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Iron Guard

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The Iron Guard (Romanian: Garda de er pronounced[ˈɡarda de ˈfjer]) is the name most commonly given toa far-right movement and political party in Romania inthe period from 1927 into the early part of World WarII. It is also known as the Legion of the ArchangelMichael (Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail ) or the Le-gionnaire movement (Mișcarea Legionară).[1] The IronGuard was ultra-nationalist, antisemitic, anti-communist,anti-capitalistandpromoted theOrthodoxChristianfaith.Its members were called “Greenshirts” because of thepredominantly green uniforms they wore.[2]

When Ion Antonescu came to power in September 1940he brought the Iron Guard into the government. Underthe dictatorial rule of Horia Sima, the Guard launcheda murderous attack on Jews. In January 1941, however,Antonescu used the army to suppress a revolt of the IronGuard. He destroyed the organization, as its commanderHoria Sima and some other leaders escaped to Germany.

1 Background

Originally founded by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu on June24, 1927, as the “Legion of the Archangel Michael"(Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail), and led byhim until hisassassination in 1938, adherents to the movement con-tinued to be widely referred to as “legionnaires” (some-times “legionaries"; Romanian: legionarii ) and led to theorganization of the “Legion” or the “Legionary Move-ment” (“Mişcarea Legionară"), despite various changesof the (intermittently banned) organization’s name. InMarch 1930 Codreanu formed the “Iron Guard” (“Gardade Fier”) as a paramilitary political branch of the Legion;this name eventually came to refer to the Legion itself.Later, in June 1935, the Legion changed its official nameto the “Totul pentru Ţară" party, literally “Everything forthe Country”, but commonly translated as “Everythingfor the Fatherland” or occasionally “Everything for theMotherland”.[3]

2 Description

2.1 Ideology

Stamp bearing the symbol of the “Iron Guard” over a white cross that stood for one of its humanitarian ventures

HistorianStanley G. Paynewrites in his study of Fascism,“The Legion was arguably the most unusual mass move-ment of interwar Europe.”[4] The Legion contrasted withmost other European fascist movements of the period,especially when talking about the understanding of na-tionalism, as it should never be separated from the faithyou were born in. According to Ioanid, the Legion “will-ingly inserted strong elements of Orthodox Christianityinto its political ideology to the point of becoming oneof the rare modern European political movements with areligious ideological structure.” The movement’s leader,Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, was a religious patriot whoaimed at a spiritual resurrection for the nation.[4] Accord-ing to Codreanu’s heterodox philosophy, human life wasa sinful, violent political war, which would ultimately betranscended by the spiritual nation. In this schema, theLegionnaire might have to perform actions beyond sim-ple will to ght, suppressing the preserving instinct forthe sake of the country.[4] Like many other fascist move-ments, the Legion called for a revolutionary “new man”.

1

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2 3 HISTORY

However, this new man was very different in conception.The Legion didn't want a physical superhuman like theNazis did. Instead, they wanted to recreate and purify theway of thinking in order to bring the whole nation closerto God. As for economics, there was no straightforwardprogram, but the Legion generally promoted the idea ofa communal or national economy, rejecting capitalism asoverly materialistic.[4] The movement considered its mainenemies to be present political leaders and the Jews.”

2.2 Style

Its members wore dark green uniforms (meant as a sym-bol of renewal, and the origin of the occasional refer-ence to them as the “Greenshirts” – “Cămășile verzi”),and greeted each other using the Roman salute. Themain symbol used by the Iron Guard was a triple cross (a

variant of the triple parted and fretted one), standing forprison bars (as a badge of martyrdom), and sometimesreferred to as the “Archangel Michael Cross” (“CruceaArhanghelului Mihail”).

The mysticism of the Legion led to a cult of death, mar-tyrdom and self-sacrice. They had an action squad thatwas called Echipa morții , or “Death Squad” who had themission to go everywhere in Romania and to sing. It wascalled “DeathSquad” because its members had to accom-plishtheir mission even with therisk of beingkilled bythepolice, communist or any other enemies of the Legion.The members of it were: Ion Dumitrescu-Borșa (who

was a Christian Orthodox priest), Sterie Ciumetti, PetreȚocu, Tache Savin, Traian Clime, Iosif Bozântan, Nico-lae Constantinescu.[5] A chapter of the Legion was calleda cuib, or “nest,” and was arranged around the virtuesof discipline, work, silence, education, mutual aid, andhonor.

2.3 The Iron Guard and Gender

According to a police report from 1933 8% of the IronGuard’s membership were women while a police reportfrom 1938 stated that 11% of the Guard were women.[6]Part of the reason for the overwhelming male member-ship of the Iron Guard was because a disproportionatenumber of the Iron Guards were university students andvery fewwomen went to university in Romania during theinterwar period.[7] In the Romanian language there areplurals attached to most nouns that have either a mascu-line or feminine form.[8] Thus words in English like Ro-manian, youth or member that are gender-neutral are inRomanian refer either to Romanian men or Romanianwomen, young men or young women, and male membersor female members.[9] The Iron Guards almost alwaysused the masculine plurals in their writings and speeches,which suggests that they had a male audience in mind.[10]In interwar Romania, the Jewish minority played a rolevery similar to the Armenian and Greek minorities in

the Ottoman Empire and the ethnic Chinese minoritiesin modern Malaysia and Indonesia, namely a minoritywidely envied and disliked for their commercial success.The Iron Guard explained the problem of poverty in Ro-mania as due to the Jews having “colonized” Romania,and thereby preventing Christian Romanians from gettingahead economically.[11] The solution to this perceivedproblem was to drive the Jews out of Romania, whichIron Guard claimed would nally allow Eastern Ortho-dox Romanians to rise up to the middle class. As to whyRomania had been allegedly “colonized” by the Jews, theIron Guard’s answer was that most Romanian men weresimply not manly enough to protect their interests.[12] Instrikingly sexualized language, the Iron Guards arguedthat most Romanian men had been become “emascu-lated” and were suffering from “sterility”, which one IronGuard Alexandru Cantacuzino called in a 1937 essay the“plague of the present”.[13] Again, the term Cantacuzino

used was the masculinesterilitaterather than the femininestearpǎ.[14] TheIronGuards constantlyspoke in viscerallysexualizedrhetoricof theneed to createa “new man” whowould be “virile” and “strong”, and end the “emascula-tion” of Romanian men.[15] Beyond that, the Legion’s ob-session withviolence and self-sacrice were both subjectsthat were traditionally considered to be male subjects inRomania. Codreanu paid little attention to women’s con-cerns. In his 123-page long book The Booklet of the Nest Chief , Codreanu wrote only two paragraphs dealing withthe role of hiswomen in his party, and recommended thata women Legionnaire be a good wife and mother, attendchurch, and learn how to master cooking and sewing.[16]

3 History

3.1 Founding and rise

In 1927, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu left the number twoposition (under A.C. Cuza) in the Romanian politicalparty known as the National-Christian Defense League(NCDL). It was then he founded the Legion of theArchangel Michael.[17] Its name appears to have been in-spired by the Black Hundreds, an anti-semitic group inthe Russian Empire (particularly the regions borderingRomania) who often used the name of the archangel.[18]

The Legion also differed from other fascist movementsin that it had its mass base among the peasantry and stu-dents, rather than among military veterans. However, thelegionnaires shared the general fascist “respect for the warveterans” idea. Romania had a very large intelligentsiarelative to its share of the population with 2.0 universitystudents per one thousand of the population comparedto 1.7 per one thousand of the population in far wealthierGermany, while Bucharest hadmore lawyers in the1930sthan did the much larger city of Paris.[19] Even before theGreat Depression, Romanian universities were producingfar more graduates than the number of available jobs and

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3.2 Struggle for power 3

the Great Depression had further drastically limited theopportunities for employment by the intelligentsia, whoturned to the Iron Guard out of frustration.[20] Many Or-thodox Romanians, having obtained a university degree,which they expected to be their ticket to the middle class,were enraged to nd that the jobs they were hoping fordid not exist, and came to embrace the Legion’s messagethat it was the Jews who were blocking them from ndingthe middle-class employment they wanted. Beyond that,Romania had traditionally been dominated by a Fran-cophile elite, who preferred to speak French over Roma-nian in private and who claimed that their policies wereleading Romania to the West, with the National LiberalParty, in particular, maintaining that their economic po-lices were going to industrialize Romania.[21] The GreatDepression seemed to show the literal bankruptcy ofthese policies, and much of the younger Romanian in-telligentsia, especially university students were attracted

by the Iron Guard’s glorication of “Romanian genius”and its leaders who boasted that they were proud to speakRomanian.[22] The Romanian-born Israeli historian JeanAncel wrote from the mid-19th century onward, thatRomanian intelligentsia had a “schizophrenic attitude to-wards the West and its values”.[23] Romania had been astrongly Francophile country starting in 1859 when theUnitedPrincipalitiescame into being, giving Romania ef-fective independence from the Ottoman Empire (an eventlargely made possible by French diplomacy who pres-sured the Ottomans on behalf of the Romanians), andfrom that time onwards, most of the Romanian intelligentsia professed themselves believers in French ideasabout the universal appeal of democracy, freedom andhuman rights, while at thesame time holding anti-Semiticviews about Romania’s Jewish minority.[24] Despite theirantisemitism, most of the Romanian intelligentsia be-lieved that France was not only Romania’s “Latin sister”,but also a “big Latin sister” that would guide its “littleLatinsister” Romaniaalong the correctpath. Ancel wrotethat Codreanu was the rst signicant Romanian to rejectnot only the prevailing Franophilia of the intelligentsia,but alsothe entire framework of universal democratic val-ues, which Codreanu claimed were “Jewish inventions”designed to destroy Romania.[25] In contrast to the tra-

ditional idea that Romania would follow the path of its“Latin sister” France, Codreanu promoted a xenophobic,exclusive ultra-nationalism, where Romania would followits own path and rejected the French ideas about univer-sal values and human rights.[26] In a marked departurefrom the traditional ideas held by the elite about makingRomania into the modernized and Westernized “Franceof Eastern Europe”, the Legion demanded a return to thetraditional Eastern Orthodox values of the past and glo-ried Romania’s peasant culture and folk customs as theliving embodiment of “Romanian genius.”[27] The lead-ers of the Iron Guard often wore traditional peasant cos-tumes with crucixes and bags of Romanian soil aroundtheir necks to emphasise their commitment to authenticRomanian folk values, in marked contrast to Romania’s

Francophile elitewho preferred to dress in the style of thelatest fashions of Paris. [28] The fact that much of the Ro-mania’s elite were often corrupt and that very little of thevast sums of money generated by Romania’s oil found itsway into thepockets of ordinarypeople, further enhancedthe appeal of the Legion who denounced the entire eliteas irredeemably corrupt.With Codreanu as a charismatic leader, the Legion wasknown for skillful propaganda, including a very capableuse of spectacle. Utilizing marches, religious proces-sions, patriotic and partisan hymns and anthems, alongwith volunteer work and charitable campaigns in ruralareas, in support of Anti-communism, the League pre-sented itself as an alternative to corrupt parties. Initially,the Iron Guard hoped to encompass any political faction,regardless of its position on the political spectrum, thatwished to combat the rise of communism in the USSR.

Unlike other fascist movements of the time, theIron Guard was purposely anti-Semitic, promoting theidea that “Rabbinical aggression against the Christianworld” in “unexpected 'protean forms’: Freemasonry,Freudianism, homosexuality, atheism, Marxism, Bol-shevism, the civil war in Spain,” were underminingsociety.[29]

On December 10, 1933, the Romanian Liberal PrimeMinister Ion Duca banned the Iron Guard. After abrief period of arrests, beatings, torture and even killings(twelve members of the Legionary Movement were mur-dered by the police force). Iron Guard members retal-

iated on December 29, 1933, by assassinating Duca onthe platform of the Sinaia railway station.

3.2 Struggle for power

In the 1937 parliamentary elections the Legion came inthird, behind the Liberal and the Peasant Parties, with15.5 percent of the vote. King Carol II was strongly op-posed to the Legion’s political aims and successfully keptthem out of government until he himself was forced toabdicate in 1940. During this period, theLegion was gen-erally on the receiving end of persecution. On February10, 1938, the King dissolved the government, taking onthe role of a royal dictator.

Codreanuwas arrestedandimprisoned in April1938, andultimately strangled to death along with several other le-gionnaires by their Gendarmerie escort on the night ofNovember 29–30, 1938, purportedly during an attemptto escape from prison. It is generally agreed that therewas no such escape attempt, and that Codreanu and theothers were killed on the King’s orders, probably in reac-tion to the November 24, 1938, murder by legionnairesof a relative (some sources say a “friend”) ofArmand Că-linescu, then Minister of the Interior in the King’s cab-inet. In the aftermath of Carol’s decision to crush theIron Guard, many members of the Legion ed into exilein Germany, where they received both material and -

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4 3 HISTORY

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu , the founder of the Iron Guard

nancial support from the NSDAP, especially from the SSand Alfred Rosenberg's Foreign Political Office.[30] Formuch of the interwar period, Romania was in the Frenchsphere of inuence, and in 1926, Romania signed a treatyof alliance with France. Following the Remilitarizationof the Rhineland in March 1936, Carol started to moveaway from the traditional alliance with France as the feargrew within Romania that the French would do nothingin the event of German aggression in Eastern Europe,but Carol’s regime was still regarded as essentially pro-French. From the German viewpoint, the Iron Guard wasregarded as far preferable to King Carol. The royal dic-tatorship lasted just over one year. On March 7, 1939,a new government was formed with Călinescu as primeminister; on September 21, 1939, he, in turn was assassi-nated by legionnaires avenging Codreanu. Călinescu fa-vored a foreign policy where Romania would maintain apro-Allied neutrality in World War II, and as such, theSS had a hand in organizing Călinescu’s assassination.[31]Further rounds of mutual carnage ensued.

In addition to the conict with the king, an internal bat-tle for power ensued in the wake of Codreanu’s death.Waves of repression almost completely eliminated theLegion’s original leadership by 1939, promoting second-rank members to the forefront. According to a se-cret report led by the Hungarian political secretaryin Bucharest in late 1940, three main factions existed:the group gathered around Horia Sima, a dynamic local

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and Iron Guard members in 1937

leader from the Banat, which was the most pragmatic andleast Orthodox in its orientation; the group composed ofCodreanu’s father, Ion Zelea Codreanu, and his brothers(who despised Sima); and the Moţa-Marin group, whichwanted to strengthen the movement’s religious charac-

ter. After a long period of confusion, Sima, represent-ing the Legion’s less radical wing, overcame all compe-tition and assumed leadership, being recognised as suchon 6 September 1940 by the Legionary Forum, a bodycreated at his initiative. On 28 September the elder Co-dreanu stormed the Legion headquarters in Bucharest(the Green House) in an unsuccessful attempt to installhimself as leader.[32] Sima was close to SS Volksgrup- penführer Andreas Schmidt, a volksdeutsch (ethnic Ger-man) from Romania, and through him become close toSchmidt’sfather-in-law, the powerfulGottlob Bergerwhoheaded the SS Main Office in Berlin.[33] The British his-torian Rebecca Haynes has argued that nancial and or-ganizational support from the SS was an important factorin Sima’s rise.[34]

3.3 Sima’s ascendancy

See also: Romania during World War II and TheLegionnaires Rebellion and the Bucharest Pogrom

In the rst months of World War II, Romania was of-cially neutral. However the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pactof August 23, 1939, stipulated, among other things, So-viet “interest” in Bassarabia. When Nazi Germany, andlater, the Soviet Union invaded Poland, Romania grantedrefuge to members of Poland’s eeing government andmilitary, and even after the assassination of Călinescu,King Carol tried to maintain neutrality, but France’s sur-render and Britain’s retreat from Europe rendered themunable to full their assurances to Romania. A lean to-ward the Axis Powers was probably inevitable.

This political alignment was obviously favorable tothe surviving legionnaires. Ion Gigurtu's government,formed July 4, 1940, was the rst to include a Legionmember, but by the time the movement achieved any for-mal power, most of its leadership was already dead: Ho-riaSima, a strong anti-Semite who hadbecome the nomi-nal leader of the movement after Codreanu’s murder, was

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5

one of the few prominent legionnaires to survive the car-nage of the preceding years.

4 In power

On September 4, 1940, the Legion formed a tense al-liance withGeneral (later Marshal)Ion Antonescu. Usingpopular outrage at Romania being forced to return a largeblock of land as a result of the Second Vienna Award, thealliance forced the abdication of Carol II in favour of hisson Michael, and leaned even more strongly toward theAxis. (Romania would formally join the Axis in June1941.) Romania was proclaimed a "National LegionaryState, with the Legion as the country’s only legal party.As part of the deal, Antonescu was named the Legion’shonorary leader, while Sima became deputy premier.

Once in power, from September 14, 1940, until Jan-uary 21, 1941, the Legion ratcheted up the level of al-ready harsh anti-Semitic legislationand pursued, with im-punity, a campaign of pogroms and of political assassi-nations. On the 27th November 1940 more than 60 for-mer dignitaries or officials were executed in Jilava prisonwhile awaiting trial; historian and former prime minis-ter Nicolae Iorgaand economic theoristVirgil Madgearu,also a former government minister, were assassinated thefollowing day. Assassination attempts on the lives offormer Prime Ministers and Carol supporters ConstantinArgetoianu, Guță Tătărescu and Ion Gigurtu were also

carried out, but failed, as thebefore mentioned politicianswere freed fromthehands of theLegionary Policeandputunder military protection.

5 Failure and destruction

Main article: Legionnaires’ rebellion and Bucharestpogrom

Once in power Sima and Antonescu quarreled bitterly.Sima demanded that the government follow the 'legionaryspirit', and all major offices be held by legionaries. Othergroups were to be dissolved. Economic policy, saidSima, should be coordinated closely with Germany. An-tonescu rejected the demands and was alarmed by theIron Guard’s death squads. The issue was who would ruleRomania, and was not really ideological; the differencesbetween Sima and Antonescu were more of a degreerather of kind. Sima overplayed hishand. On January 24,1941, after securing approval in person from Hitler, andwith support of the Romanian army and other politicalleaders, Antonescu moved in. The Guard started a last-ditchcoup attempt but in a three-day civilwar, Antonescuwon decisively with support from the Romanian and Ger-man armies.[35] During the run-up to the coup attempt,different factions of the German government backed dif-

ferent sides in Romania with the SS supporting the IronGuard while the military and the Auswärtiges Amt sup-ported General Antonescu. Baron Otto von Bolschwingof the SS who was stationed at the German embassy inBucharest played a major role in smuggling arms for theIron Guard.[36]

During the crisis members of the Iron Guard instigated adeadly pogrom in Bucharest. Particularly gruesome wasthe murder of dozens of Jewish civilians in the Bucharestslaughterhouse. The perpetrators hung the Jews frommeat hooks, then mutilated and killed them in a vi-cious parody of kosher slaughtering practices.[37][38] TheAmerican ambassador to Romania Franklin Mott Gun-ther who toured the meat-packing plant where the Jewswere slaughtered with the placards reading “Koshermeat”on them reported back to Washington: “Sixty Jewishcorpses were discovered on the hooks used for carcasses.They were all skinned....and the quantity of blood aboutwas evidence that they had been skinned alive”.[39] Gun-ther wrote he was especially shocked that one of the Jew-ish victims hanging on the meat hooks was a 5-year-oldgirl.[40] Sima and other legionnaires were helped by theGermans to escape to Germany. During the rebellionand pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews and 30 sol-diers died in the confrontation with the rebels. Follow-ing it, the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000of its members were imprisoned. On 22 June 1941, theIron Guards imprisoned in Iași since January by the An-tonescu regime were released from prison and organizedand armed by the police as part of the preparations for

the Iași pogrom.[41]

When it came to killing Jews, theAntonescu regime and the Iron Guard were capable ofnding common ground despite the failed coup in Jan-uary 1941. When the pogrom began in Iași on 27 June1941, the Iron Guards armed with crow-bars and knivesplayed a prominent role in leading the mobs that slaugh-tered Jews on the streets of Iași in one of the most blood-iest pogroms ever in Europe.[42] In the period between1944-47 Romania had a coalition government in whichthe Communists played a leading, but not yet dominantrole. Journalist Edward Behr claimed that in early 1947,a secret agreement was signed by the leaders of the ex-iled Iron Guard in displaced persons (DP) camps in Ger-many and Austria and the Romanian Communist Party,under which the all of the Iron Guards in the DP campsexcept for those accused of the murder of Communistscould return home to Romania in exchange for which theformer Iron Guards would work as thugs to terrorize theanti-communist opposition as part of the plans for the ul-timate Communist take-over of Romania.[43] Behr fur-ther claimed that in the months after the “non-aggressionpact” between the Communists and the Legion, thou-sands of Iron Guards returned to Romania where theyplayed a prominent role working for the Interior Min-istry in breaking opposition to the emerging Communist

dictatorship.[44]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Behr_(journalist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bolschwinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%2527_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%2527_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Gigurtuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C8%9B%C4%83_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Madgearuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorgahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilavahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legionary_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legionary_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vienna_Awardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu


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6 7 NOTES

5.1 Legacy

The name “Garda de Fier” is also used by a small, Ro-manian nationalist group, active in the post-communistera.

There are also another contemporary far-right organiza-tions in Romania, such as Pentru Patrie (For the Father-land ) and Noua Dreaptă (The New Right ). Consideringthemselves the heir apparent to the Iron Guard, NouaDreaptă embraces legionnairism and has a personalitycult for Corneliu Codreanu but they also use the celticcross, which is not associated with legionnairism.

Since the 1970s Mircea Eliade, a prominent historian ofreligion, ction writer and philosopher who was a profes-sor at the University of Chicago, has been criticized forhaving supported the Iron Guard in the 1930s.

6 See also

• Iron Guard death squads• National Legionary State• Valerian Trifa

7 Notes

[1] Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–

1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 394.[2] For “greenshirts” see, for example, R.G. Waldeck, Athene

Palace, University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), ISBN022608647X, p.182. Originally published 1942.

[3] “Totul pentru Ţară"is translatedas “Everythingfor theFa-therland” in "Collier’s Encyclopedia" material that is nowincorporated into "Encarta" as a sidebar (1938: Rumania)and in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" article Iron Guard;the International Commission on the Holocaust in Roma-nia uses “Everything for the Motherland” in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 Final Report(PDF). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.). Archived 2009-10-31.

[4] Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism 1914– 1945 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pages277–289) ISBN 0-299-14874-2

[5] Codreanu,Corneliu Zelea(1936). “Echipa morții” [DeathSquad]. Pentru legionari [For the Legionaries ] (PDF) (inRomanian). Retrieved 15 January 2013.

[6] Bucur, Maria “Romania” pages 57–78 fromWomen, Gen-der and Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 edited by KevinPassmore, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,2003 page 77.






[12] Bucur, Maria “Romania” pages 57–78 fromWomen, Gen-

der and Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 edited by KevinPassmore, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,2003 page 67.


[14] Bucur, Maria “Romania” pages 57–78 fromWomen, Gen-der and Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 edited by KevinPassmore, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,2003 pages 67–68.

[15] Bucur, Maria “Romania” pages 57–78 fromWomen, Gen-der and Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 edited by KevinPassmore, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,2003 pages 67–68.


[17] Ioanid, “The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian IronGuard”.

[18] Hugh Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution,Methuen & Co. London, 1950, p. 84

[19] Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe in the TwentiethCentury-And After , London: Routledge, 1997 page 115.




[23] Ancel, Jean “Antonescu and the Jews” pages 463–479from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Un-known, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited byMichael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 1999 page 463.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Seton-Watsonftp://ftp.hmr.ro/De_Citit/Pentru%2520Legionari.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299148742http://www.webcitation.org/5kwrXBk32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDFhttp://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_Holocaust_in_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_Holocaust_in_Romaniahttp://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannicahttp://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%2527s_Encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/022608647Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/022608647Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Paynehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_Trifahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legionary_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard_death_squadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_crosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_crosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneliu_Codreanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_culthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_culthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentru_Patriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romania


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7






[29] Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic,Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4)

[30] Haynes, Rebecca “German Historians and the RomanianNational Legionary State 1940-41” pages 676-683 fromThe Slavonic and East European Review Volume 71, Issue# 4, October 1993 page 681.


[32] Iordachi, p.39



[35] Keith Hitchins, Rumania, 1866–1947 (1994) pp 457–69

[36] Simpson, ChristopherBlowback America’s Recruitmentof Nazis and its Effects on the Cold War , New York: Weiden-

feld & Nicolson, 1988 page 255.

[37] Holocaust Encyclopedia.

[38] “New Order,” Time magazine, Feb 10, 1941.

[39] Simpson, ChristopherBlowback America’s Recruitmentof Nazis and its Effects on the Cold War , New York: Weiden-feld & Nicolson, 1988 page 255.

[40] Simpson, ChristopherBlowback America’s Recruitmentof Nazis and its Effects on the Cold War , New York: Weiden-feld & Nicolson, 1988 page 255.

[41] Ioanid, Radu “The Holocaust in Romania: The IasiPogrom of June 1941” pages 119-148 from Contempo-rary European History, Volume 2, Issue # 2, July 1993page 124

[42] Ioanid, Radu “The Holocaust in Romania: The IasiPogromof June 1941” pages 119-148 fromContemporaryEuropean History, Volume 2, Issue # 2, July 1993 pages130

[43] Behr, Edward Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite, New York:Villard Books, 1991 page 111.

[44] Behr, Edward Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite, New York:Villard Books, 1991 page 111.

8 References

• Chioveanu, Mihai. Faces of Fascism, by (Universityof Bucharest, 2005, Chapter 5: The Case of Roma-nian Fascism, ISBN 973-737-110-0).

• Coogan, Kevin. Dreamer of the Day: Francis

Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International (Autonomedia, 1999, ISBN 1-57027-039-2).

• Ioanid, Radu. “The Sacralised Politics of the Roma-nian Iron Guard,” Totalitarian Movements & Politi-cal Religions , Volume 5, Number 3 (Winter 2004),pp. 419–453.

• Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel ,(Columbia University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-88033-189-5).

• Iordachi, Constantin. “Charisma, Religion, and Ide-

ology: Romania’s Interwar Legion of the ArchangelMichael”, in John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (eds.),Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-century Southeastern Europe, Central Eu-ropean University Press, Budapest, 2004

• Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M.The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania by (Hoover Institution Press, 1970).

• Payne, Stanley G.Fascism: Comparison and Deni-tion, pg. 115–118 (University of Wisconsin Press,1980, ISBN 0-299-08060-9).

• Ronnett, Alexander E. The Legionary Movement Loyola University Press, 1974; second editionpublished as Romanian Nationalism: The Le- gionary Movement by Romanian-American Na-tional Congress, 1995, ISBN 0-8294-0232-2).

• Sima, Horia The History of the Legionary Move-ment , (Legionary Press, 1995, ISBN 1-899627-01-4).

• Thompson, Keith M. Codreanu and the Iron Guard (2010)

• Volovici, Leon. Nationalist Ideology and Anti-semitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the1930s , by, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899627014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899627014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Simahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0829402322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299080609https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Paynehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nagy-Talaverahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880331895https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880331895https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1570270392https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9737371100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharesthttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932546,00.htmlhttp://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005472


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8 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Weber, Eugen. “Romania” in The European Right: A Historical Prole edited by Hans Rogger and Eu-gen Weber (University of California Press, 1965)

• Weber, Eugen. “The Men of the Archangel” in In-ternational Fascism: New Thoughts and Approaches

edited by George L. Mosse (SAGE Publications,1979, ISBN 0-8039-9842-2 and ISBN 0-8039-9843-0 [Pbk]).

8.1 Primary sources

• Fascism (Oxford Readers) edited by Roger Griffin,Part III, A., xi. “Romania”, pg 219–222 (OxfordUniversity Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-289249-5).

• The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michael Sturdza by Mihail R. Sturdza (American OpinionBooks, 1968, ISBN 0-88279-214-8).

• Troy Southgate, From Lightning: Corneliu Co-dreanu, Horia Sima and the Story of the RomanianIron Guard (Black Front Press, 2016).

8.2 In German

• Heinen, Armin. Die Legion “Erzengel Michael” inRumänien, (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1986,ISBN 978-3-486-53101-5) – one of the major his-torical contribution to the study of the RomanianIron Guard.

• Totok, William. „Rechtsradikalismus und Revi-sionismus in Rumänien“ (I-VII), in: Halbjahress-chrift für südosteuropäischeGeschichte Literaturund Politik , 13–16(2001–2004).

9 External links

• Inuential Sicilian Traditionalist rightist JuliusEvola's analysis of the Iron Guard: The Tragedy of

the Romanian Iron Guard: Codreanu• Website about the Iron Guard, produced as a class

project at Claremont College. Essays on that siteprovide a detailed picture of the growth of theIron Guard and the legionary movement, the cul-tural aspects of the movement, and the involvementof the Iron Guard in the Holocaust, as well as ayear-by-year chronology of the Iron Guard, its an-tecedent groups and rival fascist and proto-fascistmovements, beginning in 1910.

• Facing the Past. Information on the Holocaust inRomania, including the role of the Iron Guard, froma report commissioned and accepted by the Roma-nian government.

• An untold footnote to World War II. An aborted1945 mission of the Aromanian Iron Guardists inGreece.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanianshttp://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_100002_08/10/2005_61665http://www.ushmm.org/research/scholarly-presentations/symposia/holocaust-in-romania/romania-facing-its-pasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Collegehttp://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/http://thompkins_cariou.tripod.com/id15.htmlhttp://thompkins_cariou.tripod.com/id15.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Evolahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Evolahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486531015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Southgatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0882792148https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_R._Sturdzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192892495https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Griffinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_(book)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803998430https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803998430https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803998422https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Mossehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Weberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Weber


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10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text• Iron Guard Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard?oldid=703515689 Contributors: IZAK, KAMiKAZOW, Iulianu, Bogdan-

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tors: ? Original artist: ?• File:CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

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