investiture contest this is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of...

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Investitur e Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe.

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Page 1: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Investiture ContestThis is the struggle for supremacy between

the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe.

Page 2: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

This controversy began in the 11th and 12th centuries from the church reforms initiated by Henry III, which

came from his belief of there to have been a corruption of the church, such as the acts of Simony

and Clerical marriage, and also his belief that his authority extended to the Church clergy and the

investiture and deposition of bishops and archbishops, even to the bishop of Rome, the Pope.

Page 3: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Henry III set out to stop this corruption of the church and appointed a series of reform minded German

popes. One of these reforming popes was Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) who campaigned vigorously against

simony and clerical marriage.

Page 4: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Another of these appointed popes was Hildebrand who became Pope under the name Gregory VII

(1073-1085). After the death of Henry III, a set of reformers including Pope Gregory VII asserted the “Dictatus Papae” which declared that the Roman church was founded by God alone - that the papal

power was the sole universal power, also in this was the “Papal Election Decree” which stated that only

cardinals could elect the pope and that only the pope could elect cardinals.

Page 5: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Henry IV also insisted on his authority as ‘divinely appointed sovereign’ and reacted to this decree of

Papal authority by sending a letter to Gregory VII a letter in which he withdrew his imperial support of

Gregory as Pope, the letter was headed:

"Henry, king not through usurpation but through the holy ordination of God, to Hildebrand, at present not

Pope but false monk".

It called for the election of a new pope. His letter ends:

I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down, come down, and be

damned throughout the ages.

Page 6: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Henry IV successfully drove Gregory from Rome and installed an Antipope. When Gregory heard of this he excommunicated Henry IV and declared he was no longer emperor and absolved his subjects from the

oaths they had sworn to him. The excommunication of the King made a deep impression both in Germany

and Italy.

Page 7: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

After the excommunication of Henry IV, rival claimants to the throne started to rise which prompted Henry to

try to gain his absolution from Gregory. At first he tried this by an embassy, but when Gregory rejected this, he went to Italy in person. Henry tried to force the Pope to grant him absolution by doing penance

before him at Canossa.

Page 8: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Gregory lifted the excommunication, after this Henry IV broke many of his promises made in Canossa, as Henry IV proclaimed the Antipope Clement III to be Pope which led to the excommunication of Henry IV again. In 1081 Henry IV captured and killed Rudolf von Rheinfeld, a rival King elected by the German

nobility and supported by Gregory after his victory at ‘Flarchheim’, this rebellion from the German

aristocracy toward the king became known as the ‘Great Saxon Revolt’.

Page 9: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

Henry IV then invaded Rome trying to forcibly remove Gregory VII and installing a more ‘friendly’ pope. Henry, now in a much more powerful position than

Gregory, gained surrender from Rome and Guibert of Ravenna was enthroned as Clement III (24 March

1084). Gregory was then forced into fleeing and did this through his allies the Normans in southern Italy.

Page 10: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

The Investiture Controversy continued for many decades with each succeeding Pope wishing to diminish

imperial power by stirring up revolt in Germany. But this controversy was concluded in the ‘Concordat of Worms’ in which Henry IV's son, Henry V (1106-

1125), who rebelled against the views of his father in favour of the papacy and who had made his father

renounce the legality of his antipopes before he died , forged a compromise between himself and Pope

Calixtus II (1119-1124).

Page 11: Investiture Contest This is the struggle for supremacy between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe

In the Concordat, Henry V gave up lay investiture and the Pope conceded to the emperor the privilege of

bestowing the ‘symbols of territorial and administrative jurisdiction’, this meant that Bishops and abbots were to be chosen by the clergy, but the emperor was to decide contested elections. Those

selected were to be invested first with the powers and privileges of their office as vassal (granted by the emperor) and then with their ecclesiastical powers and lands (granted by church authority). This led to Henry V back into communion and recognized as

legitimate Emperor as a result.