Grigorii Soloveichik, Program Director

Aron Newman, T2M Advisor/Tech SETA

Dan Hancu, Mark Pouy, Sean Vail,

BAH Technical support

Alex Menzies, Daniel Adams, Erin Gilley,

Nisha Sharma, BAH Program Management

Dallas, TX

May 30-31, 2019

IONICS Category 1

and related projects

annual meeting

Annual meeting objectives

• Report out at the end of IONICS Cat1 Year 2

• Hear about the technical & commercialization progress of IONICS

and associated projects

• Discuss common challenges, lessons learned, and solutions to

common problems

• Get understanding of the state of the art and future directions

from industry, government and policy leaders

• Provide engagement with stakeholders

• Continue to build an R&D and commercialization ecosystem

around IONICS program

• Gain a feedback from performers

Annual meeting agenda – Day 1 (May 30th)

2

TIME TITLE SPEAKER

12:30 PM Opening Remarks Chanette Armstrong (Acting Director, ARPA-E)

12:35 PM Short introductions by all attendees All

12:45 PM Program Update Grigorii Soloveichik (Program Director, ARPA-E)

1:00 PM Global Battery Market and Future Prospects Aron Newman (Booz Allen Hamilton, ARPA-E Tech SETA)

1:15 PMPanel: Battery Start-Ups Experiences

Moderator: Aron Newman

PANELISTS:

Yuriy Mikhaylik (Sion Power); Surya Moganty (Nohms); Josh

Buettner-Garrett (Solid Power); Gleb Yushin (Sila Nanotechnologies),

Mike Zimmerman (Ionics Materials)

1:40 PM

ARPA-E Performer Project Overviews

Teams 1-5

Sila Nanotechnologies, 24M Technologies, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, University of

Michigan

2:30 PM COFFEE BREAK

2:45 PM

Panel: Government Support for Solid State

Lithium Batteries

Moderator: John Jennings

PANELISTS:

Tien Duong (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office/EERE);

Dawson Cagle

(IARPA); Cynthia Lundgren (Army Research Lab)

3:25 PMPanel: Early Stage Investors’ Perspective

Moderator: Aron Newman

PANELISTS:

Kim Wilson (BASF Ventures); Matthew Cohen (Pangaea Ventures)

4:00 PM

ARPA-E Performer Project Overviews

Teams 6-11

Ionic Materials (IONICS), PolyPlus Battery Company, University of

Maryland (Wachsman), onic Materials (OPEN 2018), University of

Maryland (Wang), Iowa State University

5:00 PM Poster Session All

Annual meeting agenda – Day 2 (May 31st)

3

TIME TITLE SPEAKER

7:45 AM Breakfast Served

8:45 AMEffect of Solid State Electrolytes on Cell

Design

Nathan Craig (Bosch)

9:10 AM

Panel: Understanding and Characterizing

Lithium Dendrites

Moderator: Grigorii Soloveichik

Panelists:

Julia Greer (Caltech); Erik Herbert

(Mich Tech); Rob Mohr (Columbia

University)

10:20 AM

Panel: Solid State/Lithium Metal Battery

Manufacturing Challenges

Moderator: Dan Hancu

Panelists:

O-Hun Kwon (Saint-Gobain); Yin

Zhang (Albemarle); Yan Wang

(WPI); Youngkyu Son (Solid Energy

Systems)

11:50 AM Concluding Remarks Grigorii Soloveichik (ARPA-E)

12:30 PM Adjourn

Drivers for next generation batteries

4

First utility scale battery fire in US (Surprise, AZ)

At least 21 fires had already occurred at battery

projects in South Korea (BloombergNEF)

• Safety

• Energy density- quest for 500 Wh/kg- not possible without Li metal anode and conversion cathode

Tesla S fire

August 19, 2019 5

Li superionic conductor, 0.7Li(CB9H10)–0.3Li(CB11H12)

with a high conductivity of 6.7 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C

compatible with S cathode

What’s new in Li+ conductor research?Design and synthesis of room temperature stable Li-argyrodite

superionic conductors via cation doping

Zhuoran Zhang, Yulong Sun, Xianbao Duan, Linfeng Peng, Huanhuan

Jia, Yunyang Zhang, Bin Shan and Jia Xie

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 2717-2722

3 orders of

magnitude!

An argyrodite sulfide-based superionic conductor synthesized

by a liquid-phase technique with tetrahydrofuran and ethanolSo Yubuchi, Miwa Uematsu, Chie Hotehama, Atsushi Sakuda, Akitoshi

Hayashi and Masahiro Tatsumisago

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019,7, 558-566

August 19, 2019 6

What’s new in Li metal anode research?Realizing stable lithium deposition by in situ grown Cu2S

nanowires inside commercial Cu foam for lithium metal anodes Zhijia Huang, Chen Zhang, Wei Lv, Guangmin Zhou, Yunbo Zhang,

Yaqian Deng, Haoliang Wu, Feiyu Kanga and Quan-Hong Yang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 727-732

A self-supported, three-dimensional porous copper film as a

current collector for advanced lithium metal batteries Yujun Shi, Zhenbin Wang, Hui Gao, Jiazheng Niu, Wensheng Ma,

Jingyu Qin, Zhangquan Peng and Zhonghua Zhang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 1092-1098

CE 95.5% for more than 150 cycles at 2 mA cm-2

CE 98% over 200 cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2

Engineering stable interfaces for three-dimensional

lithium metal anodes

Jin Xie, Jiangyan Wang, Hye Ryoung Lee, Kai Yan,

Yuzhang Li, Feifei Shi, William Huang, Allen Pei, Gilbert

Chen, Ram Subbaraman, Jake Christensen, Yi Cui

Sci. Adv. 2018; 4 : eaat5168

August 19, 2019 7

Major solid-state batteries players

• NGK SPARK PLUG (Japan) teams with Hakuto-R

• HITACHI ZOSEN (Japan)

• ProLogium Corporation (Japan)

• Qing Tao Energy Development (China)

• Oxis Energy (UK)

• Ionic Materials (USA)

• Sion Power (USA) teams with BASF

• PolyPlus Battery (USA)

• QuantumScape (USA) teams with Volkswagen

• Solid Power (USA) teams with Hyundai, Ford

• Fisker (USA)

Fisker flexible material

IONICS: Integration and Optimization of Novel

Ion-Conducting Solids

8

IONICS program mission

Create solid separators for

electrochemical cells using solid ion

conductors to enable transformational

performance and cost improvements

in electrochemical cells.

Li

metal

Block dendrites

Category 1: Li+ conductors to enable the cycling of Li metal

IONICS program goal: overcome property

tradeoffs to create transformational components

9

Current status: tradeoffs among

properties of ion conductors prevent

electrochemical cell improvements

LiPON LGPS

IONICS program: from the beginning

seek to overcome fundamental property

tradeoffs

(Electro)chemical stability

Electronic ASR, conductivity

Thermal properties

Mechanical properties

Processing,cost

Poor

Marginal

Selectivity

Excellent

Device integration

Ionic ASR, conductivity

IONICS Category 1 metrics

10

ID Metric Value Rationale

1 Dendrite-free cycling at 25°C

Modulus, surface, and

microstructural

properties that prevent Li metal shorting

Pre-requisite for use of lithium metal

2 Thermal properties −20 to 70°C Ambient operation

3 Component area ≥30 cm2 First market in portable electronics

4 Cost ≤$10/m2 Needed for cell to hit 100 $/kWh

5 Ionic ASR at 25°C ≤5 Ohm-cm2 For 1C rate

6Capacity of Li metal moved

per cycle≥3 mAh/cm2 Enable high-energy cell; reflects

current commercial

7 Current density ≥3 mA/cm2 For 1C rate

8 Number of cycles ≥500 For portable electronics, automotive

9 Electrochemical stability That needed for energy, cycling targets Stability is essential

10 Thickness ≤20 μm Needed to achieve energy targets

11 Fraction of Li cycled ≥80% Avoid excess weight/volume

12 Electronic ASR at 25°C ≥1E5 Ohm-cm2 For high current efficiency

13 Mechanical propertiesSuitable for handling and operating with

large areas (see 1.3)Crucial for manufacturing and cell design

14 Device IntegrationEnable 400 Wh/kg and 1000 Wh/L for

cell repeat unit

Captures other aspects of making

a practical cell

IONICS is focused on the separator component

11

Device metrics:

W/kg, Wh/kg, $/kW, $/kWh,

durability, mA/cm2 at a

given V, etc.

Typical ARPA-E program

Component metrics in the

device context:

Selectivity, stability, separator

and interfacial ASR, dendrite

resistance, $/m2.

IONICS program

Device metrics:

W/kg, Wh/kg, $/kW, $/kWh,

durability, mA/cm2 at a

given V, etc.

IONICS Plus program

Success in the separator development allowed for building full batteries

IONICS16 Project Teams • 3 Technology Areas

Category 1: Li+ conductors to enable the cycling of Li metal

OPEN, RANGEBattery related projects

Four key metrics to evaluate lithium cycling

13

1-2: Goals

3-6: LiPON

7-9: PEO

10-12: Inorganic

13-14: Nanostructures

15-26: Liquids

2: Fast-

charge goal

5

3

4

6

7

8

9

1220

14

25

24

16

19 1

1

1721

22

15

18

13

23

26

10

Per-cycle areal

capacity (mAh/cm2)

1: ARPA-E

IONICS

goal

Plating current density, mA cm-2

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

late

d c

ap

acit

y, A

h c

m-2

P. Albertus, S. Babinec, S. Litzelman & A. Newman

Nature Energy, 3 (2018) 16–21

Four key metrics to evaluate lithium cycling

14

Current status

Main lithium cycling issues in solid state battery

• Dendrite formation/battery shorts

• Li segregation/non-uniformity

• Soft shorts/defects

• Mossy lithium plating/loss of Li

• Anode (and cathode) volume change

• Plating on other conducting surface

• High ASR/thick membrane

• Interfacial resistance growth/chemical reactions

• Solid catholyte/high resistance

Cost targets for a lithium metal cell

‣ For a 100 $/kWh cell cost target:

– 10 to 12 $/m2 cost target for all cell layers

– 7 $/m2 for cathode and both current collectors

– ≤5 $/m2 for separator plus any lithium metal

‣ Cost of Li foil depends on its thickness

- price of 30 m foil 8-10 times of the Li ingot price

- cell assembly in discharged state preferable

16

Material costs only for 20 μm sheet

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Mate

ria

l in

put

cost

for

20 µ

m s

hee

t ($

/m2)

0.1 1 10 100$/kg for sheet materials (excludes processing)

Polyethylene

Al

8YSZ

Teflon (PTFE)

Cu

Ti

Soda-lime glass

Nafion

Paper pulp

Li metal

2.5 g/cm3

5 g/cm3

0.5 g/cm3

CdTe

Polysilicon

Approximate goal for separator and any Li metal

17

Material input cost

for a 20 μm sheet

($/m2)

Finished sheet prices (material plus processing)

18

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Sh

ee

t p

rodu

ct p

rices (

$/m

2)

0.1 1 10 100

$/kg for sheet materials (exludes processing)

Approximate goal for separator and any Li metal

Polymer melt processing Metal rolling Paper making Float glass process Vapor deposition Other

ePTFE (25 μm)

Si solar cell (150 μm)

8YSZ SOFC electrolyte layer (10 μm)

Nafion (25 μm)

Al coated plastics (μm’s)

CdTe solar cell

active layer (3

μm)

PE film (7.9 μm)

Tyvek (150 μm)

Celgard (15 μm)

Al foil (16 μm)

Cu foil (10 μm)

Paper (100 μm)

Soda-lime float

glass (3 mm)

Sheet product

price ($/m2)

Approaches/trade-offs to discuss

• Li dendrite formation

- critical current density

• Cell design

- 3D anode structures

- liquid vs. gel vs. solid cathode electrolytes

• Scaling up and manufacturing of SSB

- discharged vs. charged state

- practical cell sizes for ceramic electrolytes

- roll-to-roll processes

• Beyond Li metal (other anodes and cathode chemistries)

Thank you!

20