IQ 1

1. Define “Matter”

2. What 2 major groups is matter divided into?

3. Give an example of a heterogeneous and homogeneous mixture.

Unit 2: Matter and DensityChapter 2, 3-4

I. MatterNOTE: Matter= anything that: a) has mass, and b) takes up spaceNOTE: Mass = a measure of the amount of “stuff” (or material) the object contains (don’t confuse this with weight, a measure of gravity)NOTE: Volume = a measure of the space occupied by the object

A. Describing Matter

1. Properties used to describe matter can be classified as:a. Extensive – depends on the amount of matter in the sample

- Mass, volume, calories are examples

b. Intensive – depends on the type of matter, not the amount present

- Hardness, Density, Boiling Point

B. Properties are…1. Words that describe matter (adjectives)2. Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and measured without 3. changing the material’s composition.

- Examples- color, hardness, m.p., b.p.4. Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by changing the composition of the material.

- Examples- ability to burn, decompose, ferment, react with, etc.

C. States of matter1. Solid- matter that can not flow (definite shape) and has definite volume.2. Liquid- definite volume but takes the shape of its container (flows).3. Gas- a substance without definite volume or shape and can flow.a. Vapor- a substance that is currently a gas, but normally is a liquid or solid at room temperature. (Which is correct: “water gas”, or “water vapor”?)

4. 4th state: Plasma - formed at high temperatures; ionized

phase of matter as found in the suns

States of MatterStates of Matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Definite Volume?

YES

YES

NO

Definite Shape?

YES

NO

NO

Result of a Temperature Increase?

Small Expans.

Small Expans.

Large Expans.

Will it Compress?

NO

NO

YES

Three Main Phases – page 41

Solid Liquid Gas

Melt Evaporate

CondenseFreeze

Copper Phases - Solid

Copper Phases - Liquid

Copper Phases – Vapor (gas)

D. Physical vs. Chemical Change1. Physical change will change the

visible appearance, without changing the composition of the material.a.Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crackb.Is boiled water still water?2. Can be reversible, or irreversible.3. Chemical change - a change where a new form of matter is formed.

–Rust, burn, decompose, ferment

E. Mixtures1. Mixtures are a physical blend of at least two substances; have variable composition. They can be either:a. Heterogeneous – the mixture is not uniform in composition

• Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil.b. Homogeneous - same composition throughout; called “solutions”

• Kool-aid, air, salt water2. Every part keeps it’s own properties.

3. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures4. Mixed molecule by molecule, thus too small to see the different parts5. Can occur between any state of matter: gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in liquid; solid in solid (alloys), etc.6. Thus, based on the distribution of their components, mixtures are called homogeneous or heterogeneous.

F. Phase

1. The term “phase” is used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition of properties.2. A homogeneous mixture consists of a single phase3. A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phases.4. Note Figure 2.6, page 45

2.2Olive oil and vinegar are homogeneous mixtures.

When olive oil is mixed with vinegar, they form a heterogeneous mixture with two distinct phases.

Fig. 2.6 pg. 45

G. Separating Mixtures

1. Some can be separated easily by physical means: rocks and marbles, iron filings and sulfur (use magnet) 2. Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures.3. Filtration - separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture (by size) – (Fig. 2.7, page 46)

Separating MixturesA colander is used to separate pasta from the water in which it was cooked. This process is a type of filtration.

2.2

Figure 2.7, page 46

Separating MixturesDuring a distillation, a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid.

2.2

Figure 2.8, page 47

Distillation: takes advantage of different boiling points.

NaCl boils at 1415 oC

Separation by Physical Means

magnet

Separation of a MixtureComponents of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.

II. Substances

NOTE: Substances are either:a) elements, orb) compounds

A. Substances: element or compound

1. Elements- simplest kind of matter

a. cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element!b. all one kind of atom.

2. Compounds are substances that can be broken down only by chemical methodsa. when broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the original compound.

b. made of two or more atoms, chemically combined (not just a physical blend!)

B. Compound vs. Mixture

Compound Mixture

Made of one kindof material

Made of more thanone kind of material

Made by a chemical change

Made by a physical change

Definitecomposition

Variablecomposition

Which is it?

ElementCompoundMixture

C. Elements vs. Compounds

1. Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.2. A “chemical change” is a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter.

D. Chemical Change1. A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.

2. Heat and light are often evidence of a chemical change.

E. Properties of Compounds1. Quite different properties than their component elements.2. Due to a CHEMICAL CHANGE, the resulting compound has new and different properties:a. Table sugar – carbon, hydrogen, oxygenb. Sodium chloride – sodium, chlorinec. Water – hydrogen, oxygen

Matter FlowchartMATTER

Can it be physically separated?

Homogeneous Mixture

(solution)

Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes no

Can it be chemically decomposed?

noyesIs the composition uniform?

noyes

Colloids Suspensions

F. Classification of Matter

G. Symbols & Formulas1. Currently, there are 118 elements

2. Elements have a 1 or two letter symbol, and compounds have a formula.3. An element’s first letter always capitalized; if there is a second letter, it is written lowercase: B, Ba, C, Ca, H, He

4. Start learning the elements names and symbols listed in Table B.7 on page R535. Some names come from Latin or other languages; note Table 2.2, page 52

Elements named after Latin (old).

a. Sodium _____ _______________________b. Gold _____ _______________________c. Silver _____ _______________________d. Potassium _____ _______________________e. Lead _____ _______________________f. Antimony _____ _______________________g. Iron _____ _______________________h. Tungsten _____ _______________________i. Tin _____ _______________________j. Copper _____ _______________________k. Mercury _____ _______________________

NatriumAurum

NaAu

ArgentiumAgKaliumKPlumbumPbStibiniteSbFerrumFeWolframWStannumSnCuprumCuHydrogyrumHg

1) Ag2) Nitrogen3) Oxygen4) Mg5) Helium6) F7) Zn8) H9) Carbon10)Mercury

Silver

NOMagnesiumHeFluorineZincHydrogenCHg

Element Quiz #1

Element quiz 11) Ag2) Nitrogen3) Oxygen4) Mg5) Helium6) F7) Zn8) H9) Carbon10)Mercury

1) Zn2) Strontium3) Manganese4) Se5) Argon6) Fe7) Au8) Be9) Silicon10)Lead

Zinc

SrMnSeleniumArIronGoldBerylliumSiPb

Element Quiz #2

1) Sr2) Boron3) Bromine4) P5) Iodine6) F7) Cu8) Ba9) U10)Calcium

Strontium

BBrPhosphorusIFluorineCopperBariumUraniumCa

Element Quiz #2

H. Extensive vs. Intensive

• Examples:

1. boiling point

2. volume

3. mass

4. density

5. conductivity

intensive

extensive

extensive

intensive

intensive

I . Physical vs. Chemical Properties

• Examples:

1. melting point

2. flammable

3. density

4. magnetic

5. tarnishes in

air

physical

chemical

physical

physical

chemical

J. Physical vs. Chemical Change

• Examples:

1. rusting iron

2. dissolving in

water

3. burning a log

4. melting ice

5. grinding spices

chemical

physical

chemical

physical

physical

Basic Vinaigrette Recipe• 1 shallot finely minced• 1 tsp. dijon mustard (weak emulsifiers)• ¾ tsp. mayonnaise (contains lectithin- emulsifier)• 7 tsp. vinegar (basalmic or other acid)• ¼ cup olive oil• ½ tsp. honey (optional)• Salt and pepper

– Fresh herbs can be added if desired Mix shallot, honey, vinegar, dijon, and mayo

until smooth. Slowly drizzle in ¼ cup of light or regular olive oil (other neutral flavored oils will work fine, but avoid extra virgin olive oil as the flavor can be overpowering. Season with salt and pepper to taste.

K. Chemical Changes1. The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a chemical property.

a. iron plus oxygen forms rust, so the ability to rust is a chemical property of iron.

2. During a chemical change (also called chemical reaction), the composition of matter always changes.

L. Chemical Reactions are…1. When one or more substances are changed into new substances.2. Reactants- the stuff you start with3. Products- what you make4. The products will have NEW PROPERTIES different from the reactants you started with5. Arrow points from the reactants to the new products

M. Recognizing Chemical Changes1. Energy is absorbed or released (temperature changes hotter or colder)2. Color changes3. Gas production (bubbling, fizzing, or odor change; smoke)4. formation of a precipitate - a solid that separates from solution (won’t dissolve)5. Irreversibility - not easily reversed

NOTE: But, there are examples of these that are not chemical – boiling water bubbles, etc.

N. Conservation of Mass

1. During any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants.2. All of the mass can be accounted for:

a. Burning of wood results in products that appear to have less mass as ashes; where is the rest?

3. Law of Conservation of Mass

- Page 55

reactants = product

43.43 g Original mass = 43.43 g Final mass

II. DENSITYII. DENSITYA. Density is an A. Density is an intensiveintensive property of matter.property of matter.

1. 1. does does NOTNOT depend on depend on quantity of matter.quantity of matter.

2. temperature2. temperatureB. Contrast with extensive B. Contrast with extensive 1. 1. depends on quantity depends on quantity of matter. of matter.

2. mass and volume.2. mass and volume.

StyrofoaStyrofoamm

BrickBrick

DensityM

ass (

g)

Volume (cm3)

D

C. Density Problems:

1. An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density of 13.6 g/cm3. Find its mass.

GIVEN:

V = 825 cm3

D = 13.6 g/cm3

M = ?

WORK:M = DV

M =(13.6 g/cm3)(825cm3)

M = 11,200 g

2. A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 25 g of the liquid?

GIVEN:

D = 0.87 g/mLV = ?M = 25 g

WORK:V = M D

V = 25 g

0.87 g/mL

V = 29 mLV

MD

3. The density of gold is 19.3 g/mL. Calculate the density of gold in (a) lb/ft3, (b) kg/m3.

453.61

g

lb cm

3

mL i

n1

cm2.54x

ft

in121

x x x

lb

cm3 in ft

gmL

(a)

(b)

19.3 g

mL

11

3 3

= 1204.8 lb/ft3 = 1.20 x 103 lb/ft3

kg

m3

gcm3

103

1

g

kg m10-2

cm1x

19.3 g cm

3

3

x

= 19,300 kg/m3

= 1.93 x 104 kg/m3

D. More Density Calculations1. An object has a mass of 1.00 kg and a density of 4.00 g/mL. What is its volume in liters?

    

  2. What is the mass of a 500 cm3 object that has a specific gravity of 0.800?

m = 1.00 kgm = 1000 gD = 4.00 g/mL

V

m D

D

m V

g/mL 4.00

g 1000 V = 250

mL= 0.250 L

V = 500 cm3sp.gr. = 0.800D = 0.800 g/cm3

V

m D

DV m )cm )(500g/cm (0.800 m 33

= 400 g

*It is often required to substitute one or more equations into another equation to form the working equation.**If the radius, mass, and density of a cylinder are know, the equation for the height of the cylinder can be formed by combining and rearranging the density and volume formulae as follows:

Step 1:

Step 2:

hr π

mD

2

Dr π

mh

2

hr π V ; V

mD 2

sub

If the length, width, height, and density of a block of metal are known, show the equation that can be used to calculate its mass.

If the radius and mass of a metal ball are known, show the equation that can be used to determine its density.

V

m D

V = l • w • h

m = D • V m = D • l • w • h

sub

V

m D

3r π3

4V

3πr34

m D

3r 4π

3m D sub

The dimensions of a swimming pool are 13.5 ft. x 22 m x 225 cm. (a) Determine the volume of the pool in m3. (b) Determine the mass of the water in pounds.

(a)

(b)

min13.5 ft 12 = 4.1148 m39.37ft in1

1

V = l · w · d

V = 4.1148 m · 22 m · 2.25 m

= 203.68 m3

= 2.0 x 102 m3

203.68 m3

x

cm10-2 m1

3

cm3

g

g

lb1 1

1 453.6

= 4.5 x 105 lb

x

x

x

x

Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its

density in g/cmdensity in g/cm3 3 if 50.00 g of the metal if 50.00 g of the metal occupiesoccupies

a volume of 2.22cma volume of 2.22cm33??

1) 2.25 g/cm1) 2.25 g/cm33

2)2) 22.5 g/cm22.5 g/cm33

3)3) 111 g/cm111 g/cm33

Learning CheckLearning Check

Solution

Placing the mass and volume of the osmium Placing the mass and volume of the osmium metal into the density setup, we obtainmetal into the density setup, we obtain

D = D = massmass = = 50.00 g 50.00 g = = volumevolume 2.22 cm 2.22 cm33

= 22.522522 g/cm= 22.522522 g/cm3 3 == 22.5 g/cm22.5 g/cm33

Volume DisplacementVolume Displacement

A solid displaces a matching volume of water when the solid is placed in water.A solid displaces a matching volume of water when the solid is placed in water.

33 mL33 mL 25 mL25 mL

Learning CheckLearning Check

What is the density (g/cmWhat is the density (g/cm33) of 48 g of a metal ) of 48 g of a metal if the metal raises the level of water in a if the metal raises the level of water in a graduated cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL? graduated cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?

1) 0.2 g/ cm1) 0.2 g/ cm33 2) 6 g/cm 2) 6 g/cm33 3) 252 3) 252 g/cmg/cm33

33 mL33 mL 25 mL25 mL

Learning CheckLearning Check

Which diagram represents the liquid Which diagram represents the liquid layers in the cylinder?layers in the cylinder?

(K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL), (V) (K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL), (V) vegetable oil (0.91 g/mL,) (W) water vegetable oil (0.91 g/mL,) (W) water (1.0 g/mL)(1.0 g/mL)

1)1) 2)2) 3) 3)

K

K

W

W

W

V

V

V

K

Learning Check Learning Check

The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?

1) 0.614 kg

2) 614 kg

3) 1.25 kg

Learning Check

If blood has a density of 1.05 g/mL, how many liters of blood are donated if 575 g of blood are given?

1) 0.548 L2) 1.25 L3) 1.83 L

Learning Check

A group of students collected 125 empty aluminum cans to take to the recycling center. If 21 cans make 1.0 pound of aluminum, how many liters of aluminum (D=2.70 g/cm3) are obtained from the cans?

1) 1.0 L 2) 2.0 L 3) 4.0 L

Density Lab (No Uncertainty)

Station A: Water1. Mass of empty cylinder 2. Mass of cylinder & waterThrow Paper Towels Away/ Pour water back in beaker/Don’t turn on the sinks

Station B: Unknown liquid (Repeat Station A)(Pour back in bottle & PUT LID ON)

Station C: Dimensions & mass.Station D: Copper (DO NOT LOSE!!!!!)(Dimensions & mass)Station E. Irregular Shape (completely submerge object)

Object one: Rubber StopperObject two: Nut & bolt (Careful) Accepted density = 7.87

Station F: Determine density of Al cyl. by H2O displacement. Determine thickness of foil.