iowa state parks design guide

Iowa State Parks Design Guide long-term vision for state park architecture
From the Director of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources:
Iowa state parks attract millions of visitors every year who seek enjoyment in these unique places that help define our natural heritage. People come for the solitude, recreation, and the enrichment of shared experiences in nature. They hold a special place in our hearts.
Today’s 85 state parks and recreation areas provide a broad array of outdoor opportunities with beaches, campgrounds, trails, cabins, boat and canoe launches, shoreline fishing, picnic shelters, and lodges, that all serve as gathering places for friends, families, and groups of all sizes. They have incredible economic, environmental and quality of life importance to this state and its citizens.
This Design Guide provides a thoughtful long-term vision for state park architecture. With the year 2020 representing the 100th anniversary of Iowa state parks, it becomes even more important to guide the future image and identity of parks. The architectural framework established within pays homage to the rich past of the historic log and stone structures so prevalent in Iowa parks that were constructed during the Great Depression. This, coupled with the intention to reflect sustainability principles and the overall quality of state park facilities, will “showcase” the Department’s role as the leader in natural resource tstewardship and provider of outdoor recreation opportunities.
Iowans are proud of their state parks. Please join me in celebrating the creation of a renewed and unified state park identity for future generations.
Sincerely, Roger Lande
1 | OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN GUIDE
Introduction and Purpose 5 Iowa State Park Image, Identity, & Visitor Experience 5 Key Considerations 6 - Economic Realities 6 - Cultural Treasures with Current Sensibility 6 - Environmental Relationships 6 Audience 6 Process 7
2 | VISION
3 | BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES - IMAGE
Introduction 11 Origins 11 - Existing Buildings & Structures – Eras & Design Intent 11 - CCC Era (1910 - 1942) 12 - Post WWII Era (1942 - 1985) 14 - Most Recent Era (1985 - Present) 16 Ecology in Iowa State Parks 18 - Introduction 18 - Iowa State Parks in the Context of Geological Landform Regions 18 - Iowa Plant Communities & Vegetation Change 19 Conclusion 20
4 | A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
Introduction & Vision 23 Sustainability Criteria for Park Development 24 - Overall Park and Site Development 24 - Materials and Processes 24
- Energy Efficiency 25 - Water Conservation 26 Conclusion 27
| VISUAL PREFERENCE
Visual Listening Survey 29 - Study Process 29 - Study Results 30 - Analysis & Insights 42 Conclusion 45
6 | DESIGN GUIDELINES
How to Use the Guidelines 47 - Step by Step Process 47 Design Templates 49 - Entry Portals 50 - Kiosks 56 - Shelters 62 - Cabins 68 - Restrooms 74 - Administrative/Office Facilities 80
Materials and Color Palette 85 - Stone 86 - Wood 90 - Roof 91 - Color 92 Signage 93 Site Furnishings 96 Next Steps 98
APPENDIX & REFERENCES 101
Table of Contents
5
Prepared by RDG Planning & Design and Applied Ecological Services with The Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 2011. See Appendix for additional contributors. All photos used with permission given to RDG Planning and Design and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Welcome to Iowa State Park and Recreation Areas
www.iowadnr.gov
Chapter 1 - Overview of the Design Guide 5
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Iowa’s state parks host 14 million visitors a year. Visitors have
celebrations of significant life events in state parks, such as
birthdays, graduation parties, weddings, and family reunions.
Many of these events become a part of long-standing traditions
that over time create a strong sense of pride in Iowa state parks.
Think back to your first memories of a visit to an Iowa state park.
What were your first impressions? They were likely dominated
by a sense of awe of the natural environment, as state parks
are located in many of Iowa’s most dramatic landscapes. This
sense of awe was possibly combined with anticipation of seeing
your first-cousins at a family reunion or participating in a family
activity, like fishing, hiking, picnicking, swimming or any other
outdoor recreation opportunity available in Iowa’s state parks.
These first impressions were probably colored by the different
look and feel of the buildings in the park. Iowa’s finest park
buildings were built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation
Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The
face of state parks was greatly changed by these two federal
work programs during the Great Depression. The distinctive
stone and timber beach buildings, lodges, shelters, trail bridges
and cabins built during this period have become associated
with the identity of Iowa state parks.
The fundamental purpose of the Design
Guide is to provide a thoughtful long-term
vision for state park architecture.
Ledges
Overview of the Design Guide C H A P T E R 1
The Iowa State Parks Design Guide was developed in
recognition of the importance of park architecture in the overall
visitor experience - this being an interplay of the structures that
frame outdoor life and family experiences within a backdrop of
the most scenic and biologically significant places in Iowa.
The fundamental purpose of the Design Guide is to provide a
thoughtful long-term vision for state park architecture. It will
build on the best of the past, along with the best of the present,
for future generations that will be enriched by both.
With the year 2020 representing the 100th anniversary
of Iowa state parks, it becomes even more important to
provide a road map for the future image and identity of
Iowa state parks.
IOWA STATE PARK IMAGE, IDENTITY, AND VISITOR EXPERIENCE
Iowa was at the forefront of the nation in establishing a system
of state parks. From the outset, the founders struggled with
trying to balance facility development vs. resource protection
or simple public ownership. The Great Depression federal work
programs of the New Deal era, however, quelled the discussion
and gave Iowa state parks a new look, with 1,000 plus CCC
and WPA rustic stone and timber structures built in 39 state
parks to serve ever increasing numbers of visitors. These were
constructed of native materials available locally; logs cut from
the park forests and stone quarried for the parks nearby. While
individual in character, these structures represent the very
essence of the Iowa state park system.
What happened to those great stone and timber buildings
constructed in the 1930s that became part of Iowa state park
visitor’s multi-generational experience? By the 1990s most
were on the National Register of Historic Places, but were in
6 Iowa Department of Natural Resources | Iowa State Parks Design Guide
site considerations. The Iowa State Parks Design
Guide strives to offer methods and options including
material palette choices that provide flexibility,
emphasize these relationships, and maintain an
overall unified approach.
been prepared for the following key user groups as they
plan, authorize, design, construct, maintain, and operate DNR
facilities:
• Design consultants
• State park friends groups
user perceptions has been and will continue to be an integral
component of the ongoing efforts to make improvements to the
built environment in Iowa state parks.
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
• Economic realities
maintenance and operational expenses are important
considerations when developing a guide for future
state park facilities. Agency values that are grounded
in quality and durability will need to be balanced
with affordability. The higher long-term costs vs.
lower short-term costs of improvements need to be
factored into the discussion, as does the economic
benefit of quality facilities. The Design Guide can be
helpful by informing the design process, without
necessarily always increasing the cost of the
improvement. In other cases, an improvement may
need to be deferred until adequate resources are
available to meet basic design needs.
• Cultural treasures with current sensibility
ä There is a unique architectural aesthetic established
in the early park development in Iowa that utilized a
“rustic” style design. Over the years, this aesthetic
has survived the test of time and these CCC-era
structures are now even more treasured. A challenge
for this document is to understand and articulate the
unique design elements of rustic architecture, while
applying a 21st century sensibility.
• Environmental relationships
needs to exist in harmony with several environmental
elements including relevant geological features and
an increasingly deteriorating condition. During an eight year
period, many were restored and renovated, along with beach
buildings that were converted to new uses for picnicking and
family gatherings through a funding program known as Restore
the Outdoors.
In the early years an “Iowa state park look” was established
by the stone and timber structures, however, park buildings
constructed for a period after WWII generally lacked consistency
as a result of several factors.
VISITOR EXPERIENCE
The visitor’s experience continues to be of primary concern.
The overall look and feel of the park architecture creates a
significant impact and lasting impression. Understanding
“The better each of us understands the environmental,
cultural, and economic context of each facility’s design,
the better we will serve our customers and reflect a
quality agency image. Everyone in the Forest Service
has a stake in creating and perpetuating a positive built
environment image.”
Pikes Peak Backbone
ä
CONCLUSION
earliest park facilities not only provided a major contribution to
the conservation and recreation needs in Iowa, but they also left
a legacy to be treasured.
The Iowa State Park Design Guide will provide a visionary road
map for tomorrow’s park architecture that pays homage to our
rich past, yet keeps a sharp eye on the needs and resources
available for future generations.
maintenance funding levels.
state parks system, with separate detailed focuses
on geology, forestry and ecology.
• Case Study
ä A review of a similar design guideline effort by the
National Forest Service.
of conservation organization partners, DNR staff
(current and retired), and DNR Comissioners; and
a Core Planning Committee. This component also
included a Visual Listening Survey with all mentioned
above, as well as specified public participants,
whereby visual preferences were identified through
the rating of selected park infrastructure images.
• Interactive Design Work Sessions
sessions was conducted by consultants with DNR
staff.
ä The development of critical text to support and clearly
direct the implementation of design recommendations
by various document users.
sharp eye on the needs and resources
available for future generations.
• The Iowa Park Foundation
relevant to development of the Design Guide, solicit input from
the various stakeholders impacted by the project, and produce
the Design Guide included the following specific components:
• Document Review
planning and construction documents, with relevance
to the 1933 Conservation Plan. Historical blue prints
were also scanned.
inventoried and photographed.
have impacted state park usage in the past fifty years
was reviewed, focusing on recent trends between the
1990 and 2000 census.
• History of Iowa State Parks Development
ä A review of the funding and development of the state
park system was conducted. Milestone events such
as the establishment of the Civilian Conservation
Corps under the National Works Program during the
Great Depression, and the multi-year planning and
restoration effort of park historic structures, known
as the Restore the Outdoors (RTO), were identified.
• Overview of the State Parks System
ä A status report on the operational resources of the
To conserve and enhance our natural resources in cooperation with individuals and organizations to improve the quality of life in Iowa and ensure a legacy for future generations.
— DNR Mission Statement
Leading Iowans in caring for our natural resources. — DNR Vision
Chapter 2 - Vision 9
• Integrate the best of the past Iowa state park rustic
architectural identity with the best of current sustainable
design practices, materials and construction techniques
to create an overall unified state park experience and
image that is built to last.
• Reflect sustainability principles and the overall quality of
state park facilities, consistent with the Department’s role
as leader in natural resource stewardship and provider of
outdoor recreation opportunities.
structures, yet allow for variations:
ä between and within geological regions
ä between parks
may reflect differing complexity, scale, materials and
costs
of individual projects.
centers.
PRINCIPLES
the design, construction and operation of park facilities.
• Create an interpretation using environmental and cultural
cues drawn from the specific park and site.
• Develop with quality and durability in mind. Projects
should be buildable, affordable, accessible, functional
and maintainable.
outdoors by integrating the user with a quality experience
in the natural environment.
The Design Guide is based on a set of goals,
objectives and principles that were developed
through the course of the project.
Vision C H A P T E R 2
Lake MacbrideBackbone
“Hundreds of fragile original drawings dating from the 1920s have survived in the files of the Department of Natural Resources. In addition to the strong park design aesthetic they represent, the
drawings are works of art in and of themselves. Considering that Iowa was in the vanguard of state park development in the early 1920s, it is not surprising that landscape architects at Iowa State
College were involved in promulgating a new aesthetic in park design. What became known as the “rustic style” grew out of the English landscape gardening tradition as interpreted in the United States
principally by Andrew Jackson Downing and Fredrick Law Olmstead, Sr. Based on the use of native materials to blend buildings into their natural surroundings, rustic architecture was perfectly suited
to America’s new national parks.
During the next several years, the Iowa State landscape architecture department turned out a variety of studies and buildings plans for state parks. Among those assigned to the board, John R.
Fitzsimmons appears to have developed the closest working relationship. Many of the buildings constructed between 1925 and 1931 were of his design. Fitzsimmons, in turn, used state parks as a
laboratory for training future landscape architects. Under his direction, students designed lodges and shelter houses as well as standard plans for picnic tables, fireboxes, fences, gates, park signs, trail
markers, trail steps, drains for trails, and erosion control barriers.”
— Rebecca Conard, Historian
Nearly 1,200 CCC and WPA era drawings from DNR files were scanned as a part of the research performed for this Design Guide, accounting for a variety of park structures ranging from entry portals to lodges.
Chapter 3 - Buildings & Structures - Image 11
INTRODUCTION Hundreds of buildings and structures currently comprise the
existing built environment of the overall state park system and
each one can be evaluated based on the question above. The
overall appearance and visual image or identity of structures is
one of the primary considerations of this document.
ORIGINS
The image reflected in national and state park buildings has
its foundation in park movements from the mid 19th century.
Ironically, the greatest period of state park facility development
occurred in the depths of the “Great Depression” of the 1930s
as a result of the programs such as the CCC. Much has been
written regarding the various leaders and efforts instrumental
in the establishment and perpetuation of parks throughout the
United States. The intent of the Iowa State Parks Design Guide
is not to re-write a comprehensive history, but to clearly and
concisely articulate a distillation of the thoughtful design intent
utilized to develop park-related built facilities. The intention is
to balance current visual preferences with current best
practices to aid in the development of these guidelines.
“Why do those park
buildings look that way?”
Several books, articles and guides were studied to better
understand the origins and background leading to the major
park developments and movements over the past 110 plus
years. The following two relevant documents are included within
the appendix and should be referenced:
• Iowa State Parks, Sustaining a Vision from 1895 to 1995,
Rebecca Conard, Iowa Conservationist, 1995
• Built Environment Image Guide, Chapter 2, Origins of the
National Forest Built Environment
Since Backbone State Park was formally dedicated in 1920,
Iowa state parks have undergone various initiatives, or eras
of design. In an effort to identify the breadth and diversity of
design thinking that has existed, and to summarize the essence
of each era, facilities with similar design characteristics were
grouped and evaluated. For each era, a study of the influences
from that timeframe aids in revealing valuable insights.
The following are three eras that were identified with their
respective generalized historical influences and resulting
design intentions.
CCC ERA INFLUENCES (1910 TO 1942):
• Landscape Architects at Iowa State College, P.H. Elwood
and John Fitzsimmons advanced the rustic design
aesthetic throughout the 1910s and 1920s.
• The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works
Progress Administration (WPA) were created by President
Franklin Roosevelt as part of his “New Deal”. Their
purpose was to put Americans to work doing things like
improving parks, planting trees, and constructing terraces
and soil conservation structures.
• In 1917, the State Park Act was passed by the Iowa
Legislature, resulting in the formation of the Iowa Board
of Conservation, charged with the creation of a system of
state parks. Dr. Louis Pammel was the first chair of the
board.
as state parks - places such as Backbone and
Maquoketa Caves.
• In the 1920s, a large number of state parks were
dedicated. These were times of great celebration, with
local bands and numerous speakers, including legislators
and often the governor. In addition, prosperity in America
coupled with development of paved roads and cheap
automobiles, resulted in a growing public desire for
places to recreate.
• The 25 Year Conservation Plan of 1933 was a document
of great significance for Iowa state parks. The plan
provided an action blueprint for conservation in Iowa,
including development of a greatly expanded state park
system.
Professor Macbride was an advocate for public land and a leader in the Iowa State Park movement.
Pilot Knob
Beeds Lake
CCC ERA DESIGN INTENT:
oversized architectural elements and celebrated hand-
crafted details which reintroduced pioneer building
techniques.
predominantly used which resulted in regional variations
that coincided with the geological and forest resources.
• Structures were intended to harmonize with nature,
allowing the environment to take center stage. These
buildings were distinctly different than the architecture in
the surrounding communities.
Clear Lake
Pine Lake
WapsipiniconBeeds Lake
Palisades Kepler
POST WWII ERA INFLUENCES
(1942 TO 1985):
• World War II spelled the end of the CCC and WPA.
Post-war prosperity resulted in a demand for new state
parks. Places such as Rock Creek, Green Valley, and
Lake Geode state parks were developed to meet this new
demand for water-based parks.
offering a greater variety of outdoor recreational
opportunities.
thousands of visitors.
• The 1960s saw the “state recreation area” concept -
large areas based upon lakes of up to 1,000 acres and
offering year-round opportunities, including hunting as
well as 24- hour access.
• Existing state parks were not ignored. Several were
chosen for re-development master planning efforts with
subsequent major facility upgrades.
POST WWII ERA DESIGN INTENT:
• CCC era facilities continued to become more
maintenance intensive, resulting in design thinking
favoring the use of more manufactured materials.
• Lack of centrally coordinated designs resulted in a wide
variety of individualized facilities.
• Site issues were often resolved by the park field staff and
the field engineers.
construction that focused on basic function, economic
and low maintenance facilities which often resulted in
the reduction of material size, and use of stone and other
natural materials. In addition, architectural details were
simplified and in many cases concealed.
• In some cases, very limited financial and resource
commitments resulted in building designs that were
“borrowed” from the Army Corps of Engineers.
Bellevue
Wilson Island Pleasant Creek
MOST RECENT ERA INFLUENCES
(1985 TO PRESENT):
• In 1986, using revenue from the State Park User Permit program or P.U.P. (1986-1989), a new DNR initiative focused on the renovation of existing state park facilities.
• The Resource Enhancement and Protection Act of 1989 (REAP) replaced the Park User Permit program and provided funding for a variety of conservation/ outdoor recreation programs, including state park facility renovation and construction.
• The 1990s saw a renewed effort in state parks to more effectively manage the total park resource - the facilities as well as the natural communities which form the setting of state parks.
• In 1996, $3 million in park improvements was appropriated with special emphasis on historic structures. Then, in 1997, the Restore the Outdoors (RTO) initiative was signed into law, providing an additional $12 million over four years for restoration and renovation of Iowa state park structures.
• Interpretive programs and seasonal interpretive staff were re-introduced in many state parks, recognizing the need and importance of environmental education.
• The future shows a renewed investment in state parks with the passage of Senate File 2389, assuring 5 million dollars for State Park Infrastructure in 2011. The Legislature also expressed an intent to continue funding this effort at $5 million for an additional four years.
• The 100th anniversary of Iowa State Parks will be celebrated in 2020, with a goal to bring state parks into a premier condition by that time. A State Park Needs Assessment was conducted to better understand the scope and depth of the challenges and opportunities, as well as project associated cost estimates (see appendix for infrastructure listing).
The Resource Enhancement and Protection Act of 1989 (REAP) provided
funding for state park facility renovation and construction.
Geode
MOST RECENT ERA DESIGN INTENT:
• This era centered on a mindset to protect, restore, and
repurpose existing facilities prior to considering their
replacement or removal.
tongue and groove roof decking.
• Strong consideration was given to the integrating lessons
learned from previous project experiences, with a mindset
to build on previous successes.
• Pre-manufactured structures, such as restrooms and
shower facilities, were introduced.
• A focus was established for flexible use areas, such as
shelters, with room to expand program space beyond
roofed areas as needed.
interpretation, kiosks, and overall park orientation.
Elinor Bedell
Palisades Kepler New Overlook
ECOLOGY IN IOWA STATE PARKS INTRODUCTION
In her 1997 book titled Places of Quiet Beauty, Rebecca Conard
wrote, “Iowa entered the field of park-making by dedicating
a handful of sites in 1919 and soon emerged as a national
leader in developing parkland.” In the beginning, leaders in the
Iowa State Park system set out to preserve places of scientific,
historic or scenic value and beauty. It was, and continues to
be, these places of quiet beauty that draw enthusiasts to the
landscape that became Iowa’s state parks.
Parks became more popular and the need for support facilities
grew. Following the National Park rustic architectural style
trend, focus turned to utilizing elements within the landscape
to provide inspiration as well as the raw construction materials
needed for building.
IOWA STATE PARKS IN THE CONTEXT OF GEOLOGICAL LANDFORM REGIONS
Today as one flies over the state, there are subtle and distinct
lines in the landscape that indicate the passing of time through
the demarcation of landforms – the shape and surface materials
of the land, as formed by geological processes. Iowa’s building
blocks are:
shale – millions of years old
• Ice Age Deposits – glacial till left by retreating ice, sand
and gravel from glacial melt water, and loess, a fine
wind-blown particle – hundreds to thousands of years old
• Alluvium – gravel, sand, and clay from river deposits –
thousands of years old to present time
Chapter 3 - Buildings & Structures - Image 19
There are seven distinctive, geologically-formed areas in Iowa,
each with its own unique signature. This signature is created by
the type of material visible on the land surface, the topographic
relief and general shape of the land, and drainage patterns.
Some of this is evident from the ground, while some of this is
only evident from the air.
IOWA PLANT COMMUNITIES AND VEGETATION CHANGE
The Iowa landscape and the status of Iowa’s natural plant
communities have undergone significant changes over the
years. From 1832 to 1859, all of Iowa was mapped for settlers
to be able to purchase land. As part of this mapping process,
surveyors noted the types of plants they encountered, the
names and sizes of trees they found, the stream crossings
and water bodies present, and the settlements and roads
established. From this information, it was possible to assemble
a map of the “historical vegetation” of Iowa during the time
period of 1832-1859.
Embedded in this prairie were tens of thousands of wetlands,
many concentrated in the recently glaciated Des Moines
Lobe, but also along drainage ways and in river valleys. Out
of the original 30 million acres of prairie, only some 30,000
acres remain (0.1%), mostly in Western Iowa. Wetlands have
experienced similar losses.
Comparing the current amount of forest cover in Iowa to
the historical cover, it appears things have not changed that
significantly. Forests were and are today concentrated in
northeast Iowa, south-central Iowa, and along rivers and
streams. Pre-European forest cover, calculated from historical
survey data, totaled seven million acres. Yet that number hides
Prairie
Forest
an interesting and poorly known aspect of Iowa’s ecological
past - the savanna. Close inspection of the early survey notes
indicate some areas that might appear to be forests were called
“barrens” or “oak openings” by surveyors. Other surveyors
described the plant community as part prairie-part timber, or
timber with scattered trees, or “openings”. Brush and thickets
were also named. These plant communities shared a common
ecological feature - they originated with disturbance, such as
major windstorms, browsing and grazing by elk and bison, or
more commonly, wildfire. These disturbances occurred often
enough that a forest with tall, dense trees did not develop. It is
estimated that historically there were three million acres of this
disturbance-related plant community in Iowa.
The plant communities and the wildlife habitat they provide
are undergoing continuous change – the loss of prairies
and wetlands, evolution of forest cover, and alteration of
disturbances that have contributed to the virtual disappearance
of the savanna. The following issues are most urgent.
• Edge Effects – Land users next to parks can damage
plant communities in parks and impact water quality.
Herbicide drift, microclimatic effects, open country and
edge predators, and invasive plants originate in lands
next to parks and affect plant communities inside parks.
• Decline of Oak Regeneration – Lack of disturbance, such
as fire, dense shading, and other factors prevent oaks
from replacing themselves, leading to forest dominated
by shade-tolerant species that have a lower value for
some wildlife species.
rare species, and the functioning of ecological systems.
• Fragmentation – Species that need large blocks of Decline of oak regeneration, invasive species such as garlic mustard, and high deer populations are some features of modern forests.
habitat are rare in most of Iowa because habitat blocks
are often too small for them. Habitat is an important park
design consideration.
are popular with the public, when deer become too
numerous, they preferentially eat certain herbs and tree
seedlings, preventing them from regenerating.
• User Impacts – Sound recreation planning is a continual
re-evaluation of the balancing act between resource
protection and visitor access. Is it effective over time?
CONCLUSION
The geologic underpinnings of Iowa need to be understood
if there is hope for a sustainable hydrologic cycle which will
support state parks, wildlife habitat, and all healthy life in Iowa.
Geology has contributed and will continue to contribute to the
look, feel, and substance of state park architecture facilities.
Plant communities have always changed to varying conditions,
whether it be the elimination of buffalo-herding and storm-
related fires or shifting climatic conditions, but they will
continue to change. Strategies may be devised to “manage”
certain aspects of those changes based on science, staffing
and funding. Through it all, it is important to interpret for
the public so they better understand the complicated
shifting of natural forces. Good park design will continue
to strive to minimize impact on the natural plant and
animal communities.
“Iowa state parks express a wide range of scenic topographic features and geologic materials. The diversity is the result of: 1) bedrock materials that range
widely in geologic age and environmental deposition, 2) the state’s location in relation with the respect to the margins of overlapping glacial advances, and 3)
the drainage evolution of river valleys. In addition to their customary recreational attractions, most state parks are at crossroads with some aspect of the state’s
geologic past. This past may include the presence of ancient oceans, the passage of glaciers, the accumulation of wind-blown silt, or the sculpture of flowing water.
Geologic factors affect the shape of the land and the characteristics of its substrate, thus determining the habitats of a place and the plant and animal communities
that live there. Interpretations of state park geology help visitors appreciate scenic differences and raise awareness of the characteristics of Iowa’s various geologic
deposits. These lands contain scenic views to refresh the spirit, geologic concepts to stretch the imagination, and solid geologic facts on which to build a better public
understanding of the resources and environmental issues which face society.”
— Jean Prior, Geologist
Chapter 4 - A Sustainable Approach 23
INTRODUCTION AND VISION Our public lands are a vital and important resource for all
Iowans. While few in number, these park and recreation areas
provide significant protection for many of Iowa’s most beautiful
yet vulnerable natural resources. In order for these special
places to be enjoyed by future generations of Iowans, thoughtful
consideration must be given before any development occurs.
In this context, a sustainable approach recognizes the need to
balance human needs as they relate to park facilities within the
natural function of the environment by minimizing impacts of
the public use and consumption of goods, natural resources
and energy, as well as waste generation. Sustainable design
begins with a connection to values that embrace the ecological,
economic and social impacts of a project. There are rippling
consequences to human actions on the land at local, regional,
national and global levels. Environmentally responsible choices
must be made in the process of conceiving and constructing
park amenities.
This chapter of the Iowa State Parks Design Guide outlines the
sustainability criteria to be considered when building in a state
park, while recognizing that technology in this field will continue
to evolve. This should be considered at the time of actual design
and construction of park facilities.
Critical to this process is reinforcement of the department’s
role as a leader in environmental protection and education.
This includes educating the park visitor about natural and
cultural resources and the impacts of facility developments
upon them, from the choice of building materials and
methods utilized, to personal energy consumption. The
The following three sections from the vision of this
Design Guide address sustainability:
and the overall quality of state park facilities,
consistent with the Department’s role as leader in
natural resource stewardship and provider of outdoor
recreation opportunities.
9 Integrate the best of the past Iowa state park
rustic architectural identity with the best of current
sustainable design practices, materials and
construction techniques to create an overall unified
state park experience and image that is built to last.
9Provide leadership in applying sustainable principles
in the design, construction and operation of park
facilities.
A Sustainable Approach focus of this process will be on natural and cultural
resources as the key experience and the interpretation of
how the process of facility development works within the
natural systems. Telling the story is as important as the
functions fulfilled.
effectiveness of each effort. Much of this guide pertains to
unenclosed structures (such as picnic shelters) and enclosed
structures (such as cabins and restrooms) which are generally
small in size. Neither of these fall within current standards
of independent measure such as Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED). It is anticipated that there will
be a few large facilities such as year-round lodges in future
years which will require the full consideration, evaluation, and
execution of current sustainability standards at the appropriate
time. A listing is included in the Appendix.
Backbone
C H A P T E R 4
operation.
concentrate runoff.
permeable pavements, bioswales and other storm
water retention methods.
9 Minimize segmentation of habitat.
9 Avoid development within or disturbance of wildlife
travel corridors.
resources.
life cycle value through analysis of initial costs, as well
as short and long-term environmental impacts. What is
the primary source of material (renewable, sustainable,
locally available, etc.)? How much energy is consumed in
extraction and fabrication, and transportation; and eventual
re-use or disposal? Sources of current comparisons can be
found in the Center for Resourceful Building Technology’s
Guide to Resource Efficient Building Elements and the
AIA’s Environmental Resource Guide.
9 Use materials found in nature such as stone and
wood, with preferable local or regional origin (500
existing roads, parking areas, and trails to
minimize disturbance as well as provide
convenient access for visitors to a variety of park
facilities.
the entire road right of way to enable safe and
easy access of park facilities for pedestrians,
bicyclists, equestrians and motorists.
when siting – sun path, breezes, and seasonal and
daily cycles.
and topography to its best advantage.
9 Minimize erosion and safeguard water bodies and
hydrological systems during construction as well as
SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA FOR PARK FACILITY DEVELOPMENT
9Overall Park and Site Development
9 Holistic overall state park and site specific planning,
analysis, and design results in the stewardship of
Iowa’s finite natural and cultural resources.
9 An analysis of site characteristics is a critical
part of the pre-design process.
9 Minimize disturbance to the site and visual
impact - respect the ecological context.
9 Maximize user access and minimize park
user conflicts by analyzing the function of the
proposed location within the existing park layout.
9 New development should efficiently utilize
“As we came across the continent, cutting the forests
and plowing the prairies, we never knew what we were
undoing because we never knew what we were doing.”
- Wendell Berry Shown above is a typical stormwater infiltration area
9
9
miles or less) to reduce transportation costs and help
sustain local economies.
and rapidly renewable materials.
and those of assembled materials that are artificial,
synthetic or nonrenewable (plywood, plastics,
aluminum, etc.).
on-site or during manufacture or disposal.
“Development should meet the needs of the present
without compromising the needs of future generations.”
- Bruntland Commission, Our Common Future
9 Use low-emitting products – low/no VOC paints and
coatings and low/no VOC adhesives and sealants.
9 Consider longevity of use (target 50 years or more),
maintenance requirements and operational factors.
9 Long life and loose fit – materials, systems and
design solutions should enhance versatility, durability,
and adaptive re-use potential while being mindful of
right-sizing and future adaptations.
recycling.
project.
through collective wisdom and feedback loops with
communication from field staff and park visitors.
9 Integrate the best of current sustainable design
practices, materials and construction techniques.
9Energy Efficiency
to create energy efficient buildings that will reduce
both utility costs and environmental impacts of energy
production, while providing healthier spaces for public use
and enjoyment.
technologies with appropriate building location
and orientation.
(wall and roof assemblies, insulation, air/vapor
retarders, controlled ventilation, windows, weather
stripping and caulking) with properly sized and
energy efficient heating and cooling systems, energy
efficient doors, windows and appliances, intelligent
controls and sensors, and efficient lighting for tasks
supplementing natural light.
fans and appropriately placed operable windows and
screens.
existing trees; careful selection and placement of
new vegetation; calculated roof overhangs; and,
covered porches and entryways to maximize sunlight
in winter and minimize direct sunlight in summer.
9 Identify the potential feasibility of the latest renewable
energy strategies, such as wind generation,
photovoltaic panels, solar water heating, bio-gas
conversion, and geothermal heating and cooling.
Celebrate light and respect darkness by using
smart lighting, motion sensors, and solar lights,
while being mindful that all exterior lights must
be dark sky compliant.
and site lighting design including:
o the use of energy conservation based electrical
controlling systems
9
“With the melting of snow drops, water gathers for
its innumerable journeys throughout Iowa. As it flows
along, water may become part of a kettlehole, a
marsh, a farm pond, a river, a flood, an aquifer, a fen, a
cave, a spring, or a waterfall. In all of its aspects, water
adds fluid and beauty to the landscape. Both above
and below ground, water is an ever-present geologic
force as well as a vital natural resource.”
- Jean Prior, Waterforms
trespass
focus the light only where needed
9Water Conservation
erosion and sediment control; storm water management
that emphasizes conservation and the use of on-site
natural features to protect water quality, local habitat,
and to allow groundwater to recharge naturally; reduction
in wastewater and potable water; and water re-use.
9 Identify a location in the early site analysis stage
that will minimize erosion and impacts on all
hydrological systems.
monitoring plan and utilize it throughout the
construction process.
from pavement such as: crushed rock surfacing
alternative; permeable pavement (asphalt,
strips, infiltration trenches, wetland detention,
rain gardens (let plants and soil slow runoff,
filter pollutants, and prevent erosion); and, when
appropriate, provide smaller scattered parking
facilities rather than large concentrated ones.
9 Continue to pursue regional drinking water and
wastewater treatment to maximize efficient use of
collective, large scale and high quality treatment and
supply options, as well as minimally impact already
limited park staff time, expertise and resources.
9 Utilize low-flow water fixtures to reduce strain on
potable water and reduce wastewater input, with
a minimum specification of: Dual flush toilets with
a 1.6 gallon maximum permissible water use per
flushing cycle; urinals flow rate of 1.0 gallon/minute
and spring loaded; 2.0 gallons per minute shower
heads; 1.5 gallons/minute kitchen faucets and .5
gallons/minute.
barrels and cisterns.
CONCLUSIONS
This guide is intended to be a document that will be utilized
for decades as new facility development occurs in state parks.
Practical sustainable, real-world applications for park structures
will be ever evolving and therefore are not prescribed in detail.
Finally, in the selection of sustainable materials, it is important
to note that the identified preference for the continued use of
a rustic-style of park architecture intrinsically implies that this
will normally consist of heavy, over-sized structural member
proportions of stone and timber. How best to achieve this
aesthetic with sustainable materials and design techniques
will be an important element of the dynamic design process,
coupled with the continued exploration of technology, and
considerations of the pertinent issues involved as outlined in
this chapter.
See the appendix for a listing of information and checklists
related to the current industry standards (as of publishing date):
9American Society of Heating Refridgeration and Air
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
9Sustainable Sites Initiative
Over 200 images were included within the visual listening survey
Chapter 5 - Visual Preference 29
Do you like this image?
Is it appropriate for an Iowa State Park?
VISUAL LISTENING SURVEY A visual listening survey was conducted in this process to explore
the visual preferences of various park users and caretakers. In
many ways, image is synonymous with appearance, perception,
and a more superficial view.
Visual preferencing typically results in a collection of images
that are grouped into “likes” and “dislikes” for general use in
considering planning or design recommendations. The Iowa
State Parks Design Guide process goes beyond this simple
grouping of images by probing deeper into the architectural
elements that comprise a building or structure. Both the typical
results and the more in-depth follow.
KEY COMPONENTS OF THE STUDY:
• Over 200 images comprised of Iowa and non-Iowa
based park buildings and structures were assembled and
organized for use in the visual preference study.
• A wide variety of image and character styles were
included.
- Entry Portals
- Interpretive Kiosks
asked two questions:
- Is it appropriate for an Iowa state park?
• The participants had to respond very quickly (generally
six seconds) to each image.
• Participant groups included:
- Iowa DNR Staff
- Supporters of Iowa state parks
- A small sampling of younger (18 to 25 years of age)
- A small sampling of minority (Latino) users
• Only slight variation was observed between participant
groups and the conclusions are representative of a
consensus among all groups.
The visual preference or most liked and disliked are shown on
the following pages by each category type.
Visual Preference C H A P T E R 5
MOST LIKED ENTRY PORTALS
3.5
The photos shown below rated the highest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates it’s score on a scale from -5 to +5.
-0.1-0.1 1.4
-0.3-0.7 -0.1
MOST DISLIKED ENTRY PORTALS The photos shown below rated the lowest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
MOST LIKED INTERPRETIVE KIOSKS The photos shown below rated the highest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
3.1
2.3
3.0
MOST DISLIKED INTERPRETIVE KIOSKS The photos shown below rated the lowest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
-4.0
-2.4
-3.4
-1.8
-3.3
-1.7
MOST LIKED SHELTERS The photos shown below rated the highest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates it’s score on a scale from -5 to +5.
3.8
3.5
3.6
MOST DISLIKED SHELTERS The photos shown below rated the lowest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
-4.1
-3.1
-3.6
-3.0
-3.1
-2.9
MOST LIKED RESTROOMS The photos shown below rated the highest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
2.9
2.0
2.6
1.61.8
2.0
MOST DISLIKED RESTROOMS The photos shown below rated the lowest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
-3.6
-0.3
-3.0
-0.4
-2.6
-0.9
MOST LIKED CABINS The photos shown below rated the highest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
3.0
2.8
2.8
MOST DISLIKED CABINS The photos shown below rated the lowest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
-2.9 -2.7
-3.1
MOST LIKED LODGES The photos shown below rated the highest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
4.2
3.6
3.6
MOST DISLIKED LODGES The photos shown below rated the lowest during the study. The number in the lower left indicates its score on a scale from -5 to +5.
-3.2
-1.6
-2.5
-1.2
-1.7
-0.9
SCALE & MASS:
The overall proportional relationship between the human figure and the built environment. The visual weight of an object.
Visual Preference Position Statement:
Consider utilizing heavy proportions
structure.
FORM:
Consider utilizing rectilinear, horizontal
forms.
ANALYSIS AND INSIGHTS By establishing key parameters for each of nine distinct
architectural elements and then analyzing the results, trends
became apparent. These trends then guided the articulation of
visual preference position statements, which can then be utilized
to inform both the development of design recommendations and
to inform the evaluation and judging of suitable design options.
Key components of the analysis:
• The following nine architectural elements were
established to represent the full spectrum of design
considerations:
Examples include Heavy/Light or Horizontal/Vertical.
• The position statements are only part of the design
recommendation and cannot be utilized without balancing
other various design considerations.
within each architectural element. A trend was identified
when a large disparity occurred within a parameter.
WALLS:
visually heavy.
BASE:
The lower portion of a structure that meets the ground delineated by change in material or texture.
base of a structure.
Consider integrating a visually heavy,
pitched roof with large overhangs.
WINDOWS & OPENINGS:
environment and consider a higher
percentage of windows.
natural materials with textural
depth and visual weight.
Smaller scaled articulations at transitions of materials and components.
A structure’s substance and finished face.
A structure’s visual perceptual property.
Scale & Mass: Utilize heavy proportions emphasizing the visual weight of a structure.
Windows & Openess: Integrate transition spaces linking indoor spaces to the exterior environment
and consider a higher percentage of windows.
Base: Integrate heavy relief in the base of a structure.
Form: Utilize rectilinear, horizontal forms.
Walls: Utilize walls that are visually heavy.
Details: Integrate details at connections and material transitions which are strongly expressed.
Color: Utilize natural colors of the environment.
Roof: Integrate a visually heavy, pitched roof with large overhangs.
Materials: Integrate the use of natural materials with textural depth and visual weight.
CONCLUSIONS
“Why do those buildings look that way, and do we like them?”
Exploring these questions results in the following conclusions:
• Most of the liked visual images can be linked to design
efforts rooted in a rustic style and contain a balance of
ecological and cultural influences.
• Most of the disliked visual images can be traced back
to design efforts constrained by economics and lack a
balance of influences.
with the resulting image of a park building.
• To better assure a positive image of the built environment
of Iowa state parks, design intentions must be balanced,
thoughtful, and results driven.
The nine position statements shown to the right are grounded
in the visual preferences observed and serve as a baseline for
the design of park structures.
In almost all cases, the most liked structures are CCC/
WPA in origin and this clear preference is reflected in the
recommendations of this Design Guide.
CONSIDERATIONS:
National Park Service, 1935
Design Guidelines
How to USe tHe deSigN gUide during the development of the design guide, it became evident that
there was a need to create templates for various park structures (entrance
portals, kiosks, picnic shelters, etc.) that define design elements common
to all, yet allow for variations within different geological regions, scale,
and varying site conditions.
majority of future park development/redevelopment. the design guide,
however, will also be used to identify design parameters for larger
individually-designed focal point facilities such as lodges and enclosed
interpretive centers.
For the purposes of this design guide,”projects” are identified as efforts
intended to result in some type of physical improvement to iowa
state parks built facilities. throughout the life of these projects, three
overlapping steps represent milestones during which this design guide
has the most direct application. these steps are identified as follows.
• SteP 1: Project Request and design guide Pre- documentation
• SteP 2: Project design and engineering
• SteP 3: Project implementation
Step 1: Project Request and design guide Pre- documentation
All future park projects, whether initiated by park staff or other
organizations, will utilize the guideline recommendations in project
development and construction. the dNR administers the formal design,
engineering and construction process for projects. All projects begin
with an electronic project request that includes basic straightforward
project data, such as project description, estimated cost, funding source,
description of service required, project timing and a series of agency
approval signatures which confirms budget status. the design guide
will be incorporated at the outset of the initial project request, with an
accompanying design guide pre-documentation questionnaire to include
the following considerations:
• Historical context of existing park architecture - level of influence
- high, medium, low
- type of stone
- Prevalent roof material and color
• geological region of park
• identification of initial site
the pre-design phase will culminate with an on-site meeting of all
design, engineering and field staff involved in the project to confirm
critical elements identified in the project request such as: site analysis,
the proposed scope, purpose, and project program; preliminary site
selection and conditions to be considered critical to the applicable design
guide template. the preliminary budget and schedule/timeline will be
reviewed at this time as well.
Step 2: Project design and engineering
the project design phase will evaluate the relevance of the components
identified in the project request/design guide pre-documentation, as
well as pertinent discussion generated during the pre-design site visit.
it will also confirm and further develop the appropriate approach as it
relates to the design guide recommendation.
Key considerations during this phase include:
• Review the history of the project’s park development to
understand the original design intent as it relates to existing
facilities. Should components of the proposed project reflect this
history?
applicable to the project will be identified/confirmed with the
design options and details being integrated.
• identify relevant sustainable criteria for materials, process and
construction methodology for consideration in the template, or a
more robust system for non-template application.
• Architectural elements - in general, the nine position statements
introduced in Chapter 3 will be supported within the design for:
• Scale & Mass
C H A P T E R6
• Base
• walls
color selections.
design documents control the vast majority of thoughtful park built
environment considerations, but the construction phase can pose a risk
of jeopardizing even the best laid plans. As projects move beyond the
design phase into implementation and construction, the design guide
continues to be a quality assurance reference document. Consider during
implementation:
• Value engineering and Change orders - with each opportunity to
make adjustments to the design, the checklist items found in Steps
1 and 2 need to be revisited. will the suggested value engineering
or change order recommendations conflict with design intentions?
DESIGN GuIDElINES
these guidelines have been crafted to be prescriptive but fall just shy of
defining all components of the finished product. each project will require
a site survey, detailed design and engineering. the design process can not
be side stepped by using this document. it can, however, be streamlined
and more efficient, and ultimately will produce a more unified iowa state
park image.
State Park Project in Current Fiscal Year Capital Budget
Project Request and design guide Pre-documentation
dNR engineering Bureau
Pre-design Site Visit
Bid Letting
Construction
*
*
*
overview
the most comprehensive template option
as far as material composition, larger
scale and relative cost.
been advanced to provide practical, focused recommendations and
requirements. For each template, a standard format has been established
that contains overall imagery, specific architectural requirements, and
design options for various situations. one of the goals of this document
is to provide flexibility during the planning, design and construction
phases that won’t compromise recommended visual preferences, while
providing options in scale, materials and detailing. to the right is the
format for each component. two, three or six page spreads are used for
each of the following:
in addition to the design requirements and recommendations specific to
each facility category, several more universal considerations are available
for reference. Some guidance is provided for choosing the most applicable
and appropriate option. However, the designer and the process must
integrate these choices along with other potential site specific, contextual
options to determine the final solution.
the majority of these universal choices relate to materials/colors and the
presentation format is described and illustrated in the lower right of this
page.
architectural elements are integrated
template options. Not all elements are
applicable to every facility category.
details & options
overall options of scale, varying site
considerations, and associated costs.
for various materials of all structure
components, as well as preservative
treatments.
foRmAT foR uNIvERSAl mATERIAl/ColoR CHoICES
“in its simplest and, theoretically, its most desirable expression, the park entranceway is merely a trail or a
roadway taken off from a highway and leading into an area dedicated to public use and enjoyment. As the outpost
of a reserved area offering certain distinctive recreational opportunities to the public, it can with subtlety and
grace, project the promise and lure of the region and its offered recreation to the very public highway. the truly
successful entranceway will be contrived to be the simple essence of the park’s characteristics to no result and
interfere with the basic and material functions of ingress, egress and barrier.”
— Park Structures and Facilities
Chapter 6 - Design Guidelines 51
Option A
Plan View
Scale & Mass Utilize a heavy base and monument working collectively to create a notable entrance feature. the sign panel and timber support provide additional size, dimension and a level of flexibility, as shown on page 73.
Form the design of the entrance portal contains vertical and horizontal elements that can be used in numerous combinations to respond to a variety of entrance site opportunities or limitations to embrace the landscape.
Roof & Cap
cap on the base and top of column,
which protects the masonry and
extends the life of stonework, while
giving a horizontal terminus to the
forms.
*
the park visitor experience begins with the first impression of the entrance.
Many older parks have stone portals of various sizes and materials and
have served well as an identifier of state parks. All historic stone portals
will continue to be restored to the original design intent. For parks that lack
historic portals, a variety of entrance template options comprised of stone and
wood have been developed. Some may be simple with a single monument on
one side of the road, or more complex with monument signage and markers
spanning both sides. Selection of the appropriate option will depend on the
entrance location topography, size and scale of vegetative opening, and the
type of existing geologic features.
ARCHITECTuRAl ElEmENTS
7’-6”11’-2” 3’-0” 21’-6”
5’-0”
10’-8”
heavy timber as it extends into the
landscape.
walls
breaking the mass of the structure
into varied forms. the expression
of the base is carried vertically
through the pylon to its angled
edge.
105o
ENTRy PoRTAl
DETAIlS
As a first impression to the park, the entry Portal must encompass not only
the overall scale and mass of rustic architecture, but also its articulation of
details. the sign panel expresses these details by utilizing large, exposed
connections and a layering of material and textures.
Sign the letters, sign face and sign panel are supported by metal plate fasteners from both the top and bottom.
Beam the wooden beam visually and physically passes through the column.
Logo Panel the possible future logo panel is fastened to the face of the column.
Stone the stone veneer is supported by a ledge. the ledge is held below grade to result in the uniform appearance of stone along the ground plane.
12” x 6 3/4” x 19’ 6” beam support structure with angled 30 degree end
Sign panel with 1” stand-off connectors
tongue and groove sign backer
Steel support bracket Stone cap with 1 1/2” drip edge
oPTIoNS
the expanded option “A” for the entry portal is illustrated at the
beginning of this template. other options, to the right, are also viable
entry portal designs. Considerations of site context and budget will aid in
the determination of which option is most appropriate.
option e
Consider removing the wood beam and extensions beyond the
monument sign on the right and the marker on the left.
option B
illustrated above encompasses option A but also includes other variables by subtracting Portal extensions.
option d
A single stone pylon without base and the sign panel and future logo
panel attached.
option A option B option C
ENTRy PoRTAl
Lacey Keosauqua State Park - entry Portal Completion - June 2012
KIoSK
Park and Recreation Structures Part II, p. 176
“By their purpose and intent markers and shrines are differentiated from signs. Signs function to direct, regulate,
or caution, whereas the marker and its close cousin, the shrine or graphic guide, serve simply to further the
public’s understanding and enjoyment of the cultural aspects of a park preserve. these cultural aspects may be
in the realm of the natural sciences, history, archeology, and others.”
Option A
60 Iowa Department of Natural Resources | Iowa State Parks Design Guide60 Iowa Department of Natural Resources | Iowa State Parks Design Guide
Front elevation
integrate heavy relief in the base
of the structure utilizing stone
walls and cap.
the vertical supports are at the center
of the structure with the interpretive
panels extending to the viewer.
this provides the desired openness
illustrated in the diagram. the kiosk
panels are interchangeable and
adaptable to new technologies.
system to provide mass and
balance to the roof system.
Form
provides 360 degree access,
opportunity.
interpretive Kiosks will be added in key locations to help guide the visitor
through the state park, while providing information that connects the
visitor to the inherent meanings of the resource. State park kiosks are
generally intended to be a 360 degree messaging system to provide
park orientation, as well as outdoor education on vegetation, geology,
hydrology and more. Kiosks will engage many park users in their need
for information. of the Architectural elements, Scale & Mass, Form, Roof,
walls, and Base are expressed in a similar way to the portal and park
shelter templates.
8’-0”
4’-0”
3’-2”
Side elevation
windows & openness
directions. the interpretive panels and
trusses are configured to maximize the
open nature of the structure.
Roof & Cap
roof with generous overhang.
cohesiveness between the
and base.
11 ’-2
4’-0”2’-0” 2’-0”
KIoSK
DETAIlS
there are critical details that are illustrated to the right, including panels,
base, roof and fasteners, that underscore both the rustic style, function
and durability requirements. the panels are designed to provide flexibility
and ease of replacement.
Base and Fasteners the base of the Kiosk is an important opportunity to visually link this structure to other structures with the park system. the use of natural stone, timber, and steel become important links. the fasteners on the vertical support will help provide strength to the Kiosk and a cohesive expression.
Panels the support structure for the messaging panel is honestly expressed in its connection details.
Roof the roof system will provide protection to the interpretive panels as well and relate to key details on other components.
Signage panel (36”x48”)
Steel plate brackets
Steel base plate
4” x 6” wood support beam
oPTIoNS
other options, illustrated to the right, are also viable Kiosk designs that
utilize less material for construction. Varying options allow for flexibility
in the quantity of information needing to be conveyed on the messaging
panels, budgetary constraints, and the desired monumentality.
option B
option C
the roof is eliminated from the kiosk.
Honey Creek Resort State Park - Kiosk Completion - June 2012
“Beyond a doubt the most generally useful building in any park is a shelter, usually open but sometimes enclosed
or enclosable, and then referred to as a recreation or community building, or pavilion. Because its purpose and
use usually lead to its placement in the choicest of locations within the park, where it is natural to invite the park
user to rest and contemplate a particularly beautiful prospect or setting, the shelter finds itself in the very center
of a stage.”
Option A
38’-5”
11 ’-0
preferred visual preference.
columns extend this expression
between the massing of corner
supports and the visually open
structure above.
be in proportion to the size and
massing. the form should be
supported by oversized structure
for support.
12
8
8”
12”
12 ”
Shelters are a flexible, open-air facility ranging in size and use. they serve
a variety of functions while providing park users a gathering place that
is partially protected from the elements, and also provides an electrical
source for cooking and limited lighting. A hard surface area extending
beyond the shelter economically increases the seating capacity of the
shelter and also provides options for sun or shade.
Front elevationARCHITECTuRAl ElEmENTS
visual preference. Also, integrate
of the shelter.
overhangs.
69
4’-0” 10’-0” 10’-0” 10’-0” 10’-0” 10’-0” 10’-0”
68’-0”
4’-0”
hardware and roof system provide consistency with the other park
structure templates.
truss Connection Shelter roof truss connection to base. All connectors to be exposed.
Roof the support structure for the roof above will be an important detail expressing the linking of all members. gusset plates with exposed connectors shall be integrated on all truss members.
Steel gusset with exposed connectors
tongue & groove wood deck
Steel brackets
Steel base plate
Stone veneer Base the base of the Shelter is an important opportunity to visually link this structure to other structures within the park system. Utilizing a natural stone veneer and stone cap, the base supporting timber will be an important detail to illustrate.
66’
90 ’
6” x 12” wood truss with angled tail
wood beam
8’-12’
other Shelter template options are illustrated to the right. Considerations
of context, intended function, and entry sequence will have an impact
in selecting the appropriate option. the overall length to width of the
shelter should be targeted at a 70/40 proportion. growing the shelter
width much beyond 40 feet is not feasible, but the length can be modular
beyond 70 feet and could be considered for unique situations.
71
option d
option B
Central columns open the ends of the Shelter and provide a possible entry feature.
SHElTER
Big Creek State Park - Pavilion Completion - May 2013
“Among buildings that have come to be regarded as on occasion justified with our present conception of a
natural park, the cabin alone has the favorable advantage of long familiarity to us in woodland and meadow.
So accustomed have we become to the survivals of frontier cabins that dot the countryside that we have grown
to look upon them as almost indigenous to a natural setting. of all park structures, those cabins which echo the
pioneer theme in their outward appearance, whether constructed of logs, shakes or native stone, tend to jar us
least with any feeling that they are unwelcome.”
Option A
fACIlITy TyPE
Front elevation
Mass & Scale
structure, columns, base and
visual weight to its foundation.
walls
this visual preference.
the main cabin (without
porch extensions) should be
27-0”
12
12”
8
8”
6”
Cabins in the state park system currently range in size and type. the
Cabins illustrated in this design guide are 500 square feet. Proportions
of each element may need to be adjusted according to Cabin size. As an
enclosed structure, the Cabin embodies all of the architecture elements.
Cabins have the unique opportunity to make a significant impact on
the park user’s memorable experiences. the Cabin illustrated is a small
structure that relies on an internal/external relationship. the front porch
creates a sense of welcome and the back porch invites activity from inside
the structure to the porch and beyond.
Front elevation Side elevation
Side elevation
45’-5”
2’-0” 2’-0”9’-1”2’-6”2’-6”
Roof & Cap
roof with significant overhangs.
that are offset from the roof line
of the main structure to provide
a more intimate scale.
the landscape. windows and ceiling fans
will be used to cross ventilate.
6’-2” 15’-3”
(4) 6” x 6” wood columns
Steel brackets
Steel base plate
CAbIN
DETAIlS
while the cabin integrates nearly all of the details within the design
guide, the four illustrated to the right are likely the most visible and
significant.
Stone the stone veneer is supported by a ledge in the footing. the ledge is held below grade to result in a uniform appearance of stone along the ground plane.
Support the wooden vertical support timbers and their connection canopy structure are illustrated. Roof Structure
Base the wooden vertical support timbers and their connection to the base cap are illustrated.
Steel bracket with exposed connectors
6” x 8” wood beam with angled end
4” x 4 Angled wooden support beam
Steel gusset with exposed connectors
4” x 6” wood truss with angled tails
4” x 4” truss braces
Porch
oPTIoNS
other viable cabin design options include additional considerations of
eliminating the base and/or changing the entry and back porch as shown.
option C
Merge front entry canopy and rear porch for a single entry.
option B
Remove the stone base and bring the siding to the foundation.
option d
Support entry canopy with angular braces in lieu of columns.
CAbIN
Nine eagles State Park - Cabin Completion - March 2012
RESTRoom
Park and Recreation Structures Part II, p. 144
“toilets are the most important structures built in a natural park. if we were to provide only safe water and proper
toilets, we would accomplish the essentials of development of these areas. those who will not lead the field in
proper sanitation should get out of it and allow those who are not ashamed to be proud of their toilet buildings
to take over.”
Park Structures and Facilities
fACIlITy TyPE
Although Restroom facilities may be considered utilitarian in nature, they are necessary components of iowa state parks. As such, the design of these structures should also have visual connection to the architectural templates and rustic style. Restrooms will range from a single-user facility with individual private bathrooms to multi-user restrooms with public access and interior stalls. these facilities also range from custom built to pre-engineered, prefabricated concrete structures. Site context will be critical in determining the appropriate option. economy of such structures may necessitate utilizing specialized prefabricated Restroom manufacturers that will fit within the characteristics portrayed in this design guide.
Front elevation
Mass & Scale
architecture. the roof, roof
support this development.
foundation.
walls
will drive the form and size of
the canopy extension.
6”
8”
8”
12
8
Side elevation
entrance expands the structure
*length of structure will vary based on restroom capacity
RESTRoom
DETAIlS
design to coordinate consistency of details prescribed in this design
guide. Stone cap
expanded Perspective Canopy extension on premanufactured Restroom facility.
Base the stone base and stone cape receive the wooden vertical supports through the cape.
Steel bracket with exposed connectors
wood columns
detail the wooden supports connection to the roof system, as shown.
gusset
Stone veneer
oPTIoNS
the Restroom that is illustrated utilizes a prefabricated system with
modification to the veneer and roof system. Further options can be
considered with varied material choices for exterior walls.
option C
are eliminated.
option B
the stone base is eliminated.
RESTRoom
dolliver Memorial State Park - Restroom Completion - May 2013
Natural Resource Commission Draft - September 8, 2011
ADmINISTRATIvE offICE / SHoP
“that facility least contacted by the using public, the maintenance building in parks, needs to make least
effort in gesture to the environment, if it is properly located. generally speaking, its location is off track beaten
by park patrons, and is isolated and well obscure done, where this stepchild among park structures need not
suffer unavoidable comparison with necessarily more self-conscious and better groomed neighbors. this is not
to say that it need be conveniently located. inconspicuous convenience is the qualification. if such a site is not
available, then the service building must go in for protective coloration, and perhaps to a greater degree than
other buildings because it is so nonrecreational and without the saving grace of very apparent direct benefit to
the public itself. its reason for being is so little sensed by the unanalytical public mind that its presence is more
likely to be subconsciously resented.”
“in theory, the administration building is headquarters for directing effort and business management of the park
area. Actually it may be a vest pocket, a desk, a room, perhaps supplemented with typewriter, adding machine,
safe, possibly even two or more rooms with multiplication of these accessories. But few, if any, examples of
administration buildings are known to exist as entities, separate from other functions.”
in iowa state parks this is a multi-propose building, serving as primary
visitor contact station with park administration/office and also has
considerable space for equipment maintenance functions for staff. the
historic scarcity of park staff does not allow the luxury of having these
exist as two separate buildings. in that desirable scenario, the visitor
contact station and office/administration building would be sited in
a convenient location for park users while the park staff maintenance
building would be “hidden” as much as possible.
in recognition of this unavoidable dichotomy of functions, site planning
implications, and challenges, the site layout of these facilities was
modified in the 1990s. it separated visitor contact to one side of the
building with the daily park equipment maintenance doors and access to
the opposite side. thorough examination and selection of location options
is critical to achieving the right balance of visitor contact convenience.
typical Administrative / office Site Layout
Park Staff only
Visitors
Perspective ViewARCHITECTuRAl ElEmENTS
serving as the primary visitor contact station, park administrative
office, and maintenance functions for staff. the architectural elements
will focus on the park office portion of the building, utilizing many of
the same design consideration promoted for both the Cabins and the
Restrooms.
Base
of the building, giving visual
weight to its foundation.
visitor entrance, match siding
with larger structure. Provide
Mass & Scale
structure. the roof, roof
structure, columns, base and
Form
proportions of the building.
Roof & Cap
windows & openness
individual pane size. the canopy
over the entrance extends the
structure into the landscape.
12
8
11’
Cold Stall warm Stall
Lake Keomah State Park - Park office Completion - July 2013
Color and material choices should complement and reflect the existing structures and the natural landscape.
it is paramount that prior to selecting a material and color palette, the park context is clearly understood and
evaluated for architectural significance, as well as the proposed site considerations. Sustainable principles will
also play a significant role in the selection of materials and colors (See Chapter 4 for Checklist). the following is a
list of considerations when selecting a material and color palette.
draw visual cues from existing building and structures of significance. these cues may include to the following:
Pine Lake
mATERIAlS AND ColoR PAlET TE
NAtURAL StoNe ANd APPLiCAtioN iowa’s underlying bedrock regions and surface landform regions are
illustrated above. the first consideration in evaluating the type of
stone to be used in any project is to identify that used in the existing
architecture. if there is no existing stone in the park structures, landform
region should mandate which is used. Not only should the type and
characteristics of prevalent stone be considered for use in state parks,
but the detailing and application of that stone has a significant visual
influence as depicted in various options shown on the following pages.
• Material type
• Material size
• wood
• Stone
• Are easily replaceable and cost effective for lifecycle
• Provide a sense of depth, and a more natural appearance
Paleozoic Plateau
des Moines Lobe/iowan Surface Southern iowa drift Plain
Southern iowa drift Plain Nw iowa Plains/Loess Hills
Use sandstone only when restoring all of an existing structure, or a more durable sandstone when possible.
APPLiCAtioN oF StoNe t YPeS the primary geological processes have provided much of the geological features found in iowa - sedimentary rock, ice age deposit (glacial erratic) and alluvium material.
Sedimentary rock, including limestone, sandstone, dolomite and shale, are found predominantly in northeast and southern iowa. they are also found in western and northern iowa where stream and rivers have removed overlying deposits. glacial erratic are found in abundance in the northern half of the state. these stones were used around the Lakes Region and north central iowa.
Many of these stones are still available today. during the wPA/CCC period, most were used as building material during the construction of park structures and were quarried nearby or within the park. these images illustrate how sedimentary rocks and glacial erratics can be used to express
the aesthetic that is rustic architecture. FLAt gLACiAL doLoMite
SPLit FACe gLACiAL LiMeStoNe SANdStoNe
GlACIAl
this stone differs from the local stone of the area and was carried by large glacial movements. even though it’s not
a native stone, it is very prevalent in iowa and provides a strong building material and rich aesthetic. the stone
color generally has great color variation that varies from stone to stone.
SANDSToNE
Sandstone is sedimentary rock formulated through compression. of the stones listed on this page, sandstone
can be highly porous and should be used with caution. Careful attention should be given to the specification and
selection. they are easier to cut and form to give a more refine

iowa state parks design guide

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