Zone:The Movie?4) The Sugarland Expressstarring Goldie Hawn, marked thedebut of what director?5) The science fiction sexfantasy, Barbare l l a was astarring vehicle for what actress?6) Who played the crazy, drunkgunslinger in Cat Ba llou?7) Mickey Mouse was brieflyknown as ?8) The title role in Zorro ,the Gay Blade, was portrayed by

actor?9) What was the name of HanSolo's space ship in Sta rWars?

10) Who composed the musicalscore to Chariots of Fire?

There must be a winner and itcould be you, so get those entriesm.Since the answers to the lastcolumn did not appear in ESP, theyare now listed here.1) Coca Cola was invented in1886, by Dr. John F. Pemberton inAtlanta, Georgia2) Oliver asked for more Gruel.3) The first MacDonaldsrestaurant opened in Richmond BC,

in June of 196

iron warrior: volume 7, issue 3

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