Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Dark Energy and Cosmic Dust

Thomas Prevenslik

Berlin, GermanyHong Kong, China

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Background

Dark Energy is usually invoked to explain the expansion of the Universe

But is the Universe expanding?

If not, there is no need for dark energy.

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Universe Expansion : Evidence

In 1929, Hubble discovered the light from distant quasars was redshift

Based on the Doppler effect, the Hubble redshift was interpreted as the expansion of

the universe.

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Purpose

Show Hubble redshift is produced in cosmic dust

by QED induced EM radiation

QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics

EM = Electromagnetic

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Cosmic Dust Particles (DPs)

Spherical DP ~ radius a and diameter D = 2a

Very small grains – D ~ 0.001 to 1 µm ( Typical in the ISM ) Large grains – D ~ 1 – 10 µm ( Typical in DMC ) Grain Material – Amorphous Silicate Power law size distribution: dn/da ~ a -3.5

( amax ~ 0.3µm ) 5

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Spectral ISM Features UV absorption centered at 2175A

Broad silicate absorption 3.1µm : O-H stretch

6µm : H-O-H bend 9.7µm : Si-O stretch 18µm : Si-O-Si bend

Currently thought produced by the thermal radiative emission from Heating DPs by a single

starlight photon6

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Hubble Law

Distance d to Supernova,

Ho = Hubble constant

= 71 km /s / Mpc

= 20 km /s /Mly

o

2

2

oo H

c

11Z

11Z

H

c

H

Vd

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Hubble Redshift

By Doppler’s effect, the velocity V of the Supernova relative to Earth,

Z = Redshifto = Redshift wavelength = Supernova line c = Speed of light

c

VZ o

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

QED Induced Redshift

Quantum Mechanics requires the heat capacity and specific heat of submicron DPs to vanish.

Absorption of Supernova photon cannot be conserved by an increase in DP temperature.

QED induces the Supernova photon to increase its

wavelength to the EM wavelength of the DP

The EM confinement of the DP leaks the QED induced photon as redshift EM emission.

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Heat Transfer in DPs

Classically, EM energy absorbed by a body is conserved by an increase in temperature

Astronomers have assumed DPs to have specific heat to conserve the absorption of starlight photons in a DPs

by an increase in temperature

But QM requires the specific heat of submicron DPs to vanish at temperatures of 2.7 K

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Heat Content in DPs

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0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Wavelength - microns

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

- E

avg -

eV

2.7K

300 K

1

kT

hcexp

hc

E

D = / 2

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

DP Specific Heat Vanishes

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Wavelength - microns

Dim

ensi

onle

ss S

peci

fic H

eat C

*

300 K

2.7 K

2

2

1kT

hcexp

kT

hcexp

kT

hc

Nk3

C*C

D = / 2

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

EM Confinement

cf Dn2 r Dn2

hcE

rP

From QM, Photons of wave length are created by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated by /2. For spherical DPs having diameter D and refractive index nr > 1,

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

QED induced Redshift

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• • •

Specific Heat Vanishes

No Temperature change

Supernova

Photon

DP Redshift

Emission

o = 2Dnr

c

VZ o

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Upper Bound Redshift

0.1

1

10

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Particle Radius - a - microns

Red

shift

Z

0

0.5

1

1.5

Amorphous Silicate nr = 1.45

Ly

0.1216 microns

Redshift Wavelength

o

Red

shift

Wav

elen

gth

- m

icro

ns

H

0.6563 microns

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Reddening and Redshift

Reddening occurs by scattering, but also occurs by QED induced redshift

Consider a D = 280 nm amorphous silicate DP absorbing Supernova photons having wavelengths shorter than the EM confinement at o = 810 nm.

All Supernova photons are redshift by QED to produce one or more red 810 nm photons

indistinguishable from those produced by scattering

Treating the red photon at 810 nm as redshift of the Ly line at 121.6 nm, the QED induced redshift Z = 5.7

The Hubble Law gives the Universe expanding at velocity = 0.956 c with the Supernova at 4096 Mpc from the earth

But the Universe is not expanding !!!

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Infrared Spectra Astronomers treat the observed IR spectra as thermal emission from the

absorption of a single UV photon by a DP.

For IR from 2 to 25 µm, temperatures < 1000 K !!!

A single 0.25 µm UV photon absorbed in a 8.62 µm amorphous silicate DP is QED redshift to o = 25 µm with the temperature remaining at 2.7 K

The IR spectra is produced in DPs upon absorbing galactic light

For IR from 2 to 25 µm, the QED induced redshift 7 < Z < 99

But the Universe is not expanding !!!

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Einstein’s Static Universe Friedmann Equations

pc

G8c

a

kc

a

a

a

a2

22

2

22

3

G8

3

c

a

kc

a

a 2

2

22

0aa Static Universe

2Ec

G4

Cosmological constant

0U3

1p DE

Zero Dark Energy

G4

c1R

EE

Curvature

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Dark Energy Universe Unstable

UnstableR0g,Rif

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UnstableR0g,Rif

Dark energy not consistent with Static Universe

Rc

U

3

G4R

c

p3

3

G4

R

GMg

2DE

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Gravitation at Universe Surface

const3

Up DE

Dark Energy PressureR

g < 0

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Radiation Universe Stable

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Rc

T

3

G4R

c

p3

3

G4g

3

4

2

Gravitation at Universe Surface

)c/T(

)c/T(

g

g34

34

Incremental Change in Gravitation

c3

Tp

4

Radiation Pressure

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Radiation Universe Stable

StableR0g/g0R/R,Rif

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R

R1k3

T

T

R

RTT

)1k(3o

o

Temperature

StableR0g/g0R/R,Rif

R

R3

3/R4

M3

Mass Density

R

R)1k(12

T

T4

cT

cT34

34

Energy Density

0R/R)]1k(123[g/g,25.1kFor

Radiation consistent with Static Universe

Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

ConclusionsQED induced redshift of Supernova light negates

expanding Universe by Hubble’s Law

No need for dark energy in a non-expanding Universe

Einstein’s static Universe with dark energy is Unstable

Radiation stabilizes Einstein’s static Universe

Static Universe = T4/c3 ~ 1x10-28 g/cm3

Expanding Universe = 3H2/8G ~ 5x10-30 g/cm3

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Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France

Questions & Papers

Email: nanoqed@gmail.com

http://www.nanoqed.org

or

http://www.nanoqed.net

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