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Name ouR SupeRheRoDetails insiDe

BReathpRiNtS help ideNtify diSeaSeS

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actReSSeS Who have had Stem caReeRS

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Making Science Matter®

Sep/Oct 2013; Issue 3

Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Sep/Oct 2013; Issue 32

Price offers in this publication are valid through December 31, 2013 unless otherwise stated.

inside this issue:

STEM ........................................................................................................................2-3, 22ELEMENTARY .................................................................................................................4-5BIOTECHNOLOGY ..........................................................................................................6-7LIFE SCIENCES ....................................................................................................8-9, 12-13CHEMISTRY ................................................................................................................ 10-11PHYSICAL SCIENCE ...................................................................................................14-15ASTRONOMY AND EARTH SCIENCE .......................................................................16-17TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................................18-19,23ENVIRONMENTAL .....................................................................................................20-21

Supplier index:

NAME OUR SUPERHERO:

Help us name our newest superhero by visiting our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/pages/Fisher-Science-Education/253056934915 or scan the QR Code starting on August 15. Votes will be accepted through September 30. The winner will be announced on our Facebook page on October 1.

-Illustration by Michael Andrulonis

ALDEBARAN ROBOTICS ..........................................................................................18ALDON .........................................................................................................................7ALTAY SCIENTIFIC.....................................................................................................14AMERICAN 3B SCIENTIFIC ........................................................................................8AMERICAN EDuCATIONAL PRODuCTS ...................................................................8BEL–ART ....................................................................................................................23CELESTRON ..............................................................................................................16 CORNING .....................................................................................................................5CROSSCuTTING CONCEPTS .....................................................................................8DIVERSIFIED WOODCRAFTS .....................................................................................5EARTH BOx ...............................................................................................................20EDVOTEk .....................................................................................................................6FISHER SCIENCE EDuCATION .........................................................................2, 8, 21FISHER SCIENTIFIC ............................................................................................... 7, 23HB INSTRuMENTS ...................................................................................................17k’NEx ...........................................................................................................................5kEMTEC .....................................................................................................................13kEN-A-VISION ...........................................................................................................18kIMBLE CHASE .........................................................................................................11LABAIDS ....................................................................................................................15LABOMED ..................................................................................................................16LAMOTTE ..................................................................................................................20NEuLOG ....................................................................................................................19NEW PATH LEARNING................................................................................................2OAkTON ....................................................................................................................17OHAuS.......................................................................................................................12REVOLuTIONARY SCIENCE.......................................................................................6SPER SCIENTIFIC ......................................................................................................19SWIFT ........................................................................................................................22THERMO SCIENTIFIC ................................................................................................10uNITED SCIENTIFIC ..................................................................................................15

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SchoolS Shift fRom teXtBooKS to taBletSBy Samba Lampich

Beautiful BRaiNSBy Ritwika Bhattacharya

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• WhatothersuccessfulpersonalitieshavehadSTEMcareers?

• HowdoesSTEMenhanceperformingarts?

The days of hauling a heavy backpack filled withtextbooks may soon be over. Tablets are quicklybecoming popular among K-12 students andteachers,replacingtextbooksandcomputers.

A GROWING TRENDAreportfromthenewInternationalDataCorporation(IDC)researchshowsthattabletshipmentsintotheU.S.EducationSectorexpandedby103%in2012andisexpectedtogrowevenmorein2013.Thisgrowthis drivenby lower tablet costs andmanufacturers,contentcreatorsandeducatorsworkingtogethertocreatebetter delivery andqualityof content in theclassroom.

BENEFITS OF TABLETSMosttabletstodayhavealargememory,whichcanholdhundreds to thousandsof textbooks, learninggamesandpuzzlesaswellassoftwareforhomework.Allthisinasmalldevicethatiseasytocarryaround.

Tablets also offer an exciting, visually stimulatingway to learn.With interactive tools and software,videosandaudio files, tabletscanbring thewordsinatextbooktolife.Insteadoftryingtovisualizeanaerodynamic theory,studentscanwatchvideothatexplains how a plane flies.They can connect with

peersandteachersonlineandshareideaswithotherstudentsaroundtheworld.

Tablets are also cost-effective, offering savings forschools.According to the FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC),theU.S.spendsabout$7billionperyearontextbooks,manyofwhichareseventotenyearsoutofdate.Intotal,theFCCestimatestheU.S. could save $3 billion (assuming that a tabletwould cost $150, as schools buy them in bulk) ashardwaregetscheaperandtechnologyadvances.

Electronic versions of textbooks are easier andquicker to update, which will save millions onprinting costs and ensure information getting tostudentsisup-to-date.

DO TABLETS IMPROVE LEARNING?Thereissomeevidencethatinthelongterm,studentreadersarebetterabletorememberwhattheyreadinprintedbooksthanwhattheyreadonanelectronicscreen.KateGarlandof theUniversity of LeicesterinEnglandconductedastudy inwhichpsychologystudents were bombarded with questions oneconomicsafterreadingdigitalandprintedversionsof text. Garland found that students reading theunfamiliar text in digital versions had to read itseveraltimesbeforegainingthesameknowledgeas

printreaders.Shealsofoundthatstudentsreadingprintedmaterialunderstooditbetter.

Educatorsneedtobeawarethatstudentsmaytakelongertoabsorbmaterialwhenreadingonadigitaldeviceandshouldtakethisintoconsiderationwhencreatinglessonplans.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whataresomechallengesthatwouldarisefromexclusivelyusingtablets?

• Wouldtabletsworkforeverystudentpopulation?Whyorwhynot?

Hollywood is associated with glamour, style and beauty but not with STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering and Math). In TV or movie roles,scientistsareoftenportrayedasgeeky,nerdyorsociallyawkward.

But some glamorous actresses have strong backgrounds inSTEM, impressive strong scientific credentials, awards,degrees,patentsandtheoremstotheirnames.

STARS, STYLE AND STEMNataliePortman,AcademyAwardwinnerforthemovie“Black Swan”, is one of these actresses.When shewas inhigh school shemade it to the semi-finals ofthe IntelScienceTalentSearch,oneof themosteliteand demanding high school research competitionsforyoungaspiringscientists.ShemaintainedstraightA’s inschoolandearnedadegreeinpsychologyfromHarvard.

ActressHedyLamarr,onceregardedasthemostbeautifulwomaninHollywood,alsopursuedaseriousscientificcareer.Sheinventedandpatentedatorpedo-guidancetechniquethatshecalled“FrequencyHopping,”whichpreventedefforts to jamthe signalsofmissiles that kept themon track.This technologyhasbeenadaptedandextensivelyusedinwirelesscommunications.

MayimBialik,whoplaystheroleofthefrumpyandlovableAmyFarrahFowler,the love interest of Sheldon Cooper on the sitcom“The Big BangTheory”, isaneurobiologist in real life too.Bailik has aPhD inNeuroscience fromUCLA

and teachesscience tohome-schooledstudents.Shealsoplaysanactive rolein inspiringyounggirls totakeupSTEM-relatedstudiesandhasbeen

thefaceofHerWorld,aninteractiveworkshopbyDeVryUniversity,educatingteengirlsaboutcareersinSTEM.

Bialik says, “The training and the knowledge and all ofthe things thatcomefromlearningabout thesesubjectsneverleaveyou,nomatterwhatyoudo.Iviewtheworlddifferently as a scientist now than I ever could haveimaginedIwould”.

CATCHING THE STEM BUGMae Jemison, a doctor, dancer and the firstAfricanAmericanwomaninspace,oncesaid,“Thedifferencebetween science and the arts is not that they aredifferent sides of the same coin, or even differentparts of the same continuum, but rather, they are

manifestationsof thesame thing.Theartsandsciencesareavatarsofhumancreativity”.

Hedy Lamarr: Austro-American actress and mathematician, celebrated for her great beauty

Chicago teacher Jennie Magiera was a tech skeptic, but has since successfully integrated technology into her classroom

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BottleNoSe dolphiNS may addReSS loved oNeS By “Name”By Pattie Dobranski

iNvaSioN of the GiaNt GoldfiSh By Samba Lampich

Humansmaynotbetheonlyspeciesthatcananswertheproverbialquestion,“What’sinaname?”

A studypublished in a recent issueofProceedings of the Royal Society B,aBritishbiological researchjournal,examineshowbottlenosedolphinsmaysharetheability tocall the“names”of familyand friendsthroughdistinctivewhistles,ratherthanwords.

25 YEARS OF RESEARCHWhile earlier research discovered bottlenosedolphins named themselves by emitting unique

whistles that announce their presence, this newstudysuggeststheymimicthewhistlesofotherstoseeminglycallthembyname.

Forthisstudy,researchersfromtheUniversityofSt.Andrews Sea Mammal Research Unit in Scotlandassembled 25 years worth of acoustic findings onbothwildbottlenosedolphinsandcaptivemales,alllivinginFlorida,todrawtheseconclusions.Theyalsofound therewas no difference in the developmentof the name calling between the captive and wilddolphins.

ACROSS THE MILESThedolphinsusedthisnamecallingtechniquewhentrying to reunite with a friend or family memberacrosstheocean,thestudyexplained.Incredibly,thenamecallingwhistlesweredetectedas far as12.4milesaway.Scientistsnotedtheabilitytotravelthisdistancewasaffectedbythedepthofthewaterandthefrequencyofthedolphin’sspecificwhistle.

TERMS OF ENDEARMENTThe name calling was never used in aggressiveencounters, the study said, and was only offered

to find loved ones. Further, dolphins even seemto apply inflection or an accent when callingothers throughmimicking the other dolphins’ self-proclaimednames.Thisseemstoshowthedolphinswere calling others and not just announcing theirownnames.Eventhoughthisalladdsuptoquiteacomplexformofcommunicationamongbottlenosedolphins, scientists are not ready to call thesedolphin exchanges “speaking.” Language currentlyremainsahuman-exclusiveformofcommunication.

WHAT’S ON THE HORIZON?The give and take between bottlenose dolphinscontinues to intrigue scientists. Right now,researchers are conducting audio experiments togaugethereactionofwilddolphinstotherecordedsoundoftheirownwhistle/namecalling.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Doyouthinkthebottlenosedolphinnamecallingwhistlesarealanguage?

• Whydoyouthinkthisresearchisimportanttohumansorotheranimals?

Thetranquil,quietwatersofLakeTahoe,thecountry’shighestalpinelake,havebeeninvadedbymonstergoldfish, weighing several pounds and measuringmorethanafootlong.

A group of researchers from the University ofNevada at Reno discovered and documented theoversizedfish,andtheysaythishouseholdpetisanunwelcomevisitortothefreshwaterlake.

FROM HOME TO LAKEResearchers say aquarium dumping is to blamefor the invasion. Owners don’t think twice aboutemptying their aquariums into lakes, which maycontainnofishbutmighthavefertilizedeggs.

Thegoldfish in LakeTahoegrow faster andbiggerthan in a bowl or aquarium because they have ahigh-proteindiet,whichincreasestheirweight,andtheyfeedmoreoften.Theyarealsoexposedtowarmwater, which hastens their growth.They have fewpredators,allowingthemtogrowlargerandrapidlyreproduce.

DISRUPTING THE ECOSYSTEMThegiantgoldfishout-competenativespecies,suchastrout,forfood,leadingtothedeclineofnativefish.Theyalsoharmthelakeclaritybyrootingaroundthesediment for food and fueling algae growth withtheir waste, which interferes with food sources todisrupttheecosystem’sfoodchain.

TheCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife,TahoeRegionalPlanningAgencyandUNRpartneredonapilotprojecttoremovewarm-waterfishspecies,suchaslarge-mouthbass,fromtheTahoeKeysduringthesummers of 2011 and 2012.Although only a smallfractionremovedin2012weregoldfish,researchersfound pregnant fish, which indicates that they arebreedingquickly.

Effortstoeradicatetheseinvasivespecieswillcontinuethroughthesummerof2013.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whatspeciesoffisharegoldfishandhowweretheydomesticated?

• Howandwhyarenon-nativespeciesofanimalsandplantsintroducedintoanecosystem?Couldtherebeanybenefits?

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meN aNd WomeN Really do See thiNGS diffeReNtlyBy Joe Giacobello

We’veallnoticedthatmenandwomenseem to think differently, but recentresearch suggests that they actuallysee things differently—particularlywhenitcomestocolors.Itseemsthatwomen are better at distinguishingamongsubtlecolordifferences,whilemenhaveagreatersensitivitytofinedetail and rapidly moving, distantobjects.

MALE VS. FEMALE BRAINScientists say that there are high concentrations of androgen—the male sexhormone receptors—in thevisual cortexof thebrain,which is responsible forprocessing images. Androgen is responsible for controlling development ofneuronsinthevisualcortexduringembryoformation.Menhave25percentmoreneuronsinthisareathanfemales.Atthesametime,however,linguisticresearchhasshownthatwomentendtohavealargervocabularythanmenfordescribingcolors.Sowhatdoesthisallmean?

DETECTING SUBTLE COLOR DIFFERENCESIsraelAbramov and his research teamat CUNY’s BrooklynCollege conductedaseriesofvisualtestsonmenandwomenatboththehighschoolandcollegelevels.They tested and compared their color vision by projecting colors ontofrostedglassorbeaming themdirectly into thesubjects’eyes.Whenasked to

describe colors displayed across the visual spectrum, thewomenwere betterabletodistinguishamongsubtledifferencesinthemiddleofthecolorspectrum.They also detected tiny differences between yellows that looked the same tomen.Additionally,themenrequiredaslightlylongerwavelengthtoexperiencethesamehueasthewomen.

DEGREES OF CONTRASTThesubjectswerealsoshownlightanddarkbarsofdifferentwidthsanddegreesof contrast, flickering on a computer screen, an effect was similar viewing acarmovinginthedistance.Themenwerebetterabletoseethebars,andtheiradvantage increasedas thebarsbecamenarrowerand lessdistinct.Theyalsohad an easier time resolvingmore rapidly changing images that were closertogetherthanthewomen.

EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONApossible,buthighlyspeculativeexplanationforwhythesexesseedifferentlyisforevolutionaryadvantages.Backinthehunter-gatherersocieties,themalesneededtoseepredatorsorpreyinthedistancewhilewomenhadtodetectsubtlecolordifferenceswhilescouringforedibleplants.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Howisourabilitytodistinguishcolorsimportanttooursurvival,abilitytodoourjobsorineverydaylife?

• Whatdifferenceshaveyouobserved,inthewaythatmalesandfemalesthink?

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laB-GRoWN KidNeyS WoRK iN RatSBy Ashley Peterson

A team at Massachusetts General Hospitalin Boston recently reached an importantmilestoneinthefieldofregenerativemedicine.Forthefirsttime,completelab-grownkidneyshavebeensuccessfully transplanted into rats,filtering and operating as natural kidneyswould.

REGENERATING THE KIDNEYSDr. Harald C. Ott and his colleagues atMassachusetts General Hospital createdbioengineered kidneys by using adecellularizationtechnologyOtthadpreviouslydeveloped. The team first stripped donorkidneys of their cells, leaving behind theunderlying scaffold of connective tissues andbloodvessels.Theyregeneratedthekidneysbyseedingorrepopulatingthedecellurizedorganswithkidneyandvesselcellsfromnewbornrats.Thekidneysproducedurinebutonlyaboutone-thirdasmuchasnormalkidneytransplants.

THE SEARCH FOR A NEW ALTERNATIVEThebreakthroughmarksanimportantsteptowardssomedaybeingabletogrowhuman-scaleorgansvirtuallyondemand.

Renal failure, which currently affects nearly onemillion people in the UnitedStates,isamedicalconditioninwhichthekidneysfailtoadequatelyfilterwaste

productsfromthebloodandcausesthebodytoretainexcesswaterandwasteproducts.Renalfailurecanbereversedbykidneytransplantsfromwell-matcheddonors.Theproblemisthattherearecurrentlynotenoughdonatedkidneystomeet the demand.An estimated 18,000 transplants are carried out each year,but100,000peopleremainon thewaiting list to receive thesurgery.Of thosefortunate enough to receive the transplant surgery, approximately one in fiveexperienceorganrejectionfollowingtheprocedure.

According to Dr. Ott, “If this technology can be scaled to human-size grafts,patientssufferingfromrenalfailure,whoarecurrentlywaitingfordonorkidneys,could theoretically receiveanorgangrownondemand.” Ideally the lab-grownkidneyswouldbegrownfromthepatient’sowncellssotheywouldbelesslikelytoberejectedbytherecipient’simmunesystem.

A PROMISING STARTOttandhisteamarenowtestingtheapproachwithpigandhumankidneysandimprovingtheseedingprocess.

Thoughwearestillalongwayfrombeingabletoproducehuman-scaleorgans,bioengineeredkidneystransplantedintoratsfilterbloodandproduceurine—anachievementthatpavesthewayforgrowingreplacementkidneysforhumans.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whatwouldbesomeofthenextstepstowardsmakingartificialkidneyspossibleforhumans?

• Ifyouwereamedicalresearcherworkinginalab,whatdiscoveryoraccomplishmentwouldyoumakeyourprimarymission?

AP® Biology Investigation #8: Bacterial Transformation

Students will genetically engineer bacteria through transformation with a plasmid that confers antibiotic resistance. They will then examine the number of resistant bacteria to determine the e�ciency of the transformation procedure. Teacher’s manual and Student Study Guide copymasters are included. Materials provided for 8 lab groups.

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Description Cat. No. PriceAP® Biology Investigation #8 S07058 190.00

AP® Biology Investigation #8: Bacterial Transformation

Students will genetically engineer bacteria through transformation with a plasmid that confers antibiotic resistance. They will then examine the number of resistant bacteria to determine the e�ciency of the transformation procedure. Teacher’s manual and Student Study Guide copymasters are included. Materials provided for 8 lab groups.

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analog Vortex Mixer• Twomodesofoperation;“Continuous”modewhenusingaccessory attachmentsor“Touch”modewhichactivateswhendepressingthecuphead

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Go to:http://www.troemner.com/pdf/email/vortex_mixer_experiment.pdftoviewtheexperimentSourced from: Fall 2011 - Jackie Reynolds,Richland College, BIOL2421

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Previously decellularized rat kidney after reseeding with endothelial cells, to repopulate the organ’s vascular system, and with neonatal kidney cells.


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maGGotS aS medical micRoSuRGeoNS?By Cory Bickel

BReathiNG youR Way to BetteR healthBy Mona Simpson

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whatkindofdifficultiesorchallengeswouldarisewhenusingmedicalmaggots?

• Whatother“old-fashioned”treatmentsarestillbeingusedtoday?

Patientswithslow-healingwoundshavebeenvisitingtheirdoctorsforastrangekindofprescriptionlately—acrawly,squirmydoseofmaggots.

TREATING WHILE THEY EATWhile this treatmentmay soundgross,maggots canbe veryhelpful to thesepatients.Thelarvaeofsomespeciesofflieswilleatdeadtissueinwoundsandleavehealthytissue,helpingittogrowandremovingthefoodsourceforbacteriathatcauseinfections.Doctorsputthemaggotsintoapouchofgauzeandplacethem on the wound.Themaggots secrete fluids that digest unhealthy tissueandthenabsorbthenutrients.Maggotsalsohelpwoundstohealbysecretingantibacterial compounds— proteins that stop inflammation that can damagetissue—andcompoundsthatspeedthebody’shealingabilities.

ANCIENT MEDICINE IN THE MODERN WORLDMaggotshavebeenusedmedicinallyforthousandsofyears;byMayanIndians,duringtheRenaissanceandduringtheCivilWar.Theywereapopularmethodoftreatingwoundsandpreventinginfectionuntilantibiotics,suchasPenicillin,replaced them in the 1940’s. Now, with more andmore strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerging, doctors are turning again to maggots to treatwounds.Maggotscanstopinfectionsofresistantbacteria,includingflesh-eatingbacteriasuchasStaphylococcusaureusthatcan’tbetreatedbyregularmethods.In2004,maggots,alongwithleeches,becamethefirstanimalstobeapprovedby theFoodandDrugAdministrationas“medicaldevices.”Maggotsarenowgrownformedicaluseinsterileenvironmentsthatmakethemsafetoputintoopenwounds.

This creepy kind of treatment may see a lot more use with diseases like

diabetes becomingmore prevalent, where poor circulation can cause severesoresandwounds.With the increase inantibiotic resistantbacteria,moreandmorepatientswithwoundsthatareslowtohealanddifficulttotreatwillneedalternativetreatments.Maggotsprovideasafeandsimplemethodforhelpingthesepatientswhomayhavefewoptionsleft.

Whenyou’refeelingsick,it’sunpleasanttovisitthedoctorandmaybegetstuckwithaneedle…it’sevenworsewaitingfordaysforalabresulttotellyouthat…you’resick!Well,imagineifyoucouldvisityourdoctorandjustblowintoatube.They immediately receive the results, called a“breathprint,” and give a quickdiagnosis.Itsoundsfuturistic,butthatfuturemaybecloserthanyouthink.

Scientistshadsubjectsbreatheintoarubbertubethatrunsintoascientificinstrument.Theyareabletomatchbreathprintstotheindividualswhoprovidedthem.

FINGERPRINTS OF BREATHA team of researchers discovered that when you breathe out, themoleculesin yourbreath areunique to yourbody andyourhealth.Breathprints are the

resultsofmassspectroscopy— the identificationof chemicalproperties—ofpeople’sbreath.Massspectroscopyuseselectricandmagneticfieldstoseparateandmeasurethemoleculesinagivensample.Thescientiststestedparticipants’breath fromdifferent timesofdayanddifferentdays, and tried to see if theycouldreliablyseparatebreathprintsbytheindividualwhoprovidedthem.Theydiscoveredthatindividuals’breathprintsvariedsomewhatdependingonthedayandthetimeofday,butthateachpersonhasacoresignatureinthebreathprintthatremainsunchanged.Therefore,theycancapturebreathprintsandmatchtheresultstotheindividualbreather,justlikewithfingerprints.

REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONSBreathprintsmayhavealargeimpactonmedicaltesting:they’refast,easy,non-invasiveand individual.They reflect thebody’smetabolism,whichvaries frompersontoperson,andmayhelpphysiciansgivepersonalizedtreatmenttotheirpatients.Doctorscouldusetheresultstodeterminewhatmedicineapersonhasbeentaking,oriftheyhavebiomarkersforcancer.Thespeedofresultsisalsoanimportantfactor.Becauseresultsaredeliveredinreal-time,thistechnologycanbeusedtotestathletesforperformance-enhancingdrugsquicklyandeasily.

So,inthefuturewhenyou’refeelingill,maybeyourdoctorwillorderabreathprinttestandyou’llalreadyknowandunderstandthebenefitsofthetest.

Maggots grown and packaged in sterile BioBags

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The “breathprint” of a student giving a sample

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CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whenelsemightitbeconvenienttoidentifyinsomeoneusingbreathprints?

• Namesomespecificinstancesinwhichgettingatestquicklycanmakeadifference.


RuBBeR fRom daNdelioNS? talK aBout floWeR poWeRBy Cory Bickel

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whatotherproductscouldbemadefromdandelionlatex?

• Whatproblemsmightthescientistshavetoovercomeindevelopingtheprocessestomaketiresfromdandelions?

Anyonewho’sgottenstickyhands frompickingdandelions is familiarwith themilky liquid

they produce. This liquid is latex, acompound that can be processed tomakerubber,andscientistsareworkingtotakethislatexandturnitintotires.

Dandelions produce latex in theirroots,andbiotechcompaniesKeyGeneand Kultevat are teaming up to make

these small plants more productive inordertoharvestlargeamountsoflatexfrom

them. Scientists at KeyGene found varieties ofdandelions from Russia with mutations that cause

helpful changes like larger roots and increased latex production,andareintheprocessofintroducingthesemutationsintocommondandelion varieties. Kultevatwill take these improved varieties andgetthemgrowinginamountslargeenoughtosupportindustrial-scaleproductionofrubber.

ThetiremanufacturerApolloVredesteindevelopedprototypetiresfromdandelionlatex.Assoonasthebiotechcompanieshaveenoughplantspumpingoutlatex,theycanbegintomanufacturetires,possiblyinassoonasfiveyears.

KEEPING UP WITH DEMANDMostnaturalrubbercomesfromrubbertrees,grownmainlyinSoutheastAsia.Asmorecountrieshavebecomedeveloped,thedemandforrubberanditscosthave risen drastically. Finding an alternative source, especially one as toughandeasilycultivatedasthedandelion,willenablerubberproductiontokeepupwiththegrowingdemand.AndbecauseKeyGene’stechniquesusegenesfoundnaturallywithindandelions,theseplantsaren’tconsideredgeneticallymodified,andcanbegrownintheEuropeancountriesthatcurrentlybanGMcrops.

Whiledandelionsareoftenconsideredweedsandnuisances, thepeskyplantsalreadyhavenutritionalandmedicinaluses.Soontheirfastgrowthandabilitytogrowseeminglyanywherewillbeputtoanothergooduse,andsomedaywemaydrivepastweedyyardsonourdandeliontiresandsmile.

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What i did oN my SummeR vacatioNBy Benjamin Preis

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whatskillshaveyoulearnedinschoolthatyoucoulduseatajob?

• Howcanyoucontinuetolearn,evenwhenschoolisoutforsummerorwinterbreak?

IjumpedupwithexcitementasIreadthedescriptionforasummerinternshipwith Fisher Science Education, part ofThermo Fisher Scientific. It may seemlike an unusual reaction to an internship, but from a long, daunting list ofopportunities,Ihadfoundapositionthatsoundedfun.

Afterathoroughinterviewprocess,Ibeganmyinternshiponeweekafterfinals.My fellow summer interns and I were greeted with great excitement as wewere the first internsThermoFisherScientifichadseen inyears.Wemetwithourrespectivesupervisorsandmentorswhowouldbeguidingusthroughthesummer.IwastheonlyinterninFisherScienceEducation,andIampositiveIhadthemostfunofanyintern.

Mygoal for the summerwas to createYouTubevideosexplaininghowFisherScienceEducationproductswork.Icombinedmyknowledgeofscience—I’maphysicsmajor atTuftsUniversity—withmy experience in film production.MymagnumopuswasaseriesoffourvideosexplainingthebenefitsandusesofanappcalledChemAssist.

ChemAssistwascreatedbytheFisherScienceEducationteamtohelpchemistryteacherskeeptheirchemicalclosetsorganizedandsafe;myjobwastoencourageteacherstousetheappandhelpthemunderstandhowitworks.

In addition to my project, I was completely integrated within my team.Teammembers brought me to meetings with otherThermo Fisher Scientificemployees,andIhadtheopportunitytovisitahighschoolandseehowFisherScienceEducationmakesanimpact. Iwasalsoabletomeetexecutiveswithinthecompany.

My time atThermo Fisher Scientificwas very rewarding.Not only did I havetheopportunity toputmyeducationandexperience towork, I also learnedalot.TheFisherScienceEducationteamprovidedmewithan inside lookat theworkingsofaFortune500company,allwhileempoweringmetoaffectchangeinclassroomsaroundtheworld.

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SmaRt BRa aimS to detect BReaSt caNceR eaRlieRBy Samba Lampich

BreastcanceristhemostcommoncanceramongwomenintheUnitedStatesandoneoftheleadingcausesofcancerdeathsofamongwomenofallraces.Detectingitearlierandtreatingitsooneriskeytosavingthousandsofliveseveryyear.

FirstWarning Systems, a Reno, Nevada-based company, is hoping to makedetection earlier and easier using their cancer-detecting bra, which is still inclinicaltrials.

BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGYThebra,whichlookslikeanordinarysportsbra,isequippedwitheightelectrodesembedded in each cup that detect temperature changes in awoman’s breasttissuesduringa12-hourperiod.Astumorsgrow,theysiphonoffnutrientsfrombloodvesselstofeedtheirmultiplyingcells.Thetumorsinducenewbloodvesselstogrowandthisgeneratesmoreheatthaninthesurroundingnormaltissue.

ThisdataaboutthetemperaturechangesisuploadedthroughasecuredatalinktoFirstWarning’sspecializedsoftware,whichcomparesthisinformationtothepatternsofdocumentedcancerous tissue.Thedata is analyzedand registeredas“normal”,“benign,”“suspectedforbreasttissueabnormalities”or“probableforbreasttissueabnormalities”classification.Thisreportissenttothepatients’physicianwhowilldetermineifafollow-upwithtestsandstandarddiagnosticproceduresisrequired.

FirstWarningsaystheycanthenpredictthepresenceofbreastcancerwithupto90%accuracy.Thisisactuallyisalevelofconfidencethatthesystemisgettingitsclassificationofbreasttissueconditionsaccurate90%ofthetime.

BEYOND TRADITIONAL DETECTION METHODSThe company says the bra is sosensitive it candetectbreast tumorsthatareintheearlystagesofgrowthandcannotbedetectedbyphysicalexaminations of mammography.Thisearlydetectionallowspatientsto start treatments earlier beforethe tumorgetsadangerousheadstart. It also is better at detectingtumors in dense breast tissue,which is often difficult with typicalmammography.

First Warning Systems hopes to haveits bra approved by the Food and DrugAdministrationandonthemarketby2014.Thebrawillcostconsumersaround$200andwilllikelyrequireadoctor’sprescription.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whataretheriskfactorsforbreastcancer?

• Whataresomeofthemythsaboutbreastcancer?Canmengetbreastcancer?

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duNG BeetleS Reach foR the StaRSBy Shubhangi Chouhan

Theymay be tiny and always down in dirt, but they also keep their eyes onthestars.

Dungbeetlesareaspeciesdependentonfecesfortheirnutritionandbreeding.Theyshapepilesofdunginsmallballs,usetheirhindlegstorollthemawayfromcompetitorsandburythemundergroundtofeedtheiryoung.

Thebeetlesroll thedungballsusingtheirhindlegsand, if theydon’troll inastraight line, they risk circlingback to their competitors.How theymanage tomaintainastraightcourseonamoonlessnight—withoutanysetlandmarks—isthesubjectofanewstudy.

THE STRAIGHT AND NARROW PATHThe dung beetles are known to follow a linear path using visual cues fromcelestialbodiessuchasthesun,themoonorthepatternofpolarizedlightthatcreatesacompassaroundthem.

Thebeetlesdon’tneedtorollperfectlyin-linewiththeMilkyWay,althoughtheyuseitsnaturallightasareference.VisionscientistMarieDackeandhercolleaguesatLundUniversityinSwedenstudiedthisbehavioralpatternbytrackingagroupofAfricandungbeetles.

Thebeetlesandtheirdungballswereputinthemiddleofsandyareasurroundedby a meter-high wall and no landmark on the ground. An overhead camerarecorded theirmovements.Althoughthe tinycompoundeyesare tooweak todistinguishindividualplanetsorstars,whenthemoonandthestarswereclearlyvisible,thepaththeymadewasalmoststraight.Evenonamoonlessnighttheyefficientlyusedthelight-to-darkgradientoftheMilkyWaytorolldunginstraightpaths.Butwithanovercastsky,theinsectsrolledthedungaimlessly.

When masking blinders were used on these beetles, they were still able toorientthemselvesusingtheMilkyWay,provingthattheyarethefirstspeciesoftheirkindtofindtheirwayaroundusingavisualcompasssystemrather thanlandmarks.

OTHER NOCTURNAL NAVIGATORSScientist theorize that frogs, spiders and other nocturnal critters also use thestars,theMilkyWayandpolarizedmoonlightfororientationbuttheyhaveyettoconductstudiestoproveit.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Doyouknowofanymorespecieswithsuchspecialnavigation/orientationabilities?

• Howmightlightpollutionaffectdungbeetlesandtheroletheyplayinsustainingtheecosystem?

This kit provides students the opportunity to learn the techniques available for dusting and developing latent fingerprints from various surfaces. Students compare the prints to standards developed by the FBI and help in identifying the would be suspect. Each of the groups prepare evidence for another group to analyze and with the aid of the Modus Operandi sheets, the group identifies the fingerprints of the suspects.

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BeeS aNd floWeRS commuNicate uSiNG electRic fieldSBy Samba Lampich

Flowersusetheircolors,size,shape and smell to attractpollinators.Butscientistssaythey may also be giving offan electric vibe to maximizetheir attraction to bees.Researchers Daniel Robert,Dominic Clarke and HeatherWhitney from the Universityof Bristol have shown thatflowers use electric fields toattractbumblebees.

THE POWER OF ATTRACTIONThesciencecommunityhaslongknownthatflowersgrowinginthegroundhaveanaturalnegativechargewhenflyingthroughtheair.Bees,ontheotherhand,arepositivelycharged.Thisisbecausethefrictionbetweentinyairparticlesandthebeescausethemtoloseelectronsleavingthemwithapositivecharge.

What remained unknown was whether the electricity between the bees andflowerswasmutuallybeneficial.Didbeesnoticetheelectricfieldsanduseittochooseflowers?

Tofindout,thescientistssetupanexperimentbybuildingasmallarenafulloffakepurpleflowersconsistingofastalkandsmalldishatthetop.Halftheflowers

werewiredtocreateasmallelectricfieldandtheotherhalfwerenot.Thewiredflowersheldsugarwaterandtheunwiredonesheldquinine,asubstancebeesfindunpleasant.

When bumblebees were released into the fake flower patch when no flowerhadanelectriccharge, theresearchers foundthat thebeesvisited the flowersrandomly.They landedon thesugary flowersasoftenason thequinine filledones.Butwhenasmallelectricchargewasreleasedintothesugar-filledflowers,thebeeslearnedtovisitthemwith81%accuracy.Whenthechargewasremoved,thebeeswentbacktorandomlyvisitingflowers.

NATURE’S BILLBOARDSRoberts and his fellow researchers studied real petunias and measured theelectricfieldaroundtheflowerbeforeandafterabeevisitedit.Theyfoundthataflower’selectricfieldincreasedinchargeasabeeapproachedandtheboostremainedforabout100secondsafterthebeehadgatherednectarandleft.

Robertsbelievesthatthislingeringchargehelpedtoinformotherbeesthattheplanthadnomorenectarandthattheyshouldfindanotherflower.Thisway,thebeesarenotwastingtheireffortsandtheflowerscanreplenishtheirsupplyinpeace.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Howcannoiseandairpollutionaffectpollination?Considertheeffectonthepollinatorsthemselves.

• Howdoestheuseofpesticidesaffectfruitandvegetablefarmers?

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miGhty poWeR iN a micRoBatteRyBy Samba Lampich

Mostsmartphoneandtabletusershavehadaquickmomentofpanicwhen their devicesalert them that theirbatteryisalmostdead.They dread beingtethered to an outletwhileitcharges.

But now, in this fast-paced, tech-drivenworld,researchershavebuiltnewbatteriesthatcharge instantly andholdhoursofjuice.

Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed asmall,densebatterythatcancharge1000timesfasterthannormalbatteriesandreleasealotofpower.ProfessorWilliamKingwhoheadedtheresearcherssaysthemicrobatteryissopowerfulthepowerstoragedeviceinacellphonecouldbeusedtojumpstartacarbattery.Thegroupisworkingtomakethebatteriessmallenoughtofitinsidea“creditcard-thin”device.

HOW DID THEY DO ITAccording to the researchers, the secret to creating the microbattery wasminiaturizingtheanodeandcathode.KingandhisgroupusedmaterialsscienceandengineeringprofessorPaulBraun’smethodofminiaturizingthecathodeto

developamatchinganode.Thetwowerethenassembledina3Dmicrostructuretomakeacompletenewbatterywithsuperiorperformance.

SOLVING EXISTING BATTERY PROBLEMSTheproblemwithexistingbatteriesisthattheycanreleaseenergyveryquicklybutstoreonlyasmallamount,ortheycanstorealargeamountofenergybutreleaseitveryslowly.Capacitorsexpresstheirpowerveryquicklybutdon’tstorealotandLi-Ionbatteriesholdalargeamountofenergybuttakealongtimetocharge.Thesenewmicrobatteriesoffer thebestofboth;holdingmuchenergyandexpressingthechargequickly.Ideally,acellphonecouldbefullychargedinonesecond.

POTENTIAL USES OF MICROBATTERIESWiththeirabilitytochargequicklyandholdalotofpower,thesemicrobatteriescouldbeusedinmedicaldevicesandlasersensorswheretheirelectronicsaresmallbuttheirbatteriesarelarge.

“Nowwecanthinkoutsideofthebox,”saidJamesPikul,agraduatestudentwhoworked on the project.“It’s a new enabling technology. It’s not a progressiveimprovement over previous technologies; it breaks the normal paradigms ofenergysources.It’sallowingustododifferent,newthings.”

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The graphic illustrates a high-power battery technology from the University of Illinois. Ions flow between three-dimensional micro-electrodes in a lithium-ion battery.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whatotherdeviceswouldbenefitfromthesemicrobatteries?

• Howwouldthiskindofbatteryaffectothersourcesofenergy,suchassolar?


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NaSa SpacecRaftS pRepaRe to Study comet flyiNG By maRSBy Robert Marshall, Educator, Carnegie Science Center

AfterthediscoveryofcometC/2013A1bythe20”telescopeoftheSlidingSpringObservatoryearlierthisJanuary,scientistsarepredictingitscloseencounterwiththeredplanetonOctober19,2014.Eachobservationsinceitsdiscoveryhasledtobetterorbitaltrajectories,helpingtodeterminethetime,velocityanddistanceatwhichitwillpass.

RED PLANET SAFE FROM IMPACTOriginalmathematicalcalculationsgaveMarsa1in2,000chanceofimpact.Thoseoddswerehigh.Thoughsuchanimpactwouldonlyexhibitone-thirdtheamountof energyas the theorizeddinosaurextinctioneventonEarth65millionyears

ago,suchaneventwouldchangeMars,aplanetwithmerelyone-tenththemassofEarth.Scientistswouldthenhaveachancetostudyaglobalclimate-changingevent,inreal-time,righthereinourownsolarsystem.Buttoday,oddsofimpacthavebeenreducedto1in120,000.

MARTIAN ENCOUNTERRegardless, thecomet isexpectedtopasswithinapproximately186,000milesofMars,makingthiseventunprecedentedforthenetworkofMartianspacecraft,givingscientistsalookatanotherworldfromanotherworld.OdysseyandMRO(MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter)currentlyorbit theplanet, taking imagesof therusty oxidized surface.Adjusting their pitch so that their instrumentation canbedirectedout toward space couldprovide a solution.But engineers arenotevensureifthisispossible.Additionally,C/2013A1willbebuzzingbyquicklyat125,000mph,presentinganadditionalchallengeforcapturingimages.

However,thesesatellitesdon’toffertheonlychanceforcloseobservation.Fromthe surface,OpportunityorMSL (MarsScienceLaboratory) could lookupandphotograph the comet’s nighttime glow.Thesewheeling spacecraft are almostonoppositesidesoftheplanetfromoneanother,meaningtherotationofMarsduringthecomet’spasswilldeterminewhichrovers—maybeboth—getapeak.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Wheredocometsoriginate?

• WhatotherretiredspacecraftmissionshavebeensenttoMars?Whataboutplannedfuturespacecraft?


the GReeN GeNie iN a BottleBy Mona Simpson

Tiredofrecycling?Noproblem—nowyoujusttossallthoseplasticsodabottlesrightintoyourbackyard.Andthebestthingaboutitisthatyou’llbeapplauded,notscolded.

We can all agree that plastic bottles make everyday life more convenient.Unfortunately, theyalso candamage theenvironment.Butnow there’s awaytheycanimproveit.

A BEAUTIFUL SECOND ACTArchitectMarceloRosenbaum is featuredonBrazilianhomedesign televisionshowHome Sweet Home.Hedevelopedanamazingwaytoupcyclesodabottlesinto an attractive vertical garden. Upcycling is the practice of taking wastematerialsandimprovingtheirusefulnessandvaluetomakeanitemthatisbetterthantheoriginal.

RosenbaumbroughthisuniqueandcreativedesignstothehomeoftheRodriguezfamily:amotherandhertwodaughterswhoarealreadyontheorganicfasttrackbygrowingsomeherbsandvegetablesinupcycledcontainers.Hetransformedtheiroutsidelivingspacewithaverticalgardenmadefromupcycledbottlesandtwine.Hetookhundredsofclean,usedplasticsodabottlesandcutoutasectionineachtocreateaplanter.Hethenstrungthebottlesuphorizontallyonasunnywallthatrunsalongapathwaybythefamilyhome.ThedesignwassoattractiveandpracticalthatRosenbaumreceivedmanyrequestsfortheplans,whicharenowavailableforfree(inPortuguese)onhisdesignfirm’swebsite.

Verticalgardening isaconcept thathasexisted for thousandsofyears. Thereare records of ancient Egyptians using vertical gardens as early as 3000 B.C.The concept has taken on new life and garnered renewed interest recently

with increased environmentalawareness and theadoptionofgreenbuildingpractices.

SMALL SPACE, BIG BENEFITSThere are several benefits ofverticalgardening:

• Gardeners can grow manyplantsinasmallspace

• Diseases and pests can’treachtheplantsaseasily

• The structures to whichvertical gardens are attachedare cooler because of theshade provided by thegarden

• Plasticbottlesarelightweight,makingthegardenalighterloadonthewalltowhichitisattached

• Materials,suchasrecycledbottles,areinexpensive

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Howelsecanyouupcycleplasticbottles?

• Whatothermaterialswouldworkwellforupcyclingintoaverticalgarden?

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GRoWiNG NeW oRGaNSBy Brian Marks

Tissueregeneration—thepracticeofregrowingbodyparts—isamultidisciplinaryfieldinvolvingbiologyandengineeringthatislikelytorevolutionizethehealthandqualityoflifeformillionsofpeopleworldwidebyrestoringtissueandorganfunction.Nowthatnewmethodshavebeendeveloped,thereispotentialthatthistechnologycouldbeusedtotestnewdrugsortogroworgansandhumantissue.

3D PRINTINGBiotechnologyfirmshavestudied3Dprintingtechnologyasapossiblesolutiontotissueregeneration.Intissueengineeringapplications,organsandbodypartsarebuiltusinginkjetcomputer-aidedprinters.Naturalmaterialsareprintedonelayeratatimeuntilaparticular3Dformisachieved.Inthenearfuture,youmaybeabletoinjectlivingcellsintoaprinterandsprayout3Dtissuetodevelopintohumanorgansortissue.

Usinga3Dprinterandinjectionsoflivingcells,scientistshavetakenthefirststeptowardgrowingcustomizednewearsforchildrenbornwithmicrotia(malformedexternalear)orpeoplewho loseone toaccidentordisease.Also, researchershave printed living embryonic stem cells using a printer capable of printingdropletsofcellsgentlyenoughtokeepthecellsaliveandmaintaintheirabilitytodifferentiateintomultiplecelltypes.

ADDITIONAL TISSUE ENGINEERING METHODSInaddition to3Dprinting, scientistshavestudiedmanipulating faint electricalcurrents in the skin that appear to regulate tissue regeneration. By inhibiting

such a current after amputating a salamander’s leg, scientists are abletoshutdowntheprocessofregrowth.Inlightofthisresearch,scientists

are testing electrical fields on human tissue, hoping to enable regenerationwhereitdoesn’tnormallyoccur.Also,acell-basedapproachisbeingattemptedtotransformcellsbacktoprogenitorcells thataresimilar tostemcells inthattheycandifferentiateintoaspecifictypeofcell.It’spossiblethatthesecellscouldbepushed tomultiplyanddifferentiate intocellsneeded togrownewhumanorgansortissue.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Howcouldstemcellresearchhelptissueregeneration?

• Whatotherproblemscanwepotentiallysolvebycombiningbiologyandengineering?

THE FUTURE CLASSROOMSTEP INTO

Robotics is the fastest growing industry and mostadvanced technology usedin education and research.The NAO humanoid robot is the ideal platform forteaching or researching inScience and Technology.

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SoldieRS could commuNicate thRouGh theiR uNifoRmSBy Samba Lampich

Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology(MIT) is not a leader in fashion, butsome of its scientists are turningsoldiers’fatiguesintoquiteastatement.In a joint venture, the U.S.Army andMITareworkingtoweavemicroscopicfiber-optic-like gold threads intouniformsthatwouldenablesoldierstodetectlight,heatandsound.

FIBERS ARE DEVICESThefibersareanentirelynewcommunicationdevice,althoughtheyarecurrentlynot yet able to carry out that function. Unlike other devices, they do not haveany transistors, circuitry or processors. “These are new kinds of fibers that arethemselvesdevices,”saysJohnJoannopoulos,thedirectoroftheInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologies.Thefibersareaboutamillimeterindiameter,whichistoothicktosewintoauniform,andJoannopouloswantstoscaledownto100microns.Theteamplanstotestandrefinetheconceptanddesigninthenext10years.

FROM THE LAB TO THE BATTLEFIELDThetechnologywouldhaveseveralapplicationsthatcouldsavelivesandmakecommunicationeasierandfaster.

The fibers could beused to identify friendly soldiers at night, in the distanceoronsmokyandrapidlychangingbattlefields.Theycouldshinelasersonother

soldiers’uniformsand,iftheywerewearingthesameuniform,thefiberswouldsenseitandsendasignalback.

Theseuniformswouldalsobehelpfultomedicswhocouldidentifyasoldier’swoundsbyexaminingheatpatternsfromthefibersontheuniform.

“Youruniformwouldtransmitthatinformation.Youwouldn’tbetalking,itwouldtransmitinformation:whoyouare,whattimeyouwentdown,wherethewoundsare,whatistheestimatedseverityofthewound,etcetera,”Joannopoulossays.“Theideawiththesefibersisthateventually,we’dliketoenablefull-bodysensingforthesoldier.”

IRONING OUT THE KINKSTheconceptanddesignalsoposesomechallenges.Thefiberscanonlytransmitdatawithina75mdistanceandtheyfunctiononlywheninthelineofsightoftheotheruniformswithfibers.Ifthere’sanobstacle,suchasatreeorstructure,thecommunicationiscompromised.

Thefibersmayeventuallysupplementothercommunicationsmethods,suchasradioandphone,providingoptionsforsoldiersfacingtheunpredictabilityofthebattlefield.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Inwhatotherfields/professionswouldsuchfibersbeuseful?

• Whatwouldbethebenefitsofhavinganon-verbalformofcommunication?

To see more about the probeware system of the future see www.fisheredu.com/neulog.


a BillBoaRd that maKeS dRiNKaBle WateR out of thiN aiRBy Ashley Peterson

AnewbillboardinLima,Peruisattractingagreatdealofattentionandbringingamessageofhopetoanareathathaslongfacedseriouswaterchallenges.TheUniversity of Engineering and Technology of Peru (UTEC) and an ad agencycalledMayoDraftFCBandcreatedthestructuretoserveasaresourceforresidentsandalsotoinspirewould-beengineerstoapplytotheuniversity.

A TOWN IN DANGER OF RUNNING DRYLima, Peru’s capital, is the fifth largest city in theAmericas and is home to 1.2millionpeople. It’s locatedinatypeofclimateknownasacoastaldesertwheretheannualrainfallislessthananinch.Asaresult,manyresidentshavetogettheirwaterfrompollutedwellsorexpensiveunregulatedprivate-companywatertrucks.

Despite the city’s almost non-existent precipitation, the region experienceshumiditylevelsofupto98%.ThisledUTECresearcherstotryandfindawaytoconvertthehumidairtowater.

UTECandMayoDraftFCBdesignedandlaunchedthefirst-everbillboardabletoharvestandpurifythemoisture-richairintopotabledrinkingwater.

SENDING A POWERFUL MESSAGE AND SOLVING A SERIOUS PROBLEMThebillboardreads,“Abillboardthatproducesdrinkingwaterfromair”andsinceitsinstallation,thestructurehasproducedalmost25gallonsofwateraday.

Thebillboardusesareverseosmosisfiltrationsystemtoconverttheairmoistureintoliquid.Theairgoesthroughanairfilter,condenserandcarbonfilterbefore

ultimately collecting into 20-liter storage tanks. Locals can access the waterthroughafaucetatthebottomofthebillboard.

Thebillboardhasnotonlybecomealocalattraction,buthasalsoquicklybecomeanindispensablepartoflifeintheneighboringvillages.Theconceptmightspreadto other troubled spots around the world as the UN and other internationalleadershaverecentlycalledforgreatersolutionstotheglobalwatercrisis.

Inadditiontoaddressingaseriousenvironmentalissue,themarketingcampaignaims to inspirepotential studentsby illustratinghowengineersandscientistsworktosolvesocialneedsonadailybasisthoughtechnologyandinnovation.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• HowhasclimatechangeaffectedwatersourcesincoastaldesertareassuchasLima?

• Howdoeslackofaccesstocleanwaterhinderthesocial,economicandhealthygrowthofsocieties?

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Bald eaGleS RetuRN to peNNSylvaNiaBy Samba Lampich

Aftermorethan250yearsofabsence,thebaldeaglehasreturnedtonestalongPittsburgh’sthreerivers.Themajesticbirdofpreywasnearlyextinctbutthankstoanaggressiveprotectionprogram,theirnumbersareontherise.

INDUSTRIALIZATION AS A CULPRITBoomingindustrializationinthe19thcenturyledtolarge-scaledeforestationanddestruction ofmature trees thatwere home to the bald eagles. Pollution fromgrowingindustriesanduseofthepesticideDDTdestroyedriversandthefishthatwerethemainsourceoffoodforthebirds.Allthesefactors—alackofnestingtrees,declineoffoodandtheuseofDDT—leadthenear-extinctionofthebirds.

LONG FLIGHT FROM HOMEBythe1980s,therewerejustthreepairsofeagles’nestsinthenorthwestregionofPennsylvania.InJuneof1983,thePennsylvaniaGameCommissionlaunchedtheBaldEagleRestorationProject.AgroupofGameCommissionemployees,travelled to Laronge, Saskatchewan to capture young bald eagles and bringthembacktoPennsylvania.Theywouldtakesevensuchtrips.Atthattime,theSaskatchewanprovincehadastablebaldeaglepopulation.

A BRIGHTER FUTUREAccording to the Pennsylvania Game Commission, by 1999, 42 active nestsproduced47eagletsandby2010theyhadproducedatleast293.By2012,thereweremorethan200baldeaglenestinglocationsinPennsylvania.Effortstocleanup Pennsylvania’s rivers have been successful and there are pairs of nestingbald eagles along each ofAllegheny County’s three rivers; theMonongahela,AlleghenyandOhio.

ThebaldeagleremainsthreatenedinPennsylvaniaandcontinuestobeprotectedunderstateandfederallaws.

BALD EAGLE FACTS• Bald eaglesbuild the largest nests of anyNorthAmericanbird and canbe

foundnowhereelseintheworld

• Apairofbaldeaglesgenerallymateforlife

• Thebaldeaglewingspanrangesfromfiveandahalftoeightfeet

• Aneaglemayweigheightto12poundsandthefemalesareabout25%larger

• Bothmaleandfemalewillsitonthenesttoprotecttheeggsandyoung,andwilltaketurnsforagingforfood

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Whataresomeetiquetterulesthatshouldbefollowedwhenobservingendangeredspecieslikethebaldeagle?

• Howhavesomeofthefederalandlocallawshelpedwiththerestorationofendangeredspecies?ThinkabouttheCleanWaterActandothers.

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haNd GeStuReS impRove math leaRNiNG By Samba Lampich

Graspingmathematicalconceptsisn’teasyformoststudents,butanewstudyrevealsthatbyusinghandgestures, teachers can boost math learning. Thestudy,published in the journalChild Development,provides some of the strongest evidence yet thatgesturing boosts ability to understand, apply andremembermath.

The study, conducted by Fenn and Ryan Duffy ofMichigan State University and Susan Cook of theUniversity of Iowa, tested 184 second-, third- andfourth-gradersontheirabilitytosolvemathematical

equivalence (i.e., 4+5+7=_+7) which is crucial inlearningalgebra.

Half thestudentswereshownvideosof instructorswavingtheirhandsundereachsideoftheequationtoexplain that theyshouldbeequaland theotherhalf watched speech-only videos of instructorsexplainingthesameconcept.

The students were given a test immediatelyafterward, and those who watched the gesturevideos performed better than those who watchedthe speech-only video. A second test given 24hours latershowedthestudentswhoobservedthegesturesshowedimprovementsandthespeech-onlygroupdidnot.

MAKING MATH MEMORABLE AccordingtoFennandCook,gestureshelpstudentsunderstandthefundamentalconceptoftheequationproblem, regardless of the numbers.The studentsareabletosolvenewproblemswithnewnumbersby applying themathematical concept to the newnumbers.

Thevisualhandgesturesoftenillustrateorreinforceaconceptthatcannotbeeasilyexplainedbyspeechalone;forexample,usingbothhandstodemonstrate

balancewhenteachingequationswherebothsidesshouldbeequal.

But it’snot just theteacher’sgestures thatseemtoboostmathlearning.A2007studybyCookreportedthatthird-graderswhowereaskedtogesturewhilelearning algebra were nearly three times morelikelytorememberwhattheyhadlearnedthanthestudentswhodidn’tgesture.

MASTERING MATH EARLIER IN THE U.S.FennsaysthatteachingmathusinggestureswouldbebeneficialtoU.S.studentswholagbehindotherWestern countries in math. It would help themmasterequivalenceproblemsinearlygrades.

“So if we can help them grasp this foundationalknowledge earlier, it will help them as they learnalgebraandhigherlevelsofmathematics.”

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Sequencing

Add Swift’s X-Factor to your STEM Classroom!Discover how Swift Microscopes and the new Moticam X

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33

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Howcangestureshelpstudentslearnothersubjectslikegeography,chemistryorgrammar?

• Whatisthepurposeofgesturing,otherthancommunication?Considerthatblindpeopleandpeopletalkingonthephonegesture.


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fRee Stem ipad appSBy Robert Marshall, Educator, Carnegie Science Center

Schools’ demand for high-tech handhelddevices is at an all-time high. First-generation iPads are significantly lessexpensive than traditional laptops. Andwith more and more of these smartdevices appearing in classrooms, thecustomer-dedicatedteamatFisherScienceEducation took a leap in creating a toolthat is revolutionizing thewayeducatorsinteractwiththeirchemicalsuppliers.

ChemAssist is a free Apple mobileapplicationthatanyonecandownloadanduse to track inventory and convenientlyrestock their Fisher Science Educationchemicals. And along the way, teachersand students will learn the industry’sbest chemical storage practices using astandardizedcolorcoding.

TheiPadcanbeusedforjustaboutevery

subject in the school. As I lead STEMworkshopsforteachersacrossthecountry,I’moften asked,“What educational appsareavailablefortheiPad?”

MUST HAVE FREE IPAD APPSThefollowingismylistfreeiPadappswithbrief descriptions, available in the appstore.

3D Sun

View real solar images and datacaptured from NASA heliophysicsspacecraft

NOVA Elements

Make sure to build atoms with thecorrectnumberofsubatomicparticles

Earth-Now

Visualize continents,oceansand theirdynamicpropertiesinaction

Exoplanet

3DMilkyWay database of confirmedextrasolarplanets

ISS Live!

Manipulatea3Dmodelandfollowtheastronauts’dailyschedule

khan Academy

One-stopshopforeconomics,history,mathematicsandsciencevideos

Mars Globe

Seeadetailedlabeledmapoftheredsurface,includingroverlandingsites

NASA

ExploreNASAmissions,news,videos,launch information and countdownclocks

National Geographic Today

Stunningphotographs,videos,quizzesand articles in a hands-on NationalGeographicportal

Particle Zoo

IfyouhaveeverbeenconfusedaboutQuantum, have a double look here

Simple Physics

Design engineering solutions for aseriesofprojectswhilestayingunderbudget

SkyWeek

Learnwhatcelestialobjectsandspecialeventsarevisibleintonight’ssky

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION• Howcouldyouintegrateanyoftheseappsintosomethingyou’relearningrightnow?

• WhatisCitizenScience?CanyoufindotherCitizenScienceappsavailableontheiPad?

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