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NATURA MONTENEGRINA, Podgorica, 2011, 10(4): 435-466 IRANIAN THRIPINAE WITH CTENIDIA LATERALLY ON THE ABDOMINAL TERGITES (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) Majid M I R A B - B A L O U & Xue-xin C H E N * Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: Thripinae, ctenidia, Frankliniella-group, Thrips-group, Stenchaetothrips, Kakothrips dentatus, host plants, distribution, Iran.

SYNOPSIS

An identification key is constructed to distinguish all genera and species of two largest groups of Iranian Thripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by having ctenidia laterally on the abdominal tergites, the Thrips and Frankliniella genus-groups. The genus Stenchaetothrips Bagnall is recorded for fauna of Iran for the first time. This is the fifth member of the Thrips genus-group recorded in Iran. Kakothrips dentatus Knechtel is newly recorded for fauna of Iran. The list of thrips-associated plants and a distribution map of both genus-groups in Iran are provided.

INTRODUCTION The world fauna of Thysanoptera is presently known to be consisted of about

6000 species placed in two suborders and nine families. The family Thripidae with more than 2000 described species is one of the largest families recognized in this order (Mound, 2011). The Thripinae, target of the present work, is the largest of the four subfamilies in the family Thripidae (Bhatti, 1979). The members of Thripinae can be distinguished from each other by different characters such as presence or absence of dorso-apical setae; but presence of ctenidia laterally on the abdominal tergites is a particularly good indicator of relationships amongst many Thripinae (Mound, 2002). Ctenidia are regular small microtrichial rows arising from an oblique line of sculpture at each side of abdominal tergites V (or IV) to VIII. This structure is present only in the Thrips genus-group and the Frankliniella genus-group, but in the former group it is situated posterior to spiracles and anterolateral to spiracles in the latter group on abdominal tergite VIII (Masumoto, 2010). These two groups are important because they include most of the recognized pest species (Mound, 2002).

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Mound and Palmer (1981) listed a series of Thripidae genera as members of the Frankliniella and Thrips genus-groups based on some morphological characteristics that are mentioned in the below key. The Frankliniella-group now comprises the nine genera i.e. Kakothrips, Iridothrips, Frankliniella, Parabaliothrips, Firmothrips, Pelikanothrips, Pseudoanaphothrips, Sitothrips and Yaobinthrips; and 14 genera in the Thrips genus group i.e. Baliothrips, Bolacothrips, Ernothrips, Stenchaetothrips, Bournierothrips, Fulmekiola, Microcephalothrips, Larothrips, Rhinothripiella, Sphaeropothrips, Ctenidothrips, Thrips, Stenothrips and Toxonothrips (Mound and Masumoto, 2005; Mound, 2009; Zhang et al., 2010). In Iran, the following four genera i.e. Thrips, Microcephalothrips, Stenothrips and Sphaeropothrips have been recorded as members of the Thrips-group (Minaei et al., 2007); and three genera are members of the Frankliniella-group: Frankliniella, Kakothrips and Sitothrips.

The objective of this paper is to provide a key to identifying the genera of Thripinae by having ctenidia on abdominal tergites that can be recognized currently in Iran; with the first record of the fifth member of the Thrips-group namely, Stenchaetothrips Bagnall for the fauna of this country. After the key, comments are provided for each genus. Full nomenclatural details for all taxa are available in the catalogue of World Thysanoptera at: http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/ worldthrips.html.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were collected from different sites of Iran during 2008–2010 in the

provinces of Alborz (51º 424'N, 35º 672'E, alt. 1149m), Azarbaijan-e-sharghi (46º 292' N, 38º 080'E, alt. 1395m), Hamedan (48º 600'N, 34º 867' E, alt. 1395m), Kermanshah (47º 065'N, 34º 314'E, alt. 1389m), Kordestan (46º 999'N, 35º 310'E, alt. 1464m), Qazvin (49○ 699'N, 36○ 063'E, alt. 1263m), and Zanjan (49º 220'N, 36º 136'E, alt. 1531m). The specimens were collected with sweep net, shaking the host-plants over a white plate and using a small brush for transfering thrips into 70% alcohol. The method for preparing and mounting thrips on slides follows Mirab-balou and Chen (2010). All descriptions, measurements and photos were made with a Leica DM IRB microscope, with a Leica Image 1000 system. All specimens are deposited in the Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (ZJUH).

The locality in Iran is indicated for each species by the name of province, followed by the name of county, and finally the name of locality; the locality is preceded by the number of specimens.

Abbreviations are as follows: AA (anteroangular setae), ALM (anterolateral marginal setae), AM (anteromarginal setae), AO (anteocellar setae), IO (interocellar

Mirab-balou & Chen: IR ANIAN THRIP INAE WITH CTENIDIA L ATER ALLY ON THE . . .

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setae), MCS (metanotal campaniform sensilla), PA (posteroangular setae), PM (posteromarginal setae), PMS (posteromarginal submedian setae), PS (postocular setae), WFT (Western Flower Thrips), TSWV (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus); MPGBAS (Medicinal Plants Garden of Bu-Ali Sina), MMB (Majid Mirab-balou).

KEY TO FRANKLINIELLA AND THRIPS GENUS-GROUPS IN IRAN

1. Abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidium situated antero-lateral to spiracle (Fig. 2). Head with two pairs of anteocellar setae (ocellar setae pair I present) (Figs. 15, 17-20, 25). Antennae 8-segmented (Fig. 3, 5-6). Metanotal median setae situated at anterior margin (Fig. 37). Pronotal posteromarginal median minor setae present (Figs. 22, 25). Abdominal tergites VI-VII with discal setae S1 larger than S2 (Fig. 40) ········································································ Frankliniella genus-group

- Abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidium situated posterior to spiracle (Fig. 1). Head

with only one pair of anteocellar setae (ocellar setae pair I absent) (Figs. 16, 27). Antennae 7 or 8-segmented (Figs. 8-9). Metanotal median setae situated at behind or anterior of posterior margin (Fig. 38). Pronotal posteromarginal median minor setae absent (Fig. 26). Abdominal tergites VI-VII with discal setae S1 smaller than S2 (Fig. 39) ····················································· Thrips genus-group

I. Frankliniella genus-group in Iran Three genera considered members of the Frankliniella-group i.e. Frankliniella,

Kakothrips and Sitothrips are reported here in Iran. Amongst them, species of Frankliniella are considered pests for agricultural crops and flowers, because of the direct damage they cause to plant tissue during feeding and the transmission of pathogenic agents, especially viruses (Mirab-balou and Chen, 2009). The following key separates these three genera in Iran. The host plants of this group are given in table 1; and the distribution map for this group in Iran is provided in figure 46. The members of this group in Iran are mostly related with family Rosaceae.


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Table 1 : Host p lants o f spec ies o f Frank l in ie l la -group in I ran (1 ) F. occ identa l is , (2 ) F. pa l l ida , (3 ) F. schul tze i , (4 ) F. in tonsa , (5 ) F. tenuicorn is , (6 ) K.

denta tus , (7 ) K. p is ivorus , (8 ) K. pr iesner i , (9 ) S. arab icus .

Host Plants Thrips species

Family Scientific name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum comosum +

AMARANTACEAE Amaranthus albus + +

ANACARDIACEAE Pistacia vera +

APOCYNACEAE Nerium oleander + +

ASCLEPIADACEAE Calotropis procera +

ASTERACEAE Achillea milefolium +

Anthemis cotula + +

Artemisia dracunculus +

Centaurea spp. + + +

Chrysanthemum segetum + +

Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff + + +

Echinops spp. + +

Gundelia tournefortii +

Helianthus annus + + +

Lactuca sativa + +

Leucanthemum vulgare + +

Onopordum acanthium +

Tagetes erecta + +

Tanacetum rarthenium +

BIGNONIACEAE Campsis radican + + + +

CANNACEAE Canna indica +

CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus arvensis + + + + +

Convolvulus tricolor +

CRUCIFERAE Capsella bursa-pastoris +

Sinapis arvensis +

Sisymbrium irio + + + +

CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus vulgaris +

Cucumis pepo + + +

ELEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus angustifolia +

EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia spp. + + +

Mercurialis annua + +

FAGACEAE Quercus brantii +

GRAMINEAE Avena fatua + +

Bromus spp. +

Cynodon dactylon +


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Hordeum spp. + + + + +

Lolium multiflorum +

Oryza sativa + + + +

Triticum sativum + + +

Zea mays +

IRIDACEAE Gladiolus communis +

Iris germanica +

LABIATAE Mentha longifolia +

Salvia nemorosa + +

Stachys officinalis + +

LAMIACEAE Nepeta koeieana +

LEGUMINOSAE Caesalpinia gilliesii +

Glycinea max + +

Medicago sativa + + +

Melilotus officinalis + +

Phaseolus vulgaris +

Trifolium pratense + + +

Trigonella corniculata +

Vicia villosa +

Vicia sativa +

Securigera varia + +

LILIACEAE Allium porrum +

MALVACEAE Althaea officinalis + + +

Gossypium herbaceum +

Malva sylvestris +

MORACEAE Morus alba +

OLEACEAE Forsythia suspensa +

Ligustrum ovalifolium +

Olea europaea +

Syringa vulgaris +

PAPAVERACEAE Papaver spp. +

RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus acer + +

ROSACEAE Hulthemia persica + + +

Malus pumila Mill. + +

Rosa spp. + + + + +

Spiraea crenata +

RUTACEAE Citrus spp. +

SCROPHULARIACEAE Antirrhinum majus +

Verbascum sp. +


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TAMARICACEAE Tamarix sp. +

TROPAEOLACEAE Tropaeolum majus + + +

UMBELLIFERAE Daucus carota + +

Foeniculam vulgare +

Petroselinum crispum +

VITACEAE Vitis vinifgera +

KEY TO GENERA OF FRANKLINIELLA-GROUP IN IRAN 1. Pronotal anterior margin without long setae (Fig. 25). Meso- and metathoracic

furcae both without spinula. Maxillary palps 2-segmented (Fig. 13). [Fore tarsi with two small teeth, one at the apex of the tarsus, the other at the end of the first segment (Fig. 4)] ······························································ Sitothrips Priesner

- Pronotal anterior margin with 1 or 2 pairs of setae that are much longer than discal setae (Figs. 22-24). Spinula present on mesothoracic furcae. Maxillary palps 3-segmented ······················································································· 2

2. Fore tarsi have tooth at apex (Figs. 10, 12). Interocellar setae situated between posterior pair of ocelli (Figs. 17-18). Setae S1 on sternite VII inserted anterior to posterior margin (Fig. 31). ctenidia only developed on tergites VI-VII ················ ······················································································· Kakothrips Williams

- Fore tarsi without teeth (Fig. 11). Interocellar setae situated in front of posterior pair of ocelli (Fig. 15). Setae S1 on sternite VII inserted on the posterior margin; ctenidia on tergites VI-VIII well developed ··························· Frankliniella Karny

I.1. Frankliniella Karny Frankliniella Karny, 1910: 46. This is a large genus of about 230 species, 90% of which are from Neotropics

(Mound and Marullo, 1996; Mound, 2002, 2011), with only five species recorded in Iran (Bhatti et al., 2009): F. intonsa (Trybom), F. occidentalis (Pergande), F. pallida (Uzel), F. schultzei (Trybom) and F. tenuicornis (Uzel). Although, Bhatti et al. (2009) have been recorded F. sulphurea Schmutz from Iran but this species is currently synonymized with F. schultzei (Trybom) (Wang et al., 2010). Most Frankliniella species live within the flowers of plants and some species feed on leaves as well as on flowers; and some species like WFT are known to feed on the tissues of both flowers and leaves (Mound et al., 2005). In addition, the members of this genus, especially WFT are able to act as vectors of one or more tospoviruses (de Borbón et al., 2006). According to transmission of viruses by Frankliniella species in the world,


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it seems all species of this genus in Iran can transmit viruses to different plants but this requires further study.

Taxonomically, keys are now available for the identification of species of genus Frankliniella from many parts of the world: Moulton, 1948 (world species); Bailey, 1957 (California); Stannard, 1968 (Illinois); Sakimura and O’neill, 1979 (world species); Mound and Marullo, 1996 (Central and South America); Han, 1997 (China); and zur Strassen, 2003a (Europe and Mediterranean).

Amongst species of Frankliniella in Iran, F. intonsa is widely distributed. Separation of five agricultural important species of Frankliniella in Iran was based on morphological characteristics i.e. head, antennae, metanotum, pronotum, etc, which are indicated in the key below.

KEY TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIES OF FRANKLINIELLA IN IRAN 1. Metanotum with two campaniform sensilla (Figs 37) ···································· 2 - Metanotum without campaniform sensilla (cf. Fig. 38) ····································· 3

2. Pronotum with four pairs of small median anteromarginal setae; AM and other AA of almost equal length (Fig. 22); PS4 usually as long as IO (Fig. 15), although a little shorter than them; S1 setae on abdominal tergite IX clearly shorter than S2 ············································································· F. occidentalis (Pergande)

- Pronotum with two pairs of small median anteromarginal setae; AM clearly shorter than AA; PS4 much shorter than IO; abdominal tergite IX with S1 setae as long as S2 ···················································································· F. pallida (Uzel)

3. Posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII present; antennal segment VIII as long as VII (Figs. 5-6); ocellar setae III arising in front of posterior ocelli and with long distance in base (Figs. 19-20) ························································· 4

- Posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII completely lacking, or only a few microtrichia present laterally; antennal segment VIII clearly (1.8-2.1 times) longer than VII; ocellar setae III situated between the two hind ocelli . . . . . . . ············· ················································································ F. schultzei (Trybom)

4. Head prolonged slightly in front of the eyes (Fig. 20); length of compound eyes shorter than length of cheeks (a<b) (Fig. 20); antennae brown, except segments III and IV (Fig. 5); segment III longer than IV; segment III 3 times longer than wide (Fig. 5); ALM of pronotum much shorter than the AA F. tenuicornis (Uzel)

- Head not prolonged in front of the eyes; length of compound eyes longer than length of cheeks (a>b) (Fig. 19); antennae brown, except segments III-V (Fig. 6); segment III 2 times longer than wide (Fig. 6) ··············· F. intonsa (Trybom)


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I.1.1. Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) Thrips intonsa Trybom, 1895: 182, 188. Frankliniella intonsa: Karny, 1912: 336.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hamedan province: Hamedan, 1♀, Abbasabad, from common sage, Salvia nemorosa L. (Lamiaceae), 20.vii.2009, 1♀ from bulbous barley, Hordeum bulbosum L. (Poaceae), 17.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♂, Charmsazi, from bridal-wreaths, Spiraea sp. (Rosaceae), 26.iv.2008, 1♀ from betony, Stachys officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), 27.vii.2008, 1♀ from hulthemia, Rosa persica Gmel. (Rosaceae), 27.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 4♀, Amzajerd, from watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris L. (Cucurbitaceae), 20.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Bu-Ali Sina University, from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), 01.vii.2009, 24♀1♂ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2010, 24♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2008, 2♀ from alba Semi-Plena, Rosa alba 'Semi-plena' (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2008, 1♀ from bridal-wreaths, Spiraea sp. (Rosaceae), 04.vi.2008, 34♀4♂ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 05.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Cheshmeh malek, from carrot, Daucus carota (Apiaceae), 04.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Dizaj, from Tanacetum rarthenium (Asteraceae), 07.vii.2008, 1♀ from Papaver sp. (Papaveraceae), 07.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Eram Bld., from wall barley, Hordeum murinum L. (Poaceae), 05.vi.2009, 2♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Famenin, from hedge mustard, Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Brassicaceae), 18.iv.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Ganjnameh, from buttercup, Ranunculus acer L. (Ranunculaceae), 22.iv.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 3♀, Gara Cheqa, from fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), 05.vi.2008, 1♀ from Russian-olive, Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Eleagnaceae), 06.vii.2008, 3♀ from sunflower, Helianthus annus L. (Asteraceae), 14.vii.2010, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Heydareh, from shepherd's-purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae), 24.iv.2008, 1♀ from buttercup, Ranunculus acer L. (Ranunculaceae), 18.v.2009, 1♀ from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 10.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Bahar, 1♀, Lalejin, from meliot, Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (Fabaceae), 07.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 3♀, Literature College, from lesser bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), 19.v.2008, 3♀ from marsh-mallow, Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae), 27.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 3♀, Maryanaj, from dahlia, Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff (Asteraceae), 10.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♂, Medical college, from Echinops sp. (Asteraceae), 15.v.2008, 1♀ from marguerite, Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Asteraceae), 14.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Nahavand, from Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 02.vii.2009, 1♀ from apple, Malus pumila Mill. (Rosaceae), 04.vi.2009, 2♀ from wild trefoil, Trigonella corniculata L. (Fabaceae), 04.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Qahavand, from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 25.iv.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 3♀, Sadd-e-Ekbatan, from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 07.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH);


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Hamedan, 1♀, Science College, from yellow chamomile, Anthemis cotula L. (Asteraceae), 26.iv.2008, 13♀1♂ from Forsythia suspensa (Oleaceae), 14.vi.2008, 5♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 14.vi.2008, 12♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 14.vi.2008, 17♀2♂ from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), 26.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Sulan, from squash, Cucumis pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), 17.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Tu'i Jin, from common mallow, Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae), 08.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Alborz province: Karaj, 1♀, Karaj, from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), 13.vii.2009, 2♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 28.v.2009, 1♀ from Forsythia suspensa (Oleaceae), 30.v.2009, 1♀ from mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), 30.v.2009, 4♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 27.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Karaj, 1♀, Mohandesine Zeraii, from lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae), 1♀ from wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicacae), 28.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Karaj, 2♀, Zibadasht, from Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 28.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 2♀, DroodFaraman, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 11.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Kermanshah, 1♀, Sarab Nilufar, from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 12.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Qazvin province: Takestan, 1♀, Takestan, from hedge mustard, Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Brassicaceae), 30.vi.2009, 2♀ from Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae), 06.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Azarbaijan-e-sharghi province: Tabriz, 1♂, Miyaneh, from rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), 26.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Zanjan province: Zanjan, 1♀, Yengijeh, from Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), 2♀ from crown vetch, Securigera varia (L.) Lassen (Fabaceae), 1♀ from orchard alfalfa, Lotus goebelia Vent. (Fabaceae), 25.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS. Female L= 1.6-1.8 mm; male L= 1.2 mm. Body yellow or yellowish brown, antennal segments I-II brown, III-V yellowish, apices of segments IV and V brownish, VI to VIII brown; legs predominantly yellow; forewings clear yellow. Head widest at base (Fig. 19). Antennae 8-segmented, segment VIII as long as VII (Fig. 6); antennal segments III and IV with forked sense cones. Pronotum with five pairs of major setae; AM shorter than AA, one pair of minor setae present medially between PM submedian setae. Metanotum with two pairs of setae at anterior margin, MCS absent. Forewings with two complete rows of dark setae and fringe cilia wavy (Fig. 21). Abdominal tergite VIII with sparse comb of microtrichia on posterior margin; sternites without discal setae. Male similar to female but smaller and paler; with broad pore plate on sternites III-VII (Fig. 42).

REMARKS. F. intonsa is an important pest species in Iran, which is found on flowers of various herbs and woody plants.

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: This species has been reported at many localities in Iran, i.e. Khuzestan (Cheraghian and Hojat, 1998), Fars (Minaei and Alichi, 2000), Kerman (Kheyrandish koshkoei et al., 2000), Golestan (Alavi and Zur Strassen, 2002), Tehran (Jalili Moghadam and Azmayesh Fard, 2004), Alborz (Pirafkan et al., 2006), and Guilan (Jalali Sendi et al., 2011).


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It was recorded for the first time in the following provinces: Hamedan, Kermanshah, Qazvin, Zanjan, Kordestan and Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi provinces. Widespread around the world (Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

I.1.2. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, 1895: 392. Frankliniella occidentlis Karny, 1912: 335.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hamedan province: Hamedan, 2♂, Charmsazi, from hulthemia, Rosa persica Gmel. (Rosaceae), 27.vii.2008, 1♀ from parsley, Petroselinum crispum Mill. (Apiaceae), 22.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Ganjnameh, from buttercup, Ranunculus acer L. (Ranunculaceae), 22.iv.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Literature College, from lesser bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), 1♀ from carrot, Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae), 19.v.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Madani town, from globe thistle, Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (Asteraceae), 10.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Qahavand, from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 25.iv.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Saiidieh, from white mulberry, Morus alba L. (Moraceae), 03.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 3♀, Science College, from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 2♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 14.vi.2008, 2♀ from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), 26.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH). Alborz province: Karaj, 2♀, Karaj, from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. 13.vii.2009, 1♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 28.v.2009, 1♂ from Gladiolus, Gladiolus communis L. (Iridaceae), 1♂ from saladburnet, Poterium sanguisorba L. (Rosaceae), 28.v.2009, 1♀ from Forsythia suspensa, 1♀ from Mexican marigols, Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae), 1♀ from darnel, Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Poaceae), 30.v.2009, 5♀4♂ from Rosa sp. 27.v.2009, 4♀2♂ from alba Semi-Plena, Rosa alba 'Semi-plena' (Rosaceae), 27.v.2009, 1♀ from Centurea sp., 4♀ from London rocket, Sisymbrium irio L. (Brassicaceae),, 1♀ from oval-leaved privet, Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. (Oleaceae), 1♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 29.v.2009, 3♀1♂ from golden bells, Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae), 28.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Karaj, 1♀, Mohandesine Zeraii, from wall barley, Hordeum murinum L. (Poaceae), 28.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Karaj-ValadAbad, 1♀ from mercury, Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae), 1♀ from lesser bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), 28.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Karaj, 1♀, Zibadasht, from Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 28.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 1♀, Ahangaran, from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 13.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Azarbaijan-e-sharghi province: Tabriz, 1♀, Miyaneh, from rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), 26.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS. Female L= 1.8 mm; male L= 1.4 mm. Body and legs yellow with brown patch on abdominal tergites; antennal segments III-V yellow (Fig. 3); forewing pale with dark setae. Head with ocellar setae pair III arising on anterior margins of


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triangle (Fig. 15); PS pair I present. Antennae 8-segmented; with forked sense cone on segments III and IV (Fig. 3), VIII longer than VII. Pronotum with five pairs of major setae; AM slightly shorter than AA, one pair of minor setae present medially between PMS (Fig. 22). Metanotum with two pairs of setae at anterior margin, MCS present (Fig. 37). Abdominal tergite VIII complete, with short slender microtrichia. Abdominal sternites III-VII without discal setae. Male with postero-lateral setae stout on tergite IX; tergite VIII without marginal comb; abdominal sternites III-VII with transverse glandular area (Fig. 44).

REMARKS. Sometimes MCS is not easily visible because of bad preparation and certainly occidentalis sometimes lacks MCS (Personal communication with Dr. L.A. Mound, 2010-02-02).

F. occidentalis (western flower thrips; WFT) is the most serious pest species in this genus worldwide. WFT originated from the western US, but is now widely distributed throughout the world (Kirk and Terry, 2003). It is a pest on various agricultural crops, and is an important vector of tospoviruses (Peters et al., 1996). At least TSWV, tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV), and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) were proven to be transmitted by these thrips. These viruses are recognized as limiting factors in the production of a large number of horticultural crops.

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Tehran (Jalili Moghadam and Azmayesh Fard, 2004), Khuzestan (Bagheri and Alavi, 2006); Hamedan, Zanjan, Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi, Alborz and Qazvin (newly reported distribution places in Iran); widespread around the world (Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

I.1.3. Frankliniella pallida (Uzel) Physopus pallida Uzel, 1895: 101.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hamedan province: Hamedan, 1♀, Abbasabad, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 1♀ from common sage, Salvia nemorosa L. (Lamiaceae), 20.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, AbdorRahim, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 07.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); 1♀ from hulthemia, Rosa persica Gmel. (Rosaceae), 27.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Azandarian, from Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae), 18.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Bu-Ali Sina University, from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Dizaj, from horse mint, Mentha longifolia L. (Lamiaceae), 07.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 4♀, Eram Bld., from Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae), 22.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Ganjnameh, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 1♀ from Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae), 17.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Heydareh, 2♀ from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 13.vii.2009, 1♀ from apple, Malus pumila Mill. (Rosaceae), 27.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 7♀, Heydareh Qazi Khan, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 2♀ from large Russian vetch, Vicia villosa Roth (Fabaceae), 1♀ from


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horse mint, Mentha longifolia L. (Lamiaceae), 1♀ from meliot, Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (Fabaceae), 14.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 2♀, Kurijan, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 07.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Literature College, from marsh-mallow, Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae), 27.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Nahavand, from squash, Cucumis pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), 03.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Science College, from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), 26.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Sulan, 1♀ from squash, Cucumis pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), 1♀ from sunflower, Helianthus annus L. (Asteraceae), 17.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH). Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 1♀, Sarableh, from squash, Cucumis pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), 13.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Kordestan province: Sanandaj, 1♀, Bijar, from yellow Star-thistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), 1♀ from tarragon, Artemisia dracunculus L. (Asteraceae), 12.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Qazvin province: Takestan, 1♀, Takestan, from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 1♂ from Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 30.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Zanjan province: Zanjan, 1♀, Yengijeh, from vetch, Securigera varia (L.) Lassen (Fabaceae), 1♂ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 25.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS. Female L= 1.3 mm; male L= 1.2 mm. Body yellow; head and legs yellow, antennae yellow; wings light yellow; abdomen mostly yellow or with light brown. Antennae 8-segmented; segments III and IV each with forked sensorium; segment V clearly brighter than VI. Head transverse; inter-ocular setae well developed. Pronotum with two pairs of small median anteromarginal setae; AM clearly shorter than AA; PS pair S4 much shorter than IO; abdominal tergite IX with S1 setae as long as S2. Male with transverse glandular areas on sternites III-VII (Fig. 45).

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Khuzestan (Cheraghian and Hojat, 1998), Fars (Minaei and Alichi, 2000), Lorestan (Jafari and Fallahzadeh, 2004), Tehran (Jalili Moghadam and Azmayesh Fard, 2004); Hamedan, Kermanshah, Alborz, Kordestan, Qazvin and Zanjan (newly reported distribution places in Iran); China, Austria, France, Tunisia, Czech Republic (Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

I.1.4. Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) Physopus schultzei Trybom, 1910: 151. Frankliniella schultzei Karny, 1912: 334. Frankliniella sulphurea Schmutz, 1913: 1019.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 3♀, sarableh, from Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), 13.vii.2009, 1♀ from corn marigold, Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. (Asteraceae), 18.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Qazvin province: Takestan, 2♀, Takestan, from lesser bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), 11.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).


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DIAGNOSIS. Female L= 1.2 mm; male L= 1.0 mm. Body yellowish brown, with dark to orange yellow thorax; forewing pale with dark setae; antennal segments III-V yellow at least at base. Head widest behind eyes. Antennae 8-segmented; segments III and IV with forked sense cones; segment VIII longer than VII. Pronotum with five pairs of major setae; AM slightly shorter than AA, one pair of minor setae present medially between PMS. Metanotum with two pairs of setae at anterior margin, MCS absent. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII not developed. Abdominal sternites III-VII without discal setae. Male with a few teeth laterally on posterior margin of tergite VIII; sternites III-VII with broadly transverse glandular area.

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Khuzestan (Cheraghian and Hojat, 1998), Kerman (kheyrandish koshkoei et al., 2000), Tehran (Jalili Moghadam and Azmayesh Fard, 2004); Kermanshah and Qazvin (newly reported distribution places in Iran); widespread around the world (Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

I.1.5. Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) Physopus tenuicornis Uzel, 1895: 99. Frankliniella tenuicornis: Karny, 1912: 334.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hamedan province: Hamedan, 1♂, Jameshlu, from Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 21.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Charmsazi, from betony, Stachys officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), 27.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Bu-Ali Sina University, from trumpet vine, Campsis radicans Seem. (Bignoniaceae), 01.vii.2009, 2♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 02.vii.2008, 1♀ from alba Semi-Plena, Rosa alba 'Semi-plena' (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2008, 4♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 02.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀1♂, Dizaj, from wild oat, Avena fatua L. (Poaceae), 07.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 2♀, Gara Cheqa, from squash, Cucumis pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), 1♀ from London rocket, Sisymbrium irio L. (Brassicaceae), 20.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Ghaeem Sq., from sunflower, Helianthus annus L. (Asteraceae), 14.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♂, Heydareh, from German iris, Iris germanica L. (Iridaceae), 11.v.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀1♂, Literature College, from marsh-mallow, Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae), 27.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Maryanaj, from dahlia, Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff (Asteraceae), 10.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 2♀, Nahavand, from leek, Allium porrum (L.) J. Gay (Amaryllidaceae), 03.vii.2009, 5♀1♂ from maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), 10.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Kabudar Ahang, 2♀, Noojeh, from wall barley, Hordeum murinum L. (Poaceae), 09.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Science College, from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 3♀ from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 14.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Sulan, from squash, Cucumis pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), 17.vii.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♂, Tu'i Jin, from spider plant, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques (Agavaceae), 08.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, YeknAbad, from bulbous barley, Hordeum bulbosum L.


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(Poaceae), 06.v.2009, 2♂ from Triticum aestivum L. 25.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Alborz province: Karaj, 1♀, Mohandesine Zeraii, from lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae), 28.v.2009, Karaj, 1♀, ValadAbad, from mercury, Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae), 1♀ from lesser bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), 28.v.2009, Karaj, 2♀, Zibadasht, from yarrow, Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), 28.v.2010, MMB, (in ZJUH). Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 1♀, Ahangaran, from Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 13.vi.2009, Kermanshah, 1♀, Choqa narges, from Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae), 14.vi.2009, Gareh choqa, 1♀ from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 11.v.2009, Mahidasht, 7♀1♂ from Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 14.vi.2009, Sarab nilufar, 2♀ from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 20.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Azarbaijan-e-sharghi province: Tabriz, 4♀2♂, Miyaneh, from rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), 1♀ from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), 26.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS. Female L= 1.8 mm; male L= 1.3 mm. Body dark yellowish brown, head yellowish brown, legs yellow with femora shaded brown in basal halves; antennae brown except segments III-IV (Fig. 5); forewing pale with dark setae. Head prolonged slightly in front of the eyes (Fig. 20), it is an important characteristic for distinguishing from other species; ocellar setae III arising anterior to lateral margins (Fig. 20); PS pair I present. Antennae 8-segmented; with forked sense cones on III-IV (Fig. 5), VIII scarcely longer than VII. Pronotal AM setae distinctly shorter than AA, one pair of minor setae present medially between PMS. Metanotum with two pairs of setae at anterior margin, MCS absent. Abdominal tergite VIII with a comb of broadly based microtrichia. Abdominal sternites III-VII without discal setae. Male yellow; sternites III-VII with narrow glandular areas (Fig. 43).

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Fars (Minaei and Alichi, 2000; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011), Golestan (Alavi and Zur Strassen, 2002, Alavi et al., 2007), Isfahan (Etebari and Hesami, 2002), Tehran (Jalili Moghadam and Azmayesh Fard, 2004), Alborz (Pirafkan et al., 2006), Guilan (Jalali Sendi et al., 2011); Hamedan, Kermanshah and Azarbaijan-e-sharghi (newly reported distribution places in Iran); China, Czech Republic, USA (Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

I.2. Kakothrips Williams Kakothrips Williams, 1914: 248.

This genus includes seven species in the world (Mound, 2011). Two of them have been recorded in Iran (Bhatti et al., 2009). It is closely related to the Frankliniella, but in genus Kakothrips the pronotum lacks a pair of minor setae medially on the posterior margin. In addition, the males of Kakothrips species have a pair of stout tubercles laterally on abdominal tergite VIII, whereas none of the Frankliniella species has such structures (Moritz et al., 2001). Here, K. dentatus Knechtel is newly recorded in the fauna of Iran. The following key is constructed for identifying three species from Iran.


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KEY TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIES OF KAKOTHRIPS IN IRAN 1. Fore tarsus with an elongated truncated tooth (Fig. 10); male with oval glandular

area on abdominal sternites III-VI (Fig. 36); [pronotal AA as long as or slightly longer than AM (Fig. 23); apex of middle tibiae with two thick setae (Fig. 28);postocular setae S4 much stronger than S1 or S3 (Fig. 18)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. dentatus Knechtel

- Fore tarsus has a pointed or short blunt tooth (Figs. 12); male with glandular area on abdominal sternites III-VII (Fig. 35). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Antennal segment IV brown; fore legs in distal half with two longitudinal rows of dense setae; tergite IX of male with thick setae . . . . . . . . . . K. priesneri Pelikan

- Antennal segment IV yellow or yellowish brown (Fig. 7); fore legs without dense rows of setae; tergite IX of male with normal setae (Fig. 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K. pisivorus (Westwood)

I.2.1. Kakothrips dentatus Knechtel Kakothrips dentatus Knechtel, 1939: 322.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 2♀, Allahyarkhani, from wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch. (Poaceae), 10♀1♂ from Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae), 11.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS: Female L= 1.8 mm; male L= 1.2 mm. Body and legs brown, fore tarsi yellow, antennal segment III and IV yellow (Fig. 34), the rest brown; forewings light brown to brown. Head with two large inter-ocular setae situated between posterior ocelli well-developed; postocular setae pair IV well developed and longer than others (Fig. 18). Pronotum with AA as long as or slightly longer than AM (Fig. 23); metanotum with median setae arising close to anterior margin, campaniform sensilla present; middle tibiae with two thick setae on apex (Fig. 28). Abdominal tergite VIII with complete comb on posterior margin; sternites without discal setae (Fig. 31); setae S1 on sternite VII a little anterior to posterior margin (Fig. 31). Male smaller than female, with oval glandular area on sternites III-VI (Fig. 36).

MEASUREMENTS OF FEMALE IN ΜM (WIDTH): Body 1850-1950 (male: 1250); head 153-162 (195-210). Antenna 275-295; I 32 (35), II 44 (35), III 54 (27), IV 50 (22), V 33 (26), VI 55 (30), VII 9 (6), VIII 15 (4); pronotum 165-175 (238-252); AA 80, AM 65, outer PA 80, inner PA 90, PM 50; forewing 930-1010 (50-60), hind wing 850-900 (35-42).

DISTRIBUTION: Iran: Kermanshah province; Georgia, Crimea, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic (Zur Strassen, 2003a).

I.2.2. Kakothrips pisivorus (Westwood) Thrips pisivorus Westwood, 1880: 206.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Hamedan province: Hamedan, 4♀1♂, Heydareh, from


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tare, Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae), 1♀ Centurea sp. (Asteraceae), 10.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 5♀, Azandarian, from clover, Trifolium pretense L. (Fabaceae), 18.vii.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS: Female L= 2.1 mm; male L= 1.6 mm. Body and legs brown, tarsi yellow, antennal segment III yellow, IV yellow or yellowish brown (Fig. 7); forewings light brown to brown with paler sub-basal area. Head with two large and well-developed inter-ocular setae situated between posterior ocelli; postocular setae pair IV longer than distance between posterior ocelli (Fig. 17). Pronotum with AM setae scarcely half as long as AA setae, anterior margin without minor marginal setae (Fig. 24); metanotum with median setae arising close to anterior margin, campaniform sensilla present. Abdominal tergite VIII with complete comb on posterior margin; sternites without discal setae. Male with large processes on each side of tergite VIII (Fig. 33); sternites III-VII with transverse and light-colored glandular area (Fig. 35).

DISTRIBUTION: Iran: Alborz (Pirafkan et al., 2006); Hamedan (newly reported distribution place in Iran); Western Europe (Zur Strassen, 2003a).

I.2.3. Kakothrips priesneri Pelikán Kakothrips priesneri Pelikán, 1965: 319.

Female L= 1.8-2.1 mm; male L= 1.6-1.9 mm. This species is similar to K. pisivorus and it can be distinguished from latter by having antennal segment IV brown, two longitudinal rows of dense setae in distal half of fore legs and thick setae on tergite IX of male are present (Zur Strassen, 2003a). K. priesneri has been reported by Zur Strassen (2003b) from male flower of Pistacia vera.

DISTRIBUTION: Iran: Qazvin province (zur Strassen, 2003b); Turkey, Israel, Afghanistan, Israel (Zur Strassen, 2003a).

I.3. Sitothrips Priesner Sitothrips Priesner, 1931: 127.

This genus includes four species in the world (Mound, 2011), and S. arabicus has been recorded in Iran (Bhatti et al., 2009).

I.3.1. Sitothrips arabicus Priesner Sitothrips arabicus Priesner, 1931: 127.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Hamedan province: Hamedan, 1♀, Aliabad-e-Varkaneh, from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 8.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); AsadAbad, 3♀, AsadAbad, from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) , MMB, (in ZJUH), 9.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Dizaj, from London rocket, Sisymbrium irio L. (Brassicaceae), 19.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Famenin (Niroogah), from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 20.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, Ganjnameh, 1♀ from Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 16.vi.2009, MMB,


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(in ZJUH); Hamedan, Medical college, 3♀ from gundelia, Gundelia tournefortii L. (Asteraceae), 15.v.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Razan, 2♀, Saravak, from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 21.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 3♀, YeknAbad, from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 19.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Kermanshah province: Kermanshah, 7♀, Allahyarkhani, from wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch. (Poaceae), 7♀ from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 1♀ from wild oat, Avena fatua L. (Poaceae), 1♀ from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 1♀ from yellow chamomile, Anthemis cotula L. (Asteraceae), 11.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Kermanshah, 2♀, Mahidasht, from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 14.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Kermanshah, 2♀, Sarab Nilufar, from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 12.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH); Kermanshah, 1♀, Sarableh, from lesser bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), 3♀ from barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), 2♀ from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 11.v.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH). Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi province: Tabriz, 1♀, Miyaneh, from rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), 26.vi.2009, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS: Female L= 1.7-1.8 mm; male L= 1.0-1.4 mm. Body slender, dark gray-brown. Antennae 8-segmented, segments I-II dark, II paler distally, III pale yellow, IV yellow in basal half. Fore tibia yellow, dark at margins, middle and hind tibiae dark, tarsi pale yellow; wings paler at base along fore margin, clear along hind margin; fore tarsi with two small teeth, one at the apex of the tarsus, the other at the end of the first segment (Fig. 4). Abdominal tergite VIII without comb; sternites without discal setae. Ovipositor well developed.

DISTRIBUTION: Iran: Fars (Minaei & Alichi, 2000; Minaei et al., 2001), Golestan (Gilasian et al., 2000, Alavi et al., 2007), Kerman (Kheyrandish koshkoei et al., 2000), Khorasan-e-Shomali (Alavi & Kamali, 2003), Khuzestan (Bagheri & Alavi, 2006); Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kordestan and Azarbaijan-e-sharghi (newly reported distribution places in Iran); Georgia, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Spain, Sicily, southern Morocco (Zur Strassen, 2003a).

II. Thrips genus-group in Iran Five genera from this group are reported in Iran. Amongst them, the genus

Stenchaetothrips Bagnall with one species, S. biformis is newly recorded – both genus and species in the fauna of Iran. Species of genus Thrips, especially Thrips tabaci (onion thrips), are the important pests of agricultural crops, commercial crops, greenhouses and flowers (Mirab-balou & Chen, 2009). Minaei et al. (2007) have published that the Thrips genus-group in Iran included four genera with additional information on them: Sphaeropothrips, Stenothrips, Microcephalothrips and Thrips. Here, a new key is constructed for the identification of five members of this group in Iran. The thrips associated-plants of this group are given in table 2; and the distribution map (Fig. 47) is provided for this group in Iran.


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Table 2 : Host p lants o f spec ies o f Thr ips -group in I ran (1 ) S. v i t t ipennis , (2 ) S. graminum , (3 ) M. abdomina l is , (4 ) S. b i formis , (5 ) Thr ips spp. *

Host Plants Thrips species Family Scientific name 1 2 3 4 5*

ASTERACEAE Helianthus annus + Leucanthemum vulgare +

GRAMINEAE Oryza sativa + + Hordeum spp. + + Oryza sativa + +

SALICACEAE Populus sp. +

* Mirab-balou & Chen, in prep.

KEY TO GENERA OF THRIPS GENUS-GROUP IN IRAN

[* included from Zur Strassen, 2003a, and Minaei et al., 2007] 1. Mesothoracic sternopleural sutures absent; antennal segment II without seta

basad of campaniform sensillum ····························· Sphaeropothrips Priesner* - Mesothoracic sternopleural sutures present; antennal segment II with dorsal seta

basad of campaniform sensillum ···································································· 2

2. Abdominal tergites at posterior margin with large triangular teeth (Fig. 1); head small. [Abdominal sternites with numerous discal setae, without teeth at posterior margin (Fig. 14); posternal basantra with several pairs of setae and numerous microtrichia] ························································· Microcephalothrips Bagnall

- Posterior margin of abdominal tergites without teeth; head usually not small ··· 3

3. Postocular seta PO2 inserted far back of the others; antennae 7-segmented; abdominal tergite VIII with complete comb of microtrichia. [Abdominal sternite II with two pairs of primary setae arising at the posterior margin] ························· ··························································································· Stenothrips Uzel*

- Postocular seta PO2 not displaced to the posterior; antennae 7- or 8-segmented; abdominal tergite VIII with or without comb ···················································· 4

4. Anteocellar setae (ocellar setae II) longer than interocellar setae (ocellar setae III) ··············································································· Stenchaetothrips Bagnall

- Anteocellar setae (ocellar setae II) not longer than interocellar setae (Fig. 27) ····························································································· Thrips Linnaeus

II.1. Microcephalothrips Bagnall Microcephalothrips Bagnall, 1926: 113.

This genus is distinguished from other members of Thrips-group by the presence of setae and numerous microtrichia on posternal basantra (Fig. 29) and by the presence of discal setae on abdominal sternites (Fig. 14). M. abdominalis (Crawford) is the only species recognized in this genus (Mound, 2011).


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II.1.1. Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) Thrips abdominalis Crawford, 1910: 157. Microcephalothrips chinensis Feng et Guo, 1998: 257. Microcephalothrips jigongshanensis Feng et Guo, 1998: 258. Microcephalothrips yanglingensis Feng et Sha, 2002: 167.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Hamedan province: Hamedan, 1♀, Jameshlu, from wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 28.iv.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH); Hamedan, 1♀, Medicinal Plants Garden of Bu-Ali Sina,, from coriander, Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae), 5.vi.2008, MMB, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS: Female L= 1.2 mm; male L= 0.8 mm. Body color pale to dark brown, fore tibiae, tarsi and antennal segment III paler; forewings brown. Antennae 7-segmented, with small forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV (Fig. 8). Head smaller than pronotum (Fig. 16). Pronotum with 2 pairs of short PA setae, posterior margin with 4-7 pairs of setae (Fig. 26). Metanotum with median setae arise behind anterior margin, campaniform sensilla present. Mesofurca with spinula. Forewing first vein with 3 setae on distal half. Abdominal tergites posterior margins with craspedum of triangular lobes, comb on VIII with slender microtrichia arising from broad bases (Fig. 1). Abdominal sternite with discal setae (Fig. 14). Male similar to female but smaller and paler; sternites III-VII with small circular glandular area.

DISTRIBUTION: Iran: Khuzestan (Cheraghian & Hojat, 1998), Teharn (Jalili Moghadam & Azmayesh Fard, 2004), Alborz (Pirafkan et al., 2006), Golestan (Alavi et al., 2007), Fars (Fallahzadeh et al., 2011), Guilan (Jalali Sendi et al., 2011); Hamedan (newly reported distribution place in Iran); China, Korea, India, Guam, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Indonesia, Egypt, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico (Zur Strassen, 2003a; Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

II.2. Sphaeropothrips Priesner Sphaeropothrips Priesner, 1928: 322.

This monotypic genus includes a single grass-living species, S. vittipennis (Bagnall) that has been recorded from Iran by Minaei et al. (2007).

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Mazandaran province (Minaei et al., 2007); France, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Northern Germany, England, India, Egypt (Zur Strassen, 2003a).

II.3. Stenchaetothrips Bagnall Stenchaetothrips Bagnall, 1926: 107.

This genus includes 32 species in the world (Mound, 2011). Amongst them, S. biformis is widely distributed in the world. This genus is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran.


454

REMARKS: The genera Stenchaetothrips and Thrips are difficult to separate from each other because in Stenchaetothrips the ocellar setae pair II are longer than III, whereas in Thrips pair III setae are longer (Mound and Kibby, 1998; zur Strassen, 2003a). This genus is recorded for the first time in the fauna of Iran with only one species, S. biformis collected on rice from northwestern Iran.

II.3.1. Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) Bagnallia biformis Bagnall, 1913: 237. Thrips oryzae Williams: Karny, 1922: 109.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Azarbaijan-e-sharghi province: Tabriz, 2♀1♂, Miyaneh, from rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), 26.vi.2009, M. Mirab-balou, (in ZJUH).

DIAGNOSIS. Female macroptera: Female L= 1.3-1.4 mm. Body brown, tarsi and fore tibiae paler. Head wider than long; ocellar setae pair III situated between front and posterior ocelli, outside triangular area; postocular setae III longer than I; antennal segment III and apex of II yellow, V-VII brown (Fig. 9); pronotum with discal setae, 2 pairs PA setae, 3 pairs of PM setae. Metanotum with median pair of setae behind anterior margin, without campaniform sensilla; spinula on meso- and metasterna absent; forewing light brown, with 7 setae on the base of the upper vein, 3 on distal end, 11-13 on the lower vein, arranged evenly. Femura shaded with brown, tibia and tarsi yellow; main setae dark. Abdominal tergites II-VII with teeth along posterior lateral margin, shape of teeth varied, blunt or laterally pointed, sometimes teeth reduced and only seen on lateral margin of tergite VII; comb on posterior margin of tergite VIII complete; tergite IX with 1 pair of campaniform sensilla (Fig. 30); tergite X split longitudinally in the middle except at extreme base.

MEASUREMENTS OF FEMALE IN ΜM (WIDTH). Body 1350-1420 (290-300); head 120-130 (155-165); ocellar setae II 27-31, III 18-21; compound eye 55-60 (45-50); distance between two compound eyes 45-50, and ocelli 18-21. Antenna 205-210, about 1.2-1.3 x as long as head; I 26-31 (18-21), II 27-31 (26-30), III 28-32 (18-21), IV 27-32 (17-21), V 28-32 (17-20), VI 46-51 (17-21), 2.4-2.5 X as long as wide, VII 17-22 (8-12); maxillary palpi 37-42, labial palpi 17-22. Pronotum 140-150 (205-215); PA 55-60; forewing 695-710; hind wing 450-500, longest setae on forewings 250-300; distance between spiracles on tergite VIII 175-183; abdominal tergite VIII 76-81, IX 86-92, X 66-72; abdominal tergite IX setae B1 85-90, B2 95-100, B3 95-100, setae on X 85-90; ovipositor 240-250.

Male macroptera: Male L= 0.8-0.9 mm. Shape and color similar to female. Abdominal tergites III-VII with laterally pointed teeth along posterior margin; tergite VIII with complete posterior comb; sternites III-VII with transverse glandular area, these areas shorter to the posterior segments.

MEASUREMENTS OF MALE IN ΜM (WIDTH). Body 870-910 (187-200); head 100-110 (135-140); antenna 185-192; forewing 480-490; hind wing 350-360; abdominal tergite X setae B1 27-32, B2 17-21.


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REMARKS. S. biformis is known as rice leaf thrips, paddy thrips, or oriental rice thrips. This species is a sporadic pest of rice infesting mostly young plants. It can damage large areas of paddy fields within a few days because it builds up high populations due to a comparatively short life cycle. The pest infests both upland and wetland rice crops. The primary host is rice (Oryza sativa), and secondary hosts are Zea mays (maize) and Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane); and several wild grasses (Heinrichs, 1994).

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi province; China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kampuchea, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, South America, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam (Mirab-balou et al., 2011).

II.4. Stenothrips Uzel Stenothrips Uzel, 1895: 209.

This monotypic genus includes only one species in the world, S. graminum (Mound, 2011). Dordaie et al. (2000) have reported this species as an important pest of poplar trees in Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi province.

DISTRIBUTION. Iran: Golestan and Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi provinces (Dordaie et al., 2000); Western Palearctic, North America (Zur Strassen, 2003a).

II.5. Thrips Linnaeus Thrips Linnaeus, 1758: 457.

Thrips Linnaeus with more than 280 species (Mound and Masumoto, 2005; Mound, 2011), is one of those genera of Thysanoptera which has shown extensive diversity in most parts of the world, and includes many species of economic importance (Bhatti, 1980) such as T. tabaci, T. hawaiiensis and T. meridionalis (Moritz et al., 2001). This genus includes 29 species in Iran and a key to these species has been provided by Mirab-balou and Chen ( in preparation). In Iran, onion thrips, Thrips tabaci is most important pest especially on onion crops, greenhouses crops, etc. (Khanjani and Mirab-balou, 2005 a,b; Pourian et al., 2009).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Dr. Laurence A. Mound of CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra,

Australia; Prof. Xiao-li Tong of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Prof.

J.S. Bhatti of New Delhi, India; and Dr. Richard Zur Strassen of Senckenberg Museum,

Frankfurt-Germany for supplying some references; and Dr. Mahmood Esna-Ashari of

Department of Horticulture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan-Iran who kindly identified plant

species in Iran.


456

Figures 1 -4 . (1 ) M. abdomina l is , abdomina l te rg i tes V I -V I I I ; 2 -3 . F. occidenta l is : (2 )

abdomina l terg i te V I I I , (3 ) antennae; (4 ) S. arab icus , fo re t ib iae and tars i .


457

Figures 5 -14 . 5 -9 : Antennae: (5 ) F. tenuicorn is , (6 ) in tonsa , (7 ) K. p is ivorus , segments

I I I - IV , (8 ) M . abdomina l is , (9 ) S. b i formis ; (10 ) K. denta tus , fore t ib iae and tarsus; 11-12:

fore ta rsus: (11 ) F. occidenta l is , (12 ) K. p is ivorus ; (13 ) S. arab icus , max i l la ry pa lp i ; (14 )

M. abdomina l is , abdomina l s tern i tes I I I -V I .


458

F igures 15-21 . 15 -20: Head: (15 ) F. occ identa l is , (16 ) M. abdomina l is , (17 ) K. p is ivorus ,

(18 ) K. dentatus , (19 ) F. in tonsa , (20 ) F. tenuicorn is ; (21 ) F. in tonsa , fo rew ing.


459

Figures 22-28 . 22 -24: Pronotum: (22 ) F. occ identa l is , (23 ) K. denta tus , (24 ) K. p is ivorus ;

(25 ) S. a rabicus , head and pronotum; (26 ) M. abdomina l is , pronotum; (27 ) T. tabac i ,

head; (28 ) K. denta tus , mid- leg .


460

Figures 29-36 . (29 ) M. abdomina l is , posterna l basant ra ; (30 ) S. b i formis , te rg i te IX ; (31 ) K . denta tus , s tern i te V I I ; 32 -33: K. p is ivorus (male) : (32 ) te rg i tes IX -X , (33 ) te rg i te V I I I

l a tera l l y w i th curved tuberc le assoc ia ted w i th the sp i rac le and bear ing the c ten id ia ; (34 ) K. denta tus , an tenna l segments I I I - IV ; (35 ) K. p is ivorus , g landular area on stern i te V I I

(male ) ; (36 ) K. denta tus , g landular area on s terni te V I (male ) .


461

Figures 37-45 . 37 -38: Metanotum: (37 ) F. occ identa l is , (38 ) T. f lav idu lus ; (39 ) T.

physapus , terg i te V I ; (40 ) F. occ identa l is , te rg i te V I I ; (41 ) K. p is ivorus , terg i te V I I ; 42 -45 :

g landular area on s terni te V I I o f F rank l in ie l la (male ) : (42 ) in tonsa , (43 ) tenuicorn is , (44)

occ identa l is , (45 ) pal l ida .


462

F igure 46 . D is t r ibut ion o f Frank l in ie l la genus-group in I ran.

F igure 47 . D is t r ibut ion o f Thr ips genus-group in I ran .


463

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iranian thripinae with ctenidia laterally on …pmcg.co.me/natura-web/natura...

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