ipm for wcr in eastern-central europe. wcr risks & opportunities from risks... crop...
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IPM for WCR in Eastern-Central Europe
WCR risks & opportunities
from risks...Crop intensificationChemical pest managementPest resistanceNew chemicals - GMOs
... to opportunitiesSoil productivity?Ecosystem functions?Water/environment pollution?Health?New risks?Perception - control strategies?
WCR in USA a technological approach
1920s: first appearance in Nebraska, coming from Mexico1940s: first reported as pest problem 1950s: soil treatments (benzene hexachloride, aldrin, chlordane,
heptachlor) on 1.7 million acres in 1954 (ETL 1 adult/plant)
1960s: developed resistance to aldrine and heptachlor, increased rate of spread (resistant strains are superior competitors), and becoming dominant specie for competitive displacement
1970s: aldrin, chlordane, heptachlor banned + resistance, shift to carbofuran: WCR control cost increased
1980s: increased ETL due to high cost of soil treatment Higher degradation rate of carbofuran by soil
microorganisms, made soil treatment less effective1990s: looking for alternative treatments: aerial treatment with
baited 10% dosage insecticides + crop rotation. In 1993: corn-soybean
2000s: WCR costs 1 billion US$/year (treatment + crop loss) 4 million ha corn treated (aerial spray)WCR adapted to feed on soybean; GMOs?
updated from: “Methods fro the study of pest Diabrotica” J.L. Krysan and T.A. Miller, 1986
USGS: OP Pesticide Occurrence Report
Soil food web
WCR in Europe: an ecological and people
oriented approach
1992: WCR first reported in maize fields near Belgrade airport, Yugoslavia
1997: 100,000 km2 infested in Yugoslavia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary and Romania Regional network established
1997-99: FAO-TCP project, monitoring and rotation trials 2000: continued monitoring, limited resources; rotation used
as a control method (EU research project)2001: monitoring, field trials, involvement of farmers.
Economic damage in Yugoslavia reaches USD 90 million
2002: monitoring, field trials, farmers participatory research by regional network (FAO). Development of
Regional Project 2003-05: regional programme implemented
Serbia, Village Padina: corn season 2002
15 farmers collaborators
Farmers meeting in corn fields in Hungary, August 2002
Four Strategic Thematic Areas Leading to One Objective P
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Adv
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y
FED. REP. YUGOSLAVIA
HUNGARY
CROATIA
BULGARIA
SLOVAK
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
ROMANIA
Participatory Research-Training WCR spread and biology Biodiversity function Socio-economic-policy
Indicative workplan Regional Programme 2003-2005
REGION IN TRANSITIONagricultural sector in a phase of restructuring
Towards market oriented system: NEW ACTORS Potential market pressures
(Land) ownership: number of farmers and FARMS INCREASED
Limited access to resources:DECREASE of pesticides and fertilizers to 30-50% in the last decade (HU)
New issues: quality products, CONSUMERS SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
Opportunities and risks
Need to build an European WCR management strategy on
REGIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
- Understand and maintain biological base for agricultural sustainability- Develop management strategies with involvement of local communties- Potential for value added products- Valuable biotic diversity, to be preserved- Valuable cultural diversity and farming traditions
while avoiding
REGIONAL RISKS
- increasing chemical use as soon as affordable- isolated local answers to regional problems- WCR management based on short term objective - loss of export commodities- environmental and socio-economic risks