investigative study for learner...

Learner Diversity and Investigative Study

2010/10/14

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Learner Diversity

Learning stylesIndividual students tend to learn more readily some ways than othersIndividual teachers tend to teach in ways that complement their own learning styles

Cognitive developmentConcrete / Formal reasoning ability

MisconceptionsPrior / Alternative conceptions

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Investigative Study

It refers to the creation of a classroom where students are engaged in (essentially) open-ended, student-centered, hands-on activities. This means that students must make at least some decisions about what they are doing and what their work means—thinking along the way.

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Tasks Make a Difference

Task ADraw a circle of radius 10 cm using a blue

ball pen

Task BDraw a circle

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Measurement of Friction

Items Description

Question Measure the coefficient of sliding friction between two surfaces

Method Using a ramp and measuring its inclination

Materials A flat board, a wooden block, a metre

rule

Data Length (A) and (B)

Procedure Measure the height (A) and length (B) of the inclination

Solution Coefficient of friction between the surfaces: μ

= A / B

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Level of InquiryLevel (1) (2) (3 ) (4)

Question

Method

Solution (Conclusion)

Michael E. Fay and Stacey Lowery Bretz, 2008, Structuring the Level of Inquiry in Our Classroom, The Science Teacher, Vol.75(5), p.38-42

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Student Independence Lowest Highest

Inquiry Level

(4)

(3)

(2)

(1)

September June

Different Paths

A

B

C

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Time

NSS Physics CurriculumCompulsory PartI.

Heat and Gases

25 hoursII.

Force and Motion

55 hoursUnderstand friction as a force opposing motion/tendency of motion

III.

Wave Motion

48 hoursIV.

Electricity and Magnetism

56 hoursV.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

16 hours

Elective Part (Any 2 out of 4)V.

Astronomy and Space Science

27 hoursVI.

Atomic World

27 hoursVII.

Energy and Use of Energy

27 hoursVIII

.

Medical Physics

27 hours

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Sliding Friction

Design an investigation to answer the question: What factors affect (sliding) friction ?

Develop each component of the investigation including a hypothesis, procedures, data analysis, and conclusions

TheoryThe force of sliding friction Ff is proportional to the force perpendicular to the surface F⊥ (i.e. Ff = μF⊥)

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F⊥

Mg

Standard Experiments

1.

Pulling a body over a plane surface at constant speed

2.

Finding the angle of an inclined plane down which a body slides at constant speed

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A School Example

1.

Free to choose electives (3 X)Limited report writing experience in F.2Command of English is fairMotivation to learn is fair

2.

Class size: 40 (10 groups of size 4)Boys from 5 different classes

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Large individual differenceRanking from 21 - 164 in F.3

4 students in top rank < 4015 students in bottom rank >140

4.

∼15 students do not take extension in Math

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Time Schedule

Stage I

Planning

Stage II

Implementation

Stage III

Report

1.

Question -

Introduce task

2.

Method -

Conduct experiment

3.

Solution -

Write report

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Proposal

Group Factor to be investigated Independent variable

1 Nature of surface Nature of surface

2 Mass Mass / surface

3 Inclination of mass Angle of inclination / mass

4 Magnitude of applied force Applied force

5 Length of string used to pull the object Length of string

6 Materials (nature of surface?)

7 Nature of surface Applied force

8 Inclined slope Angle of inclination

9 Surface area of the object Contact surface area

10 Mass Mass of object

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Proposed Factors

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Proposed Factors

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Assessment Of Learning

Summative Perspective:1.

Teach a chapter

2.

Ask students to have revision

3.

Quiz /assignment4.

Mark quiz /assignment

L & T process

Assessthe learning outcome

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Assessment For Learning

Formative Perspective:1. Construct a topic2. Plan a problem solving

procedure3. Carry out the procedure4. Record data5. Analysis6. Drawing conclusion7. Report writing

Modify, refine

All are L&T process !

It is possible to assess for learning in every stages !

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Feedback

Stage I

Planning

1.

Introduce task Refine the task

Student Teacher

Plan, modify

Written/spoken Feedback

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Procedure / Method

Factor -

Mass

Newton’s 2nd law :

F – fL = 0, F is the applied force acting on the object, which is equal to friction

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Feedback

Stage II

Implementation2.

Experiment Refine the

procedure

Student TeacherRespond and answer

Raise questions

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DialogueT: What’re the factors?

S: MassT: How to measure friction?

S: Use spring balanceT: Do you mean that the reading of spring balance equals to friction?

S: I’ll take the reading when the object accelerates.T: Newton’s 2nd

law said when it accelerates, there is net force acting on it.

What’s the net force acting on the object ?S: Applied force plus friction

T: Does the spring balance measure the net force or applied force or friction?S: Net force

T: How do you know the object is accelerated

or at constant speed?S: ...

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DialogueT: What’s the factor that you’re going to study?

S: inclinationT: How to measure friction?

S: Use inclination and count the time down the slopeT: What’s the relationship between “time”

& “friction”?

S: s = ut + ½ at2 ?T: Where’s the “friction”?

S: F = ma ?T: What’s the meaning of “F”

and “m”

in this equation?

S: F is net force and m is mass of the object.T: What is the net force

acting on the object along the inclined plane?

S : Draw a diagram to show all the forces acting on the bodyT: How do you know there is a net

force

acting on it?

S: ...

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Feedback

Stage III

Report3.

Do report

Student Teacher

Submit report

Written/spoken feedback

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Sample ReportGp Factor to study Method of measuring friction

1 Nature of surface Applying fixed weights


F – fL = 0

F is the applied force acting on the object, which is equal to friction

Tension = applied force= weight

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Gp Factor to study Method of measuring friction

7 Nature of surface Time of an object sliding down an incline

Different surface as the incline

Sample Report


7 Nature of surface Time of an object sliding down an incline

Take average toMinimize random error

Equation of motion Applied Newton’s 2nd Law of motion

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5 Length of string used to pull the object

Pull by spring balance


F – f = 0

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5 Length of string used to pull the object

Pull by spring balance

•Trial and error

•Observe and refine the procedure

•Critical on the hypothesis

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Sample Report

Is it a poor design?

•Refine set-up >5 times (before, during and after experiment)

•The set-up keeps on improving based on more understanding about stopping distance

•Never give up

Gp Factor to study

Method of measuring friction

4 Magnitude of Applied force

Stopping distance

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Sample ReportGp Factor to

studyMethod of measuring friction

4 Magnitude of Applied force

Stopping distance

• Data points too small

• Poor table present

• Poor scale

• No calculation

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Transformative Open-ended inquiryStudent/Teacher is partner

Generative Structured/Guided inquiryStudent construct knowledge

TransmissionClosed-ended inquiryPrescriptive learning

Wink, J. (1997)

Sample Report

Thank you

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