ionic bonding …electrons are transferred. guiding questions? what is that? how do we figure out...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ionic Bonding
…electrons are transferred
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Guiding Questions?
What is that?
How do we figure out what the chemical formula is?
What does it mean to be "free of chemicals"?
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Keeping Track of Electrons
The electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level.
Valence electrons - The s and p electrons in the outer energy level.
Core electrons -those in the energy levels below.
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Keeping Track of Electrons
Atoms in the same column Have the same outer electron
configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found by looking up the group
number on the periodic table. Group 2A - Be, Mg, Ca, etc.- 2 valence electrons
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Electron Dot diagrams
A way of keeping track of valence electrons.
How to write them Write the symbol. Put one dot for each
valence electron Don’t pair up until they
have to
X
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The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
First we write the symbol.
NThen add 1 electron at a time to each side.
Until they are forced to pair up.
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Mg
Write the electron dot diagram for
Na Mg C O F Ne He
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p2
1s22s22p4
1s22s22p5
1s22s22p6
1s2
Na
C
O
F
He
Ne
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Electron Configurations for Cations
Metals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
They make positive ions. If we look at electron configuration it
makes sense.
Na 1s22s22p63s1 - 1 valence electron
Na+ 1s22s22p6 -noble gas configuration
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Ca +2
Electron Dots For Cations
Metals will have few valence electrons
These will come off Forming positive ions
Ca40.078
20
1s22s22p63s2
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Electron Configurations for Anions
Nonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
They make negative ions. If we look at electron configuration it
makes sense. S 1s22s22p63s23p4 - 6 valence
electrons S-2 1s22s22p63s23p6 -noble gas configuration.
(anions)
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Electron Dots For Anions
Nonmetals will have many valence electrons.
They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.
P P-3
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Stable Electron Configurations
All atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration.
Noble gases have two s and six p electrons. Eight valence electrons . Also called the octet rule.
Ar
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Ionic Bonding
Anions and cations are held together by opposite charges.
Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula
unit. The bond is formed through the
transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve
noble gas configuration.
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Ionic Bonding
Na Cl
transfer of electron
+ -
NaCl
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Ca +2
P -3Ca
+2
P
All the electrons must be accounted for!
+2
Ionic Bonding
Ca -3
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Ionic Bonding
Ca3P2
Formula Unit
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
P3-
P 3-
Ca2+
P3- Ca2+
P3- Ca2+
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Properties of Ionic Compounds
Crystalline structure. A regular repeating arrangement of
ions in the solid. Ions are strongly bonded. Structure is rigid. High melting points- because of
strong forces between ions.
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Crystalline structure
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Do they Conduct?
Conducting electricity is allowing charges to move.
In a solid, the ions are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. First get them to 800ºC. Dissolved in water they conduct.
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Metallic Bonds
How atoms are held together in the solid.
Metals hold onto there valence electrons very weakly.
Think of them as positive ions floating in a “sea of electrons”.
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Sea of Electrons
+ + + ++ + + +
+ + + +
Electrons are free to move through the solid.
Metals conduct electricity.
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Metals are Malleable
Hammered into shape (bend). Ductile - drawn into wires. Electrons allow atoms to slide by.
+ + + ++ + + +
+ + + +
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Ionic solids are brittle
+ - + -+- +-
+ - + -+- +-
Force + - + -
Strong repulsion breaks crystal apart.