investigation of un american activities in the us-vol7-1943-610pgs-gov-pol

7/27/2019 Investigation of Un American Activities in the US-Vol7-1943-610pgs-GOV-POL

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INVESTIGATION OF UN-AMERICANPROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN THE

UNITED STATESHEARINGS

BEFORE A

SPECIALCOMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESSEVENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSIONONH. Res . 282

TO INVESTIGATE (1) THE EXTENT, CHARACTER, AND OBJECTSOF UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITEDSTATES, (2) THE DIFFUSION WITHIN THE UNITED STATES OFSUBVERSIVE AND UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA THAT IS INSTI-GATED FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES OR OF A DOMESTIC ORIGINAND ATTACKS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE FORM OF GOVERN-MENT AS GUARANTEED BY OUR CONSTITUTION, AND (3) ALLOTHER QUESTIONS IN RELATION THERETO THAT WOULD AIDCONGRESS IN ANY NECESSARY REMEDIALLEGISLATION

VOLUME 7EXECUTIVE HEARINGS

MARCH 23, 29, 30, 31, APRIL 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 19, 1943

Prin ted for the use of the Special Commit tee on Un-A merican Act iviti es

U NITED S TATESGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE2 7 3 3 6 3 WASHINGTON : 1 9 4 3


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CONTENTSAlsberg, Henr y Garfieldisso n , Tho m a s Ar t h u rodd, William E . , J ra hy, Ja ck Br a d leyellhorn, Waltero l d m a n , M a r c u s Isa a co l d sc h m i d t , A r t h u r Earr, Davidoch,* Lucienacy, William S . Bever . Emi l Johnovett, Rcbert Mor ssi ns, Leo n a r d Eickens, Williama p oss, Dav i d Jchu man , Frederick L0 8 8 ,Strip ling, Robert Ei p p et t , Tho m as Hincent, M erle Dahl, David Ratson, Goodwin B2 3 6 ,Weyl, Nath an ielI I Page35743 4 6 7336634533 5 483480340733833 0 0 435833 1 9 335013415330034843121339833393527343832753 3 9 9


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INVESTIGATION OF UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDAACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATESMONDAY, MARCH 29, 1943

HousE OF REPRESENTATIVES,SPECIAL SUBCOMMI'rIEE OF SPECIAL COMMIITLE TOINVESTIGATE UN-AMERICAN' A C T I v r r m s ,Washington , D. C .

T h e , s u b c o m m i t t e e m e t a t 1 0 : 5 0 a . m . , H o n . J o e S t a r n e s ( c h a i r m a n

o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ) p r e s i d i n g .

M r . STARVES . The subcom mit tee app oin ted by the cha irm an o nM a r c h 2 7 , t o c o m p l e t e t h e r e c o r d s i n a n u m b e r o f c a s e s w h i c h h a v e

b e e n r e f e r r e d t o t h e s p e c i a l s u b c o m m i t t e e s e t u p b y the Appro-

p r i a t i o n s C o m m i t t e e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o c h a r g e s t h a t h a v e b e e n m a d e

t h a t c e r t a i n G o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s h a v e b e e n m e m b e r s o f s u b v e r -

s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r e n g a g e d i n s u b v e r s i v e a c t i v i t i e s , a n d s o f o r t h - ,

a i d t o t a k e a d d i t i o n a l t e s t i m o n y i n o t h e r c a s e s , w i l l c o me t o o r d e r .

L e t t h e m i n u t e s s h o w t h a t M r . S t a r n e s , c h a i r m a n o f t h e s u b c o m -

m i t t e e , i s p r e s e n t , a n d M r . M a s o n , a m e m b e r o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e o f

t h r e e , i s a l s o p r e s e n t ; a n d i n a d d i t i o n M r . C o u r t n e y , a m e m b e r o f

t h e f u l l S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e I n v e s t i g a t i n g U n - A m e r i c a n A c t i v i t i e s ;Mr. K e e f e , o f W i s c o n s i n , a m e m b e r o f t h e s p e c i a l c o mm i t t e e s e t u p i nt h e A p p r o p r i a t i o n s C o m m i t t e e t o p a s s o n t h e s e m a t t e r s ; t o g e t h e r w i t h

Mr. S t r i p l i n g , c h i e f i n v e s t i g a t o r , a n d D r . M a t t h e w s , d i r e c t o r o fr e s e a r c h .T h e f i r s t w i t n e s s w e h a v e t h i s m o r n i n g i s M r . K o c h .Mr. K o c h , t h e s u b c o m m i tt e e i s s i t t i n g t h i s m o r n i n g f o r t h e p u r p o s e

o f g i v i n g y o u a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o b e h e a r d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o c h a r g e s o r

c o m p l a i n t s , t h a t h a v e b e e n . m a d e t o t h e S p e ci a l C o m m i t t e e I n v e s t i -

g a t i n g U n - A m e r i c a n a n d S u b v e r s i v e A c t i v i t i e s , t h a t y o u a r e a m e m -

b e r o f o r h a v e b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r g r o u p s w h i c h

h a v e b e e n d en o m in a t e d a s b e in g s u b ve r s i v e e o r g a ni z a t i o n s b o t h b y t h e

s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e a n d b y t h e A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l o f t h e U n i t e d . S t a t e s .

T h i s i s a n e x e c u t i v e h e a r i n g . Y o u w i l l b e g i v e n t h e f u l l e s t o p p o r t u -

n i t y t o b e h e a r d o n a n y o f t h e c o m p l a i n t s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d .

Y o u c a n m a k e a n y s t a t e m e n t t h a t y o u w i s h i n c o n n e c t i o n t h e r e w i t h .

Dr . M a t t h e w s w i l l c o n d u c t t h e e x a m i n a t i o n , a n d s i n c e i t w i l l b e

n e c e s s a r y f o r y o u , D r . M a t t h e w s , t o r e f e r t o , o r p r o b a b l y i d e n t i f y ,

c e r t a i n d o c u m e n t s i n q u e s t i o n t h a t a r e i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e c o m -

m i t t e e , i t m a y b e n e ce s s a r y a l s o , a n d I t h i n k i t s h o u l d b e p r o p e r , t o

s w e a r y o u i n a t t h e s a m e t i m e , s o I w i l l a s k y o u t w o g e n t l e m e n t o

h o l d u p y o u r r i g h t h a n d s a n d b e s w o r n .

D o y o u a n d e a c h o f y o u s o l e m n l y s w e a r t o t e l l t h e t r u t h , t h e w h o l e

t r u t h , a n d n o t h i n g b u t t h e t r u t h i n t h e m a t t e r u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

s o h e l p y o u G o d ?

3003


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3 0 0 4 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TID SDr . MATTHEWS . I d o .Mr. Koc x . I d o .N o w , D o c t o r , i f y o u w i l l p e r m i t m e , I t h i n k I w i l l a s k j u s t a f e w

p r e l i m i n a r y q u e s t i o n s , a n d t h e n y o u c a n g o a l o n g w i t h t h e e x a m i n -

a t i o n .

TES TI MONY OF LU C IEN KOC H, M EM BER OF TH E SH I PBU I LDING

C OM MI SS ION, NATI ONAL WAR LA BOR BOARD

Mr. Koc x . I w o n d e r i f I c a n a s k f o r s o m e c l a r i f i c a t i o n . I s t h i st h e , commit tee appointed by the Appropri ations Co mmittee?Mr . STARNES . I t i s t h e S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e I n v e s t i g a t i n g U n - A m e r i -c a n a n d S u b v e r s i v e A c t i v i t i e s .Mr. Koc x . A s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r o m t h e D i e s c o m m i t t e e ?Mr . STARNES. No ; i t i s a s p e c i a l s u b c o m m i t t e e o f t h e s o - c a l l e d D i e scommi ttee, t ogether with members of t he Special Ap propr iatio ns

Co m m i t tee .Mr. Koc x. I s e e .Mr . STARNES . T h a t i s w h a t i t i s ; i t i s b o t h , a lt h o u gh i t i s p r o p er l yd e n o m i n a t e d , o f c o u r s e , a s a h e a r i n g o f t h e S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e I n -

v e s t i g a t i n g S u b v e r s i v e a n d U n - A m e r i c a n A c t i v i t i e s .

T h e p r e l i m i n a r y q u e s t i o n s t h a t I s h a l l a s k y o u a r e t h o s e w e h a v e

propounded to all, an d they are not intended to embarrass you in

any fashion , al tho ugh you ma y feel some embarrassment in being

asked some . o f t h e q u e s t i o n s .

W i l l y o u g i v e u s y o u r f u l l n a m e a n d a d d r e s s , p l e a s e ?Mr. Koc x. T h e n a m e i s L u c i e n K o c h , a n d m y r e s i d e n c e i s a t 2 3 1 1W e s t M o s h e r S t r e e t , B a l t i m o r e .Mr . STARNES . A r e y o u a n a t i v e - b o r n c i t i z e n ?Mr. Koc x. Y e s ; I a m , s i r .Mr . STARNES . W i l l y o u p l e a s e g i v e u s , t h e n , t h e d a t e a n d t h e p l a c eo f y o u r b i r t h ?Mr. Koc x . I was born on June 29, 1 907, at Mount Scot t, Oreg .M o u n t S c o t t i s a s u b u r b o f P o r t l a n d , O r e g .Mr . STARNES. Will you giv e us your education al backgroun d,b r i e f l y ?Mr. Koc x. I attended gramma r schood a t the Redlands Schoo l inCl atsop C ou nty, Oreg ., and fro m there I went to the Oregon City

High Sc hool, working my way through ; and fro m there I went to

Commonwealth Col lege, which at the time was located at the Llano

C o o p e r a t i v e C o l o n y , a t L e e s v i l l e , L a . , a n d w h i c h s u b s e q u e n t l y m o v e d

t o o u t s i d e o f M e n a , A r k . From C omm onwealt h Col lege I too k post-

graduate work at the University of Wisconsin and secured my mas-

t e r ' s d e g r e e t h e r e i n 1 9 3 1 .Mr . STARNES . Very goo d . W h a t i s y o u r p r o f e s s i o n a l o r b u s i n e s sbackground ?Mr . K o c x . W e l l , I b e l i e v e t h e a n s w e r t o t h a t w o u l d b e t e a c h i n g a n ds e r v i n g a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t r a d e - u n i o n s .Mr . STARNES . W i l l y o u g i v e u s y o u r t e a c h i n g b a c k g r o u n d , p l e a s e ' !Mr. Kocx . Y e s ; I t a u g h t a t C o m m o n w e a l t h C o l l e g e a n d a l s o s e r v e do n t h e f a c u l t y o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n .Mr . STARNES . W h a t c h a i r d i d y o u o c c u p y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s -c o n s i n ?


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES 3 00 5Mr. Koc x . I w a s i n s t r u c t o r i n e c o n o mi c s .Mr. S T A R N E S . D o e s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e y o u r w h o l e b a c k g r o u n d f r o m t h e

teachin standpo int?Mr. Koc x . Y e s ; i t d o e s , f r o m t h e t e a c h i n g s t a n d p o i n t , e x c e p t i n s o -f a r , o f c o u r s e , a s l a b o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a r e c o n s t a n t l y c a r r y i n g o n e d u -

c a t i o n a l w o r k .Mr . S T A R N E S . H a v e y o u e v e r g i v e n l e c t u r e s o r h e l p e d t o c o n d u c t al e c t u r e c o u r s e a t a n y o f t h e w o r k e r s ' s c h o o l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y ?Mr. K o c i - i . Y e s ; I h a v e . I taught one summer at t he WisconsinI n d u s t r i a l S u m m e r S c h o o l , w h i c h w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t y

o f W i s c o n s i n , a n d t h e n I a l s o t o o k a j o b f o r t h e A f f i l i a t e d S u m m e r

S c h o o l s , w h i c h w a s c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h e W o r k e r s ' E d u c a t i o n S e c t i o n ,

I t h i n k , o f t h e W o r k s P r o g r e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t t h a t t i m e , t o e s t a b -

l i s h a w o r k e r s ' e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m i n t h e a n t h r a c i t e d i s t r i c t o f P e n n -

s y l v a n i a , a n d I s e r v e d t h e r e , I b e l i e v e , f o r 2 o r 3 m o n t h s s e t t i n g u p

that program .Mr. S T A R N E S . O f w h a t d i d t h a t p r o g r a m c o n s i s t ?Mr. Koc a . W e l l , w e , o r g a n i z e d c l a s s e s i n t r a d e - u n i o n p r o b l e m s ,c l a s s e s i n d a n c i n g - I d i d n o t d o t h a t , b u t s o m e o f m y c o l l e a g u e s d i d -

a n d c l a s s e s i n c u r r e n t e v e n t s , a n d t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n o t h e r s . Tha t

w a s b a c k i n 1 9 3 2 , I b e l i e v e . T h a t i s q u i t e a w a y s b a c k .

Mr. S T A R N E S . W a s t h a t l a t e r c a r r i e d o n u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h eWP . A. t h a t t y p e o f w o r k a n d t r a i n i n g ?Mr . K o c k . Yes I a s s u m e i t w a s .Mr. STARNES . l i d y o u e v e r d e l i v e r a n y l e c t u r e s t o t h e W o r k e r s 'S c h o o l i n N e w Y o r k C i t y ?Mr . K o c x . Y o u m e a n t h e C o m m u n i s t s c h o o l ?Mr. S T A R N E S . Y e s .Mr. Kocx . No - I d i d n o t , s i r .Mr. S T A R N E s .'the Highlander Folk School, d own in Tennessee?Mr. K o c x . I n e v e r d e l i v e r e d a n y l e c tu r e s t h e r e . I v i s i t e d t h er e o n c e .v e r y b r i e f l y .Mr. S T A R N E S . W h a t w a s t h e n a t u r e o f t h e v i s i t , o r t h e c o n n e c t i o nt h e r e , M r . K o c h ?Mr. Koc x. W h y , i t w a s a c o n f e r e n c e t h a t w a s c a l l e d i n c o n n e c t i o n

. w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e s h a r e c r o p p e r s i n e a s t e r n A r k a n s a s .Mr . S T A R N E S . D o y o u r e c a l l w h a t y e a r t h a t w a s ?Mr. Koc x. I c a n ' t b e s u r e a b o u t t h e y e a r . I would guess aro und1933 o r ' 34 .Mr. S T A R N E S . C a n y o u g i v e u s t h e n a m e s o f t h o s e w h o a t t e n d e d t h ec o n f e r e n c e , o r d o y o u k n o w w h o c a l l e d t h e c o n f e r e n c e ?Mr. Kocx . I d o n o t k n o w h o w i t w a s c a l l e d . I went along with Mr .Claude Williams, and I think Miles Horton was there . He was ou t

s i c k a t t h e t i m e . I think he was connected with this group at t he

t i m e . A n d t h e r e w e r e s o m e o t h e r s ; I d o n ' t k n o w w h o t h e y w e r e .Mr . S T A R N E S . H a v e y o u e v e r h a d a n y c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e F e d e r a lGovernment ; been employed in any manner by the Federal Govex'n-

ment ?Mr. Kocx . Y e s . I t o o k a p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t i n1 9 3 5 , I b e l i e v e i n S e p t e m b e r o r O c t o b e r o f t h a t y e a r , a n d I c o n t i n u e d

m y s e r v i c e s f o r t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t u n t i l A p r i l 1 9 3 7 , I b e l i e v e .Mr. S T A R N E S . I n w h a t c a p a c i t y , M r : K o c h ?Mr. Kocx. A t f i r s t I - w a s a t t a c h e d t o t h e C o n s u m e r s ' D i v i s i o n o f t h eN . R . A . , a n d I t h i n k l a t e r t h a t c a m e u n d e r t h e W o r k s P r o g r e s s A d -


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3 6 9 6 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE Sm i n i s t r a ti o n , a n d t h e n a f t e r t h a t w a s u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o r u n d e r

t h e h e a d , a t l e a s t , o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , a n d

k n o w n a s t h e c o n s u m e r s ' p r o j e c t u n d e r t h e W . P . A . a n d u n d e r t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , a n d m y t i t l e w a s e c o n o m i c a n a l y s t

a n d f i e l d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .Mr . STARNES . I n t h a t c a p a c i t y d i d y o u t r a v e l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y v i s i t -i n g t h e v a r i o u s S t a t e s ?Mr. K o c H . I d i d v e r y l i t t l e t r a v e l i n g . I t o o k o n e t r i p - I t h i n k j u s to n e t r i p .Mr . STARNES . D o y o u r e c a l l w h e r e t h a t w a s ?Mr. K o c a . T h a t w a s i n C i n ci n n a t i .M r . STARNES . A n d t h e o c c a s i o n ?M r . Koc x . I t w a s n ' t l i m i t e d t o C i n c i n n a t i . I t h i n k w e w e n t i n t o

L o u i s v i l l e , t o o . W e h a d t w o o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s t o p s . T h e o c c a s i o n

w a s t o v i s i t - I a m n o t s u r e o f t h e e x a c t t i t l e . I t h i n k t h e y w e r e r e -

f e r r e d t o a s c o u n t y c o n s u m e r s ' c o u n c i l s t h a t w e r e s e t u p a t t h a t t i m e .

A n y w a y , i t w a s t o m e e t w i t h t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n c o n s u m e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s

a n d c o n s u m e r p r o b l e m s .Mr . STARNES . W h a t w a s t h e s a l a r y r a n g e a t t h a t t i m e , ' 3 5 t o ' 3 7 ,i f y o u r e c a l l ?Mr. Kom . I w a s r e c e i v i n g $ 3 , 2 0 0 a t t h a t t i m e .Mr. STARNES. A n d w e r e y o u l a t e r p r o m o t e d ?Mr . .Koc $ . N o . I q u i t t h e j o b t o t ak e m y p r e s e n t j o b w i t h t he I n -

d u s t r i a l U n i o n o f M a r i n e a n d S h i p b u i l d i n g W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a .Mr. STARNES . A n d y o u h a v e b e e n w i t h t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n c e ' 3 7 ?Mr. K o c x . S i n c e A p r i l ' 3 7 ; y e s .Mr. STARNES . H a v e y o u b e e n c o n n e c t e d i n a n y c a p a c i t y w i t h t h eF e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t s i n c e t h a t t i m e , s i n ce A p r i l ' 3 7 , a n d i f s o , p l e a s e

s t a t e i n w h a t c a p a c i t y a n d w h a t y o u r c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s .Mr. Kom. Y e s . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e I a m s e r v i n g a s a m e m b e r o ft h e S h i p b u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l W a r L a b o r B o a r d , a n d

I w a s n o m i n a t e d f o r t h a t p o s t b y t h e n a t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t o f m y o r g a n i -

z a t i o n , a n d t h a t n o m i n a t i o n w a s e n d o r s e d b y t h e g e n e r a l e x e c u t i v e

b o a r d o f m y o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d s u b s e q u e n t t o m y n o m i n a t i o n , I w a s

a p p o i n t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l W a r L a b o r B o a r d t o s e r v e o n t h i s S h i p -

b u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n .

S o f a r a s c o m p e n s a t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d , a s y e t I h a v e n o t b e e n c o m -

p e n s a t e d . I h a v e d r a w n n o m o n e y w h a t s o e v e r f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l W a r

Labor Boar d . B u t I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w e a r e s u p p o s e d t o . T h e r e h a s

b e e n a d e l a y . I a s s u m e t h e r e u s u a l l y i s . I a m n o t a r e g u l a r e m p l o y e e

o f t h e W a r L a b o r B o a r d . I w o r k o n a p e r d i e m b a s i s .

Mr. STARNES. D o y o u k n o w w h a t t h e s t a t e d c o m p e n s a t i o n i s ?Mr. K o c H . M y u n d e r s t a n d i n g i s t h a t f o r t h e f i r s t f e w d a y s w e w e r et o r e c e i v e $ 1 0 a d a y , w h i c h t h e o r e t i c a l l y w a s t o c o v e r e x p e n s e s , a n d

t h e n l a t e r I u n d e r s t a n d w e a r e t o r e c e i v e a p e r d i e m r a t e o f $ 1 8 . 0 5 a

d ay. A s I s a y , I h a v e r e c e i v e d n o m o n e y a s y e t .Mr. STARNES . B u t y o u a r e c o n n e c t e d o f f i c i a l ly w i t h t h e . B o a r d ?Mr. K o c x . Y e s ; b u t n o t a s a r e g u l a r , f u l l - t i m e e m p l o ye e .Mr. STARNES . I s e e . W h a t a r e y o u r d u t i e s a n d f u n c t i o n s a s a m e m -b e r o f t h a t B o a r d ?

Mr. Kom . T h e S h i p b u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n o f t h e W a r L a b o r B o a r dw a s s e t u p b y o r d e r o f t h e W a r L a b o r B o a r d i n J a n u a r y o f t h i s y e a r ,a n d i t a s s u m e s a l l o f t h e d u t i e s a n d f u n c t i o ns o f t h e W a r L a b o r B o a r d

f o r t h e s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y . T h e S h i p b u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n w a s e s -


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE S 3 0 0 7t a b l i s h e d b e c a u s e i t w a s f e l t t h a t t h e s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y h a d n o w ,

i n i t v e r y d e f i n i t e a n d s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s , a n d t h a t t h e y m i g h t b e s t b e

h a n d l e d , a n d t h e p u r p o s e s o f 9 , 2 5 0 c a r e d f o r , b y s e t t i n g u p a s p e c i a l

comm ission .

Mr . S T A R N E S . I t d e a l s , o f c o u r s e , w i t h - I a m a s s u m i n g t h a t i t d e a l swith-the question of wages and hours and working conditions, and

s o f o r t h , o f t h e e m p l o y e e s o f t h e s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y .Mr. Koc x. Y e s ; t h e w a g e s , h o u r s , w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s , d i s p u t e s o fw h a t e v e r c h a r a c t e r , a n d s o f o r t h .Mr . S T A R N E S . Who a re the other members on t he Board with you?Mr. Koc H . W h y , i t i s a s e v e n - m a n c o m m i s s i o n . The Chai rma n ofthe Comm ission i s Mr . P a u l P o r t e r ; t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e N a v y

Departm ent is Captai n At kins ; t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e M a r i t i m e

Com mission i s Mr . Van Riper ; t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e e m p l o y e r s

a r e , f i r s t , M r . M i d d l e t o n , a n d s e c o n d l y , M r . R o c h e . The la bor mem-

b e r s a r e M r . E l m e r W a l k e r f o r t h e A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r a n d

m y s e l f f o r t h e C . I . O .Mr. S T A R N E S . H a v e y o u e v e r h a d a n y e x p e r i e n c e , p r a c t i c a l o r t h e o -r e t i c a l , i n t h e f i e l d o f s h i p b u i l d i n g o r t h e m e r c h a n t m a r i n e ?Mr. Kocx . O n l y i n m y a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , b u t n a t -u r a l l y o v e r a p e r i o d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 y e a r s y o u l e a r n c o n s i d e r a b l e

s o f a r a s s h i p b u i l d i n g i s c o n c e r n e d , a n d t h e p r o b l e m s o f s h i p b u i l d i n g .

Mr. S T A R N E S . Y o u h a v e n e v e r b e e n c o n v i c t e d o f a n y c r i m e o f a n yc h a r a c t e r ?Mr. Koc x. No ; I h a v e n e v e r b e e n c o n v i c t e d . I was arrested onet i m e i n e a s t e r n A r k a n s a s f o r b l o c k i n g s t r e e t s a n d a l l e y s , b u t t h a t

c h a r g e w a s d i s m i s s e d b y t h e c o u r t .Mr. S T A R N E S . D o c t o r , y o u c a n t a k e o v e r a t t h i s p o i n t a n d c o n d u c tthe examination .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Y o u s t a t e d t h a t y o u h a d r e c e i v e d a n M . A . d e g r e ea t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n i n 1 9 3 1 . W h e r e ( l i d y o u r e c e i v e y o u rB . A . d e g r e e , i f y o u d i d r e c e i v e s u c h d e g r e e ?Mr. Kocx. I d i d n ' t r e c ei v e a B . A . d eg re e .Mr. M ATTAEws . O n w h a t b a s i s w e r e y o u a d m i t t e d t o t h e U n i v e r s i t yo f W i s c o n s i n f o r p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d y ?Mr. Kocx . My work at Com monwealth Coll ege was accepted asa d e q u a t e t o t h e w o r k r e q u i r e d f o r r e c e i v i n g t h e B . A . d e g r e e , a n d t h e y

t o o k m e o n f o r p o s t g r a d u a t e w o r k .Mr. M ATTHEWS. W i l l y o u p l e a s e s t a t e t h e y e a r s w h e n y o u a t t e n d e dComm onwealth Coll ege as a student?Mr. Koc x . I f i r s t a t t e n d e d C o m m o n w e a l t h C o l l e g e i n t h e f a l l o f1 9 2 3 , a n d c o n t i n u e d t o a t t e n d - I d o n ' t k n o w j u s t w h e r e t h e b r e a k i s

b e t w e e n t h e t i m e I w a s a s t u d e n t a n d t h e t i m e I s t a r t e d t e a c h i n g a t

t h e s c h o o l .Mr . S T A R N E S . G i v e y o u r b e s t r e c o l l e c t i o n .Mr. Koc x . I f i r s t a t t t e n d e d i n 1 9 2 3 , a n d w e n t t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o fWisco nsin . T h a t w a s i n 1 9 2 9 a n d ' 3 0 a n d ' 3 1 . I s t u d i e d f o r a t l e a s t

4 o f t h o s e y e a r s , a n d t h e n I t h i n k I b e g a n d o i n g s o m e t e a c h i n g a t t h e

c o l l e g e. Dur in g the summ ers I wou ld be away ear ni ng mo ney so I

c o u l d r e t u r n i n t h e f a l l .Mr. MAr rHEws. Will you give the years duri ng which you werethe head o f Comm onwealth Coll ege?Mr. Koc x . Yes . I b e c a m e t h e d i r e c t o r o f t h e c o l l e g e i n 1 9 3 1 a n dr e m a i n e d a s d i r e c t o r o f t h e c o l l e g e u n t i l 1 9 3 5 .


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3008 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIESMr. M ATTHEWS . Then it would be correct to say that you ta ught a t

C o m m o n wea l t h f o r a p e r i o d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 ye a r s p r i o r t o 1 92 9 ?Mr. K o c x . No ; I t hin k it would be closer to 2 years . You s e e ,I was away 2 years at the Un iversit y of Wisco nsin .

Mr. MA TTH EWS . Was yo u r t i t le t h a t o f d i rec t o r a t Co m m o nwea l t hCol lege?Mr. K o c x. Yes .Mr. MA TTH EWS . Wha t was yo u r r em u ner a t i o n i as d i rec t o r o f Co m -mon wealt h Coll ege?Mr. Kocx. Our sta ff m embers received no salar y . Ou r r e m u n e r a -tion was main tenance ; tha t is, food, board, lodging, n ecessary inci-

dental expenses, clothi ng, and so forth .Mr. MATTHEWS. Were you enrolled as a grad uat e stud ent at t heUniv ersity of Wisconsin from 1 929 to 1 931?Mr. Kocx . Yes .Mr. MATTHEWS. Was it duri ng that period th at you were an in-structor in economics?Mr. Kocx . I was an instructor in econom ics during 1930 a nd '31 .Mr. MA TTH EWS . For a single ac ademic year?Mr. Kocx . For a single acad emic year .Mr. MA TTH EWS . What was your remuneratio n in th at po siti on?Mr. KocH . I don 't remember . Anyway, it was enou gh to t ake careof my expenses at the university and a little in addition .

Mr. MA TTH EWS . How m a ny c o u rses d i d yo u tea c h ?Mr. Kocx . I was tea c h i ng . a t the experimenta l col lege of th e uni -versi ty, h eaded by Dr . Alexander Meiklejohn , and d uri ng the year

in which I was teach ing we were devo tin g our selves to th e stu dy of

Greek civili zation, a nd I devoted myself particu larly to the economic

and pol itical li fe of Greece .Mr. STARNES . Just at th is moment, Doctor, l et the record show thatMr. Mu n d t , o f S o u t h Dako t a , a member o f t he S pec i a l Co m m i t teeInv estigat ing Un-A merica n and Subversive Activ iti es, is present .

Mr. MArrrri ws . Did you give for mal i nstruc tio n in c lasses?Mr. Ko c H . There was c o u nsel o r wo rk a n d we lec t u red bef o re t hestudent grou p .Mr. MATTHEWS. Is it your t estim ony that the remuneratio n wasp r a c t i c a l ly m a i n ten a n ce?Mr. Ko c x . No ; it was in additio n to that . I don 't remember, ithas been qui te a while back, but there was a defi nit e fixed salar y con-

nected with i t .Mr. MA TTH EWS . Do yo u h a ve a ny a p p r o x i m a te i dea wh a t i t was?Mr. Ko c x . I would . hate to guess . I sh o u l d ju dge m aybe a r o u n da tho usand dol lars, but that i s just a guess .Mr. MA TTH EWS . A tho usand dol lars for th e one academic year?Mr. KocH. Yes ; as an instructor, pa rt-tim e instructor . Tha t i sjust a guess . I don' t want it to be misleading .Mr. MA TTH EWS . You say you ta ught u nder th e auspices of th e Af-filiated Summer Schools, is that co rrect?Mr. Kocx. Yes . Well -yo u a re refer r i ng t o t he Af f i l i a ted S u m merSc ho ol s fo r Workers, whi ch was designa ted by th e Workers' Edu ca -

t i o n Div isi o n i n W . P . A . at tha t ti me to establish cl asses in t he

anth racit e area of P ennsylvani a, an d I was in th ere settin g up thatprogram . I did v ery litt le teachi ng . I d i d t he- a d m i n ist r a t i ve jobrath er than a teaching job .


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES 3 00 9Mr . MATHEws . D i d y o u r e c e i v e r e m u n e r a t i o n f o r t h a t w o r k ?M r . K o c x . Y e s .

M r . MATTHEWS. D o y o u r e c a l l h o w m u c h i t w a s ?Mr. Koc x . W e l l , I d o n ' t e x a c t l y . I t hink-I don' t remembere x a c t l y w h a t t h a t w a s .Mr. MATTHEWS. D i d y o u t e a c h a t m o r e t h a n o n e o f t h e s c h o o l s u n d e rt h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e A f f i l i a t e d S u m m e r S c h o o l s f o r W o r k e r s ?Mr. K o c n . N o ; t h e o n l y o n e I t a u g h t a t w a s t h e W i s c o n s i n I n d u s -t r i a l S u m m e r S c h o o l .Mr. MATTHEWS . What summer was that? D o y o u r e c a l l ?Mr. K o c x . I d o n ' t r e c a l l t h e e x a c t y e a r , n o . I t w o u l d b e v e r y e a s yt o c h e c k , I t h i n k .

M r . MATTHEWS . I n 1 9 3 7 y o u b e c a m e a n o r g a n i z e r f o r t h e M a r i n eWorkers' Industri al- -Mr. Koc x . F o r t h e I n d u s t r i a l U n i o n o f M a r i n e a n d S h i p b u i l d i n gWor kers of Americ a . T h a t i s a l o n g t i t l e .Mr. MATTHEWS. H o w l o n g d i d y o u h o l d t h a t p o s i t i o n ?Mr. Koc x . W e l l , I h a v e b e e n w i t h t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n ce , a n d r e -m a i n w i t h t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n .Mr . MATTHEWS . What was your remuneration , or what h as beeny o u r r e m u n e r a t i o n i n t h a t p o s i t i o n ?

M r . K o c x . W h e n I f i r s t w e n t w i t h t h e u n i o n I r e c e i v e d $ 4 0 a w e e k ,

a n d t h e n w e a l l t o o k a v o l u n t a r y c u t , I t h i n k o f 1 0 p e r c e n t , w h i c h

b r o u g h t i t d o w n t o $ 3 6 a w e e k , a n d s i n c e t h a t t i m e w e h a v e h a d s e v e r a l

i n c r e a s e s . My . present remuneration would be $80 a week . Ofcou rse, if I dr aw money fro m th e Federal Government I w i l l n o t

d r a w m y s a l a r y f r o m t h e u n i o n .Mr . MATTHEWS . B u t t h e l a s t p a y y o u r e c e i v ed a s a n o r g a n i z e r f o r t h eu n i o n w a s $ 8 0 a w e e k , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?Mr. K o c x . Y e s .Mr . MATTHEWS. W h e n d i d y o u l a s t d r a w t h a t p a y ?Mr. K o c x . W e l l , I d r e w i t l a s t S a t u r d a y .

M r . MATTIEWS . W h a t w a s t h e d a t e o f y o u r a p p o i n t m e n t a s a C o m -m i s s i o n m e m b e r o f t h e S h i p b u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n o f t h e W a r L a b o r

Board?Mr. Koc x . I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r . W e h e l d o u r f i r s t m e e t i n g o n J a n u -a r y 2 5 . I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r t h e d a t e o n w h i c h I w a s n o t i f i e d o f m y

a p p o i n t m e n t , b u t a f e w d a y s p r e c e d i n g t h a t .Mr . MATTHEWS . B u t y o u s a y y o u h a v e n o t y e t d r a w n a n y p a y w h a t -e v e r f r o m y o u r p o s i t i o n a s a m e m b e r o f t h e S h i p b u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n

o f t h e W a r L a b o r B o a r d ?

Mr. K o c x . T h a t i s c o r r e c t , s i r .M r . MATTHEWS. Y o u h a v e n o t d r a w n t h e $ 1 0 a d a y p e r d i e m e x -p e n s e s ?

M r . K o c x . N o ; I h a v e n o t, s i r .Mr. MATTHEWS. H a v e y o u s i g n e d a v o u c h e r f o r t h e r e c e i p t o f s u c hf u n d s ?Mr. KocH. I h a v e n ' t s i g n e d a v o u c h e r f o r t h e r e c e i p t o f s u c h f u n d s ,n o . I f i l l e d o u t c e r t a i n f o r m s . T h a t i s n o t w h a t y o u a r e r e f e r r i n g t o ?

M r . M TTHEWS . No ; I a m r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s i g n i n g o f a v o u c h e rw h i c h v ; , o u l d b ~ p r e s e n t e d t o t h e T r e a s u r y a n d p a y m e n t m a d e o n t h e

b a s i s o f t h e s i g n i n g o f s u c h a v o u c h e r .Mr. Koc x . N o , I h a v e n o t d o n e t h a t . I f i l l e d o u t c e r t a i n f o r ms ,b u t I h a v e n o t f i l l e d o u t a v o u c he r .


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J

3010 UN-AMBRICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE SMr. MATTHEWS . G o i n g ba c k t o C o m m o n wea l t h C o l l e ge f o r a mo-

ment, would you state briefly the circum stances of th e fou ndi ng of

Commo nwealth College, if you ha ppen to know the facts in th e caseMr. Koca . Of co urse, the college was started before I was associatedwith i t . It was start ed by Dr . Will iam Zeuch . He, I believe, received

h is Ph . D. at the Univ ersity of Wisconsin . He start ed this coll ege

in co njunction with, o r under the Llano Cooperative Colony, at Lees-

ville, La ., and I understand the reason it was star ted there was from

the standpoint of maintenance . It m ade it easier fo r the students and

the people, and fo r the college itself t o support itself .Mr. M ATTHEWS . How long was it l oca ted i n L o u i s i a n a ?Mr. Kocu . Eit her 1 or 2 years .Mr. MATTHEWS. Had i t a lready moved to Arkansas when you en-tered the institu tio n as a studentMr. Koci a. No ; i t h a d n ' t .Mr. MA TTH EWS . Then the year of th e foundin g of th e institutionm ust h a ve been a r o u n d 1922 ; was that i t?Mr . Kocia . I think so ; yes .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Wha t was t he c o n n ec t i o n o f Ka te Ri c h a r d s O'Ha rewith the founding of the institution ?Mr. Koci a. She was one of t he prim e movers . I t h i n k M r . Zeuc hint erested her i n the pro ject also .

Mr. MA TTH EWS . Did you kn ow Kate Ric ha rd s O'H ar eMr . KoCH . Y e s ; I knew her . I met her at the scho ol .Mr. MATTIH EWS . Did she ever car ry any title in relat ion ship to t heinstitutionMr . KocH . I couldn 't an swer as to th at, sir . I kno w she did sometea c h i ng .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do you r ecall whether she was ever known as th ehea d o f t he c ol lege

' q u i t eocia . I a m i t e cer t a i n she wasn 't .Mr. MA TTH EWS . Or th e found er?Mr. KocH . She might h ave been referred to a s one of the fou nders .Mr. Zeuch was the mov ing spirit behind it .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do you kn ow whether or not she was convi cted

on a char ge of sediti on d urin g the First World War and served a

prison term under that convicti on?Mr. Kocu . I c o u l d n ' t s p e a k a s t o t h a t , s i r .Mr. M AI THEWs . Has she ever so stated i n your presence?Mr. Kocu . No .Mr. MATTHEws. Or ever discu ssed the mat ter in you r pr esence?Mr. Kocu . No ; n o t t h a t I r e c a l l , s h e h a s n ' t .Mr . MA TrH Ews . Do yo u kn ow wh a t t he o r i gi n a l p u r p ose o f . t h e i n -

stitut ion was, as stated by its fou nders?Mr. KocH . Well, the pur pose of the school, as I understand it, was toprov ide a liberal educa tion to th ose who attended at moderate cost .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Appro ximately how many students were enro lled inthe instit utio n when you became a student yourself ?Mr. KocH . I should think it app roximated aroun d 40 t o 50, maybe .Mr. MATTH- HEws. And h ow many instruct ors were there, ap proxi-mat ely?

Mr. Koca . I should think around four or five ; something like that .


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES 3011Ir . MATrHEws . Do you recall th e names of t he instructors, or a ny

o f t h e m ?Mr KOCH . Dr . Zeuch was the mai n teacher, and a gentleman by thename of Goodhue, F. M . Goodhue, instructor in math ematical science .Mr. MATTHEws . What was the init ial?Mr. Ko c x . I think it was F . M . ; I a m n o t su re. That is a long t imea g o . Those are the on ly two I recal l . .Mr . MATTHEWS. Di d K a t e R i c h a r d s O' H a r e t e a c h w h i l e yo u we r ethere?Mr. KOCH. I don 't thi nk she was there whil e I was there .Mr. MATTHEWS. You had met her there, you said?Mr. KOCH . Yes ; I met her after the school had moved .Mr . MATrHEws . Wa s P h e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e s c h o o l wh e n i t m o v e dt o A r k a n s a s?Mr. KOCH. Yes ; she was .Mr . MATTHEWS. In what capac ity?Mr. Ko c H . Well, she was still o ne of t he interested pa rti es suppor t-ing the schoo l .Mr . MATTHEws. Did she live at t he school?Mr . KOCH . Yes ; she lived at the school .Mr. MATTHEWS. And she tau ght at th e schoo l?Mr. KOCH . I think she did some teachi ng ; y e s .Mr. MATrHEws. Did you ever take any cou rses und er her?Mr. KOCH. No ; I d i d n o t .Mr. MATrHEws . Do you recall the names of any other in structors

dur ing th e perio d when you were a student?Mr. KOCH . M r . H a r o l d B r o w n t a u g h t t h e r e ; Mr . BentonMr. MATTHEws. What was his fi rst nam e?Mr . KOCH . I d o n ' t r e c a l l . He taught law .Mr. MATTHEws. Law?Mr . KOCH. Yes .Mr. MATTHEWS. Du r i n g yo u r i n c u m be n c y a s d i r e c t o r o f C o m m o n -wealth College how was the institutio n fi nanced?Mr . KOCH. It was largely self-suppor ted, and the fina ncia l budgettha t had to be raised was quite -small . You see, the schoo l owned, I

thin k, roughl y 320 ac res of la nd, and m ost of th e build ings were built

by people on the schoo l ground s, and the school operated a farm a nd

the life was a rural life, which also made it relatively economical .Mr MATTHEws . Did you receive contr ibution s from in terested per-sons?Mr KocH . Yes .Mr. MATTHEWS . Did yo u h a v e a ny c o n t r ibu t i o ns f r o m a ny f o u n d a -

t i o ns o r o rga n iz a t i o n s ?Mr . KOCH . Whil e I was at the head o f th e college?Mr . MATTHEWS . Yes .Mr . KOCH. Yes .Mr. MATTHEWS. C a n y o u n a m e so m e o f t h e m ?Mr . KOC H . What is that group tha t helps suppor t th e New Republid?Mr. MATrHEWS. M r s .'Elmh urst?Mr . Ko c H . Yes ; the Elmh urst fund .Mr. MATTHEWS. El m h u r s t f u n d ?Mr . KOCH. A n d t h e o n e El i z a bet h G i l m a n i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h , t h eChri stian Soci al Justice Fund .


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3012 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIESMr. MA TrH Ews. Mr . Cochrane, in Baltimor e?Mr. Kocu . I don't know whether he is conn ected with i t or n ot .Mr. MATTHEWS. He suppl ies the funds .Mr. K o c H . I recei ved sm a l l c hecks- u n f o r t u n a t ely sm a l l c h ecks-from both of those founda tions . I th ink t hose were the onl y two

f u n ds .Mr. MATTHEWS. Mrs. Elm h u rst ' s f u n ds a re kn own as t he Wi l l a r dStra ight Founda tion, a re they not?Mr. Kocn . Yes ; I b e l i e v e t h a t i s i t .Mr. MA TrH Ews . Did you ever receive any funds fro m th e so-ca lledG a r l a n d f u n d ?Mr. KocH . Not whi le I was at t he col lege . By th e way, we did r e-ceive money fro m th e Carnegie endowment f und . We received som e

mon ey fro m th e Car negie people .Mr. MA TTH Ews. How much?Mr. KocH . I d o n ' t r e c a l l . I think it was a larger check than I everg o t f r o m e i t h e r t h e El m h u r s t f u n d o r t h e C h r i s t i a n S o c i a l J u s t i c e

f u n d .Mr. M ATTHEWS . You sai d th at n o fu nds were received by the scho olf r o m t h e Ga r l a n d f u n d d u r i n g y o u r i n c u m be n c y a s d i r e c t o r . Do youknow whether or not t he scho ol received such fund s at an y oth er time?Mr. KocH . Yes, th e scho ol received a substantia l am ount of m oneyfrom t he fund for public serviceMr. MA TTH EWS . The American Fund for Public S ervice?Mr. Koca . Yes ; in the beginning . I th ink it was lar gely becau seof th at tha t the school was able to put up its first build ing and get on

i t s f e e t . I thi nk that ha ppened approxima tely in '25, I would say, or

' 2 6 . I am not sure of the date .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do you kn ow what t he size of t ha t sum was?Mr. KOCH. I am not so sure, but I thin k it was appr oximately$30,000 . I am not too certain of the figure .

Mr. MA TTH EWS . Do you know the general type of institu tion s thatre cei ve su p p o r t f r o m t he Ga r l a n d f u n d o r t he Amer i c a n Fu n d f o rPublic Service? Do you, M r . Koch ?Mr. K o c H . No ; I do not . I k n o w -that C ommon wealth d id receivesuch funds, but tha t is all I know .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do you know, or hav e you h eard, t hat the Dail yWorker was the lar gest single benefici ary of t he Garlan d fu nd?Mr. Koca . I hadn' t heard that, no , sir .Mr. MA TTH EWS . You ha ven't read the reports of the Garland fundi t s e l f ?

Mr. Koca . No, I h av e never seen them .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Do y o u k n o w M r . Wi l l i a m F . Cochrane, of Balti-more, whose money has established th e Christian Soci al Justice fund?Mr. KocH. I met hi m for about 5 mi nutes fairly recently, inBaltimore .Mr. MA rrHEws. Did you discuss Common wealt h C oll ege with him ?

' Mr . KocH . No, I didn 't kno w that he was ever in terested in C omm on-

wealth , or I should hav e .Mr. M ATTHEWS . You did n't m ention th e fac t that i t was his moneythat established the Christian Social Justice fund?Mr. K o c H . No , I d i d n ' t , a n d I d o n ' t k n o w wh e t h er h e k n ew t h a tCo m m o nwea l t h go t a n y m o ney f r o m t h a t f u n d .


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3 01 4 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE SMr. MATrxEws. What were the charges made against the school?Mr. Koc x . W e l l , t h e s c h o o l w a s a c c u s e d o f a s s i s t i n g s h a r e c r o p p e r s

i n e a s t e r n A r k a n s a s i n o r g a n i z i n g i n t o a u n i o n , a n d w i t h a s s i s t i n g

them in getting their benefits under the Agricult ural Adjustment

A ct .Mr. M A r r r l E W S . A n d y o u s a y t h e s c h o o l w a s c l e a r e d o f t h a t c h a r g e ,i t d i d n o t s o a s s i s t ?Mr. Koc x . W e l l , a s I s a y , I d o n ' t r e c a l l e v e r s e e i n g a r e p o r t t h a tt h i s c o m m i t t e e r e n d e r e d , i f i t d i d r e n d e r s u c h a r e p o r t . But a c-

c o r d i n g t o t h e s t o r i e s t h a t a p p e a r e d a t t h e t i m e , i t w a s t h e o b j e c t

o f t h e c o m m i t t e e t o c l o s e t h e s c h o o l d o w nMr . MArru l.ws. J u s t a m i n u t e .Mr . KOCH . A n d t h e s c h o o l w a s n ' t c l o s e d d o w n .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Y o u s a i d y o u b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l w a s c l e a r e do f t h e c h a r g e s m a d e a g a i n s t i t . I s t h a t y o u r t e s t i m o n y ?Mr. Koc g. I b e l i e v e s o ; y e s .Mr. MATTHEWS . A n d t h e n y o u s t a t e d t h a t t h e c h a r g e s w e r e t h o s eo f a s s i s t i n g s h a r e c r o p p e r s ?Mr. Koc x. Y e s ; t h a t i s r i g h t .Mr. MA Tru Ews . A n d i t i s y o u r b e l i e f t h a t t h e l e g i s l a t u r e c l e a r e dt h e s c h o o l o f t h e c h a r g e o f a s s i s t i n g s h a r e c r o p p e r s ?Mr. Koc x. A t l e a s t t h e y d i d n ' t t h i n k t h a t w a s c a u s e f o r c l o s i n g t h eschool do wn .Mr. M A r r r l i w s . W a s t h e c h a r g e s t a t e d f o r m a l l y i n t h o s e w o r d s a st h e l e g i s l a t u r e a u t h o r i z e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ?Mr . Koc x . I d o n ' t k n o w , s i r . I don't remember seeing a co py oft h e c h a r g e s , t h e f o r m a l c h a r g e s .Mr. M ATTHEWS . W e r e y o u a s k e d t o a p p e a r a s a w i t n e s s ?Mr. Koc x. Y e s , I w a s .Mr. MATTHEWS. Were you served a form al n otice to ap pear as aw i t n e s s ?Mr. Koc x. I d o n ' t b e l i e v e I w a s

; n o.Mr. M ATTHEWS . W e r e y o u n o t a p p r i s e d o f t h e e x a c t c h a r g e s w h e n

you did a ppear?Mr. Koc x . No ; I d o n ' t r e c a l l t h a t a n y c h a r g e s w e r e a c t u a l l y m a d e .T h e y j u s t s t a r t e d a s k i n g q u e s t i o n s .Mr. M ATTHEWS . D o y o u r e c a l l t h e s u b s t a n c e o f y o u r t e s t i m o n y b e -f o r e t h a t c o m m i t t e e ?Mr. Koc x. W e l l , I d o n ' t r e c a l l i t i n d e ta i l . A s I s a y , I n e v e r r e -c e i v e d a c o p y o f t h e p u r p o r t e d t r a n s c r i p t .Mr. MATTHEWS . Was the year 1935? Is that t he year?Mr. Koc x . I a m n o t t o o s u r e o f t h a t . I t w a s e i t h e r 1 9 3 4 o r 1 9 3 5 .Mr. MATTHEWS . Do you know how long you were on th e wit ness

s t a n d , a p p r o x i m a t e l y ?Mr . K o c x . I w a s o n t h e w i t n e s s s t a n d f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s .Mr. M ATTHEWS . How many other witnesses appeared that day?Mr. Koc x . I d o n ' t k n o w .Mr . MA.rrEws. D i d y o u h e a r t h e i r t e s t i m o n y ?Mr. Koc x . No . You see, I refer to this proceeding as a witchhunt rat her than an investigation, and I t hink I do that fairly,

b e c a u s e t h a t p r o c e e d i n g w a s p u r e l y a o n e - s i d e d p r o c e e d i n g. For in -

s t a n c e , w e a s k e d t h e r i g h t t o h a v e c o u n s e l p r e s e n t , a n d t h a t r i g h t w a s

d e n i e d u s . And we were very fearfu l o f what m ight hap pen, so we


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES 3 0 1 5a s k e d f o r t h e p r i v i l e g e o f h a v i n g a s t e n o g r a p h e r p r e s e n t , a n d t h a t ,

t o o , w a s d e n i e d . S o t h e w h o l e p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e f r a u g h t w i t h p r e j u -

d i c e a n d h y s t e r i a , a n d i t i s f o r t h a t r e a s o n t h a t I d i d n ' t t h i n k i t p r o p e r

t o r e f e r t o i t a s a l e g i s l a t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , b e c a u s e a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n p r e -

s u m a b l y i s b a s e d u p o n f a i r n e s s a n d j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s e s .Mr. M A T T F I E W S . Y o u d i d n o t r e q u e s t c o u n s e l t o b e p r e s e n t w i t h y o ut h i s m o r n i n g , d i d y o u ?Mr. Koc x. No ; I d i d n o t .Mr. M ATTHEws . A n d y o u d i d n o t r e q u e s t t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s t e n o grap her ?Mr. Koc H . No ; I . p l a c e d m y c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e c o m m i t t e e , u n l e s s Ih a v e r e a s o n t o d o o t h e r w i s e , a n d I h o p e I h a v e n ' t . I t h i n k t h i s i s a

d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f p r o c e e d i n g .

Mr. S T A R N E S . I c a n a s s u r e y o u , M r . K o c h , y o u w i l l h a v e a n o p p o r -t u n i t y t o m a k e a n y e x p l a n a t i o n o r a n y s t a t e m e n t s y o u w a n t t o i n c o n -

n e c t i o n , a s I s a i d , w i t h t h e c h a r g e s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d t o t h e

c o m m i t t e e i n t i m e s p a s t , t h a t y o u h a d h a d s o m e a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h u n -

American or subversive groups. You can make any statement you

w i s h , f r e e f r o m a n y h y s t e r i a o r a n y t h r e a t s .Mr. Kocx. Tha nk you .Mr. MATTHEws. Were you swor n as a witness when you ap pearedb e f o r e t h e c o m m i t t e e ?

Mr. Koc H . I d o n ' t r e c a l l w h e th e r I w a s o r n o t .Mr. M A ' r r n r w s . D o , y o u r e c a l l h a v i n g b e e n a s k e d t h i s q u e s t i o n i nt h a t p r o c e e d i n g o f t h e c o m m i t t e e o f t h e A r k a n s a s S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e

" D o y o u r e s p e c t t h e A m e r i c a n f l a g ? "Mr. KOCH . I m i g h t h a v e b e e n a s k e d t h a t q u e s t i o n ; I am not sure .A s I s a y , t h a t h a p p e n e d a l o n g t i m e a g o , a n d w e t r i e d t o g e t a c o p y

o f t h e s o - c a l l e d t r a n s c r i p t a n d w e w e r e u n a b l e t o . I m i g h t v e r y w e l l

h a v e b e e n a s k e d t h a t q u e s t i o n .Mr. M ATTHEWS . I s i t n o t y o u r r e c o l l e c t i o n t h a t y o u w e r e a s k e d t h a t ,o r a q u e s t i o n v e r y s i m i l a r i n w o r d i n g t o t h a t ?Mr. Koc H . I t h i n k s u c h a q u e s t i o n , o r a s i m i l a r q u e s t i o n , w a s a s k e d .Mr. MATTHEws . D i d n ' t y o u r e a d a g o o d d e a l o f n e w s c o m m e n t o n t h ef a c t t h a t t h a t q u e s t i o n w a s a m o n g t h o s e a s k e d ?Mr. Koc H . Y e s ; b u t s o m e t i m e s s u c h r e p r o d u c t i o n s a r e n o t a l w a y sa c c u r a t e e i t h e r .Mr. M ATTHEWS. D o y o u r e c a l l w h a t y o u r a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n ," D o y o u r e s p e c t t h e A m e r i c a n f l a g ? " w a s ?Mr . KocH I a s s u m e I s a i d t h a t I r e s p e c t e d i t v e r y h i g hl y .Mr. MA TrH Ews. W o u l d i t r e f r e s h y o u r r e c o l l e c t i o n i f a t r a n s c r i p t o ft h e A r k a n s a s L e g i s l a t u r e s t a t e d t h a t y o u r a n s w e r w a s , " I r e f u s e t o

a n s w e r w i t h o u t a d v i c e o f c o u n s e l " ?Mr. Kocx . A s I e x p l a i n e d , s i r , I d o n ' t t h i n k y o u c a n r e l y u p o n t h a ts o - c u l l e d t r a n s c r i p t . I c e r t a i n l y d i s l i k e t h e i n s i n u a t i o n t h a t I m i g h t

h a v e s a i d t h a t , b e c a u s e I b o w t o n o o n e i n m y f e e l i n g f o r A m e r i c a .Mr. S T A x N E S . D o c t o r , i f i t i s y o u r p u r p o s e t o a s k M r . K o c h a n y t h i n ga b o u t t h e p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o m m i t t e e o f t h e S t a t e

o f A r k a n s a s , d o y o u h a v e a n a c t u a l t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e t e s t i m o n y i n

published form ?Mr. MAr rH Ews. T h e r e i s n o p u b l i s h e d t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s ,C o n g r e s s m a n , a s I u n d e r s t a n d t h e s i t u a t i o n . What I h ave befor e me

a r e e x c e r p t s f r o m t h e a l l e g e d t r a n s c r i p t , w r i t t e n b y t h e S p e a k e r o f t h e

273363-43-vol . 7-2


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3 01 6 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE SH o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e S t a t e o f A r k a n s a s , M r . Har vey B .

Tho rn . T h i s i s n o t i n t h e f o r m o f a n a f f i d a v i t , i t i s i n t h e f o r m o f a

simpl e sta tement m ad e by Mr . Thorn . I t g e n e r a l l y c o i n c i d e s w i t h

p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s a n d t h e t e s t i m o n y g i v e n o n t h e

o c c a s i o n . T h e c o m m i t t e e i s s t i l l m a k i n g a n e f f o r t t o g e t a n a u t h e n t i -

c a t e d c o p y o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t f r o m L i t t l e R o c k .Mr . S T A R V E S . I s e e .Mr. MATTHEWS . W o u l d i t b e y o u r t e s t i m o n y , M r . K o c h , t h a t y o u d i dn o t a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n , " D o y o u r e s p e c t t h e A m e r i c a n f l a g ? " a s f o l -

lows : " I r e f u s e t o a n s w e r w i t h o u t a d v i c e o f c o u n s e l " ?Mr . K o c x . I c e r t a i n l y d i d n o t a n d w o u l d n o t m a k e s u c h a s t a t e m e n ta s t h a t .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Your testimo ny is that you did not answer theq u e s t i o n i n t h a t f o r m ?Mr. Kocx . Y e s , S i r .Mr. MAr rH Ews . O r i n a n y t h i n g a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h a t f o r m ?Mr. Koc x. Y e s , S i r .Mr. M ATTHEWS . D i d y o u h a v e a n y t h i n g t o s a y a b o u t s y m b o l s w h e ny o u w e r e a s k e d t h a t q u e s t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o y o u r r e c o l l e ct i o n ?Mr. Koc x . W e l l , I d o n ' t r e c a l l t h a t I d i d , b u t a g a i n , i n n e w s p a p e rr e p o r t s I k n o w t h e y s t a t e d t h a t t h a t r e m a r k w a s m a d e .Mr. MATTHEWS . Do you recall h aving been asked this question"Ha ve you been teachi ng the overthrow of this Government?"Mr. Koc x . N o ; I d o n ' t r e ca l l b e in g a s k e d t h a t , q u e st i o n .Mr. M ATTHEWS . Do you recall h avi ng been asked a questio n inw o r d i n g s i m i l a r t o t h a t ?Mr. Kocx . T h e q u e s t i o n m i g h t v e r y w e l l h a v e b e e n a s k e d . I d o n ' tr e c o l l e c t i t a s o f t h i s t i m e .Mr. M ATTHEWS . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e S p e a k e r o f t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e -s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e A r k a n s a s L e g i s l a t u r e , y o u w e r e a s k e d t h e q u e s t i o n ,

"Ha ve you been teachi ng the overthro w of this Government?" and

y o u r a n s w e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t r a n s c r i p t , w h i c h h e w a s f o l l o w i n g , w a s

a s f o l l o w s : " I h a v e p r e s e n t e d t h a t p o s i t i o n a n d t h a t p o i n t o f v i e w . "

D o y o u w i s h t o d e n y t h a t y o u g a v e s u c h a n a n s w e r t o t h a t o r a s i m i l a r

q u e s t i o n ?Mr. Koc x . I c e r t a i n l y h a v e n e v e r t a u g h t t h e o v e r t h r o w o f m y G o v -ernment .Mr. MATTHEWS . Then your answer is that you deny having givent h a t k i n d o f a n s w e r t o t h a t k i n d o f q u e s t i o n , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?Mr. Koc H . T h a t i s c o r r e c t .Mr. MATTHEWS . W e r e y o u a s k e d - q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e U n i o n o f S o v i e tS o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c s d u r i n g t h e p r o c e e d i n g s ?Mr. Koc x . Y e s ; I might have been questioned on th at score . Id o n ' t k n o w e x a c t l y w h a t w a s a s k e d .Mr. MATTHEws. Were you asked a nythin g about whether you hadp r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e S o v i e t t y p e o f g o v e r n m e n t a s c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e

American type of government?Mr. Kocx . I d o n ' t k n o w j u s t w h a t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s m i g h th a v e b e e n .Mr . MATrHEWS . D o y o u k n o w w h a t t h e n a t u r e o f y o u r a n s w e r s w a s ?Mr. Koox. W e l l , I a m n o t s u r e , s i r , n o w , e x a c t l y , n o .Mr. MATr HEws . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e S p e a k e r o f t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e -s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e A r k a n s a s L e g i s l a t u r e , y o u w e r e a s k e d t h e f o l l o w i n g


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE S 3017q u e s t i o n : "Does the U . S . S . R . gr a n t t h e r i g h t o f f r e e d o m o f s p eec ha n d f r e e d o m o f a s se m bl a g e ? " a n d y o u w er e a l l e g e d t o h a v e a n s w er e d ,

"There is perhaps more freedom of speech and freedom of assemblage

i n t h e U . S . S . R . than in the United Sta tes . " Do y o u r e c a l l t h a t q u e s -

t i o n a n d t h a t a n s w er ?Mr. KocH. I do not, sir .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do you recall having been asked any questionsabout religio n or t he Bible?Mr. KocH. I may have been asked such questions . I f so , I d o n ' trecal l 'l ist what they were .Mr. MATPHEWS. Di d y o u h e a r t h e t e st i m o n y o f C h a r l o t t e M o s k o wi t zbef o r e t h e sa m e c o m m i t t e e o f t h e S t a t e l e gi s l a t u r e ?Mr. KocH. No. They wouldn't allow anyone else in there . Theyt o ok peo p le i n o ne a t a t i me, a n d wo u l d n ' t a l l ow a nyo ne else i n .Mr. MATTHEWS. Did yo u d i sc uss wi t h Ch a r l o t t e Moskowi tz h er test i -mony before the committee?Mr. KOCH. We may have discussed it at t hat tim e .Mr. MATTHEws. By the way, who was Charlotte Moskowitz withrespect to Commonwealth College?Mr. KomH. She was the secretary of the co llege, I believe .Mr. MATTHEws . Yo u k n o w t h a t s h e d i d a p p e a r a s a w i t n e s s b ef o r ethe committee?Mr. KocH. Yes, it is my recollecti on t hat she did .Mr STARVES . By the way, Dr . Matthews, I wonder if Mr . Kochknows whether or not Dr . Zeuch is or has been an employee of theFederal Government in any capacity during the past decade .Mr. KoCH. Yes ; he has been associated with some Government

a g e n c i es . I d o n ' t b el i e v e h e i s n o w . I don't know just where he isnow, but I think he did some work for some of the Governmentagenci es .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do y o u r e c a l l w h a t t h o s e a g e n c i e s w er e ?Mr. KOCH. I can't be too sure of it . I t h i nk p ossibly he was asso c i -ated with the Resettlement Administration .Mr. MATTHEWS. Was Charlotte Moskowitz ever connected with theFederal Government in any capacity?Mr. KOCH. No t t o m y k n o w l e d g e , s i r .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do you know where Charlotte Moskowitz is at thep r e s en t t i m e ?Mr. KocH. No ; I d o n o t .Mr. MATTHEWS. Wh e n w a s yo u r l a s t c o n t a c t w i t h h e r ?Mr. KocH. We l l , I h a v e n ' t s e en h e r s i n c e I l e f t C o m m o n w e a l t h , i n1 9 3 5 . 1 d o n ' t b el i e v e I h a v e h ea r d f r o m h e r s i n c e t h en d i r e c t l y . Ih a v e h e a r d i n d i r e c t l y o c c a s i o n a l l y abo u t h e r .Mr. MATTHEWS. Was Dr. Z eu c h a t a l l i n s t r u m e n t a l _ i n h e l p i n g y o uobtain a position in the Federal Government in Washington?Mr. KOCH. No ; h e was not .Mr. MATTHEws . I n 1 9 3 5 ?Mr KocH He was not .Mr. MATTHEWS. Di d y o u h a v e a n y c o n t a c t w i t h Dr . Zeuch aft er youcame to Washington in 1935?Mr. KocH. No ; I did not, sir .Mr. MATTHEWS. Have you had any contact with him since thatt i m e ?


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3 018 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE SMr. KOCH . I h a v e n o t , s i r .Mr. S T A R N E S . Do you recall who recommended you f or a positio n

i n 1 9 3 5 , M r . K o c h ?Mr. Kocn . W e l l , n o t e x a c t l y . I k n e w a g r e a t m a n y p e o p l e . I u s e dt o s e e t h e m r e g u l a r l y w h e n I w a s t r a v e l i n g f o r t h e s c h o o l .Mr. S T A R N E S . D i d y o u a p p l y f o r t h e p l a c e ?Mr. Koc x. Y e s ; I a p p l i e d f o r t h e p o s i t i o n .Mr. S T A R V E S . D i d y o u f u r n i s h a n y l i s t o f w h a t w e c o m m o n l y c a l lvou chers or list of p ersons who h ad known your backgroun d an d

t r a i n i n g a n d s o f o r t h , a s c h a r a c t e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ?Mr. KomH . Y e s ; I f i l l e d o u t t h e r e g u l a r G o v e r n m e n t f o r m , a n d I a mq u i t e c e r t a i n I p u t d o w n r e f e r e n c e s a t t h a t t i m e .Mr. S T A R V E S . D o y o u r e c a l l w h o t h e r e f e r e n c e s w e r e ?Mr. Koc x . I c a n ' t b e t o o s u r e . I am q uite sure one of them wasDr. A l e x a n d e r M e i k l e j o h n . Y o u s e e , i t i s p r e t t y h a r d t o r e f e r b a c k

t h a t f a r . I t m u s t b e o n f i l e a t t h e C i v i l S e r v i c e C o m m i s s i o n .Mr . S T A R V E S . Did you put down th e name of Dr . Z e u c h a s o n e o fy o u r r e f e r e n c e s ?Mr. KocH . No ; I d i d n o t .Mr. MATTHEws. Did Char lot te Moskowitz tell you what she hada n s w e r e d i n r e p l y t o a n y o f t h e q u e s t i o n s b e f o r e t h e i n v e s t i g a t i n g

c o m m i t t e e o f t h e A r k a n s a s L e g i s l a t u r e ?Mr. Koc x. W e l l , I -don 't remember . I a s s u m e w e d i s c u s s e d i t . Wea l l d i s c u s s e d i t a t t h a t t i m e . I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r s p e c i f i c a l l y w h a t q u e s -

t i o n s w e r e a s k e d a n d w h a t a n s w e r s w e r e g i v e n .Mr. MATra Ews . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e e x c e r p t s o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t w h i c hI ha ve before me, she was asked the following question : "Do your e s p e c t t h a t f l a g u p t h e r e ? " , t h e q u e s t i o n e r p o i n t i n g t o t h e f l a g o n

t h e w a l l , a n d h e r a n s w e r w a s , " I d o n o t r e s p e c t a n y s y m b o l . "Mr. Koc x . I t i s v e r y h a r d f o r m e t o b e l i e v e s h e w o u l d m a k e a n ys u c h s t a t e m e n t a s t h a t .Mr. M ATTHEWS . S h e d i d n ' t t e l l y o u t h a t s h e h a d a n s w e r e d i n t h a tt e n o r ?Mr. Koc x . I k n o w s h e d i d n ' t . .Mr. MATTHEwS . What c ourses did you teach at Commonwealth?Mr. Koc x . I t a u g h t s e v e r a l c o u r s e s . I t a u g h t a c o u r s e i n t r a d e -u n i o n p r o b l e m s , t r a d e - u n i o n h i s t o r y , p u b l i c s p e a k i n g , a n d p a r l i a -

m e n t a r y l a w , a n d I t h i n k I a l s o t a u g h t a c o u r s e f o r a t i m e a t l e a s t

i n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y a n d , o f c o u r s eMr. S T A R N E S . Mr. Mundt, a member of t he committ ee from Sout hD a k o t a , w o u l d l i k e t o a s k y o u a q u e s t i o n .Mr. MUNDT. B e f o r e w e l e a v e t h o s e h e a r i n g s e n t i r e l y , y o u s a i d n ow i t n e s s w a s a l l o w e d t o h e a r w h a t a n y o t h e r w i t n e s s h a d t o s a y . Weret h e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e a c c r e d i t e d p r e s s a t t h e h e a r i n g s ?Mr. Koc x . No ; t h e r e w e r e n o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e p r e s s t h e r e .They had t o be satisfied with what they were tol d . No ; i t w a s as e c r e t s e s s i o n . W e c o u l d n ' t h a v e c o u n s e l , w e c o u l d n ' t h a v e a s t e n o g -

r a p h e r , we c o u l d n ' t h a v e a n y b o d y s i t i n , i n c l u d i n g t h e p r e s s . As a,m a t t e r o f f a c t , a s I r e c a l l , t h e p r e s s w a s s o m e w h a t f r i e n d l y t o t h e

s c h o o l a t t h a t t i m e i n t h e h a n d l i n g o f t h a t w h o l e a f f a i r .

Some time, Mr . C h a i r m a n , I w o u l d l i k e t o g o i n t o a l i t t l e d e t a i l

a s t o j u s t w h y t h i s w i t c h h u n t , a s I f e e l I h a v e b e e n c o m p e l l e d t o

r e f e r t o i t , t o o k p l a c e , a n d t h a t w i l l b e a t y o u r c o n v e n i e n c e .


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES 3 01 9' Mr . STARNES . P r i o r t o t h e t i m e y o u f i n i s h t h e e x a m i n a t i o n , o r a t

a n y t i m e , w h e n i t d o e s n o t i n t e r r u p t t h e r e g u l a r e x a m i n a t i o n , y o u

may do so .Mr. MATTHEWS W h i l e w e a r e o n t h e ' s u b j e c t , t h e s t a t e m e n t i s i no r d e r a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e .Mr. STARNES . Y o u m a y m a k e t h e s t a t e m e n t n o w , i f y o u d e s i r e .

e

p

M r . Koc x. I t h i n k I s h o u l d s h o w t o t h e c o m m i t t e e w h y t h e e e l i n g

o f p r e j u d i c e a n d a s p i r i t o f h y s t e r i a e x i s t e d . I t g r e w o u t o f t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e s h a r e c r o p p e r s ' o r g a n i z a t i o n i n e a s t e r n A r k a n s a s g o t i n t o u c h

with Comm onwealth Coll ege and a sked fo r some assistance . The

organi zatio n was formed shortly before then, and was known as

t h e S o u t h e r n T e n a n t F a r m e r s U n i o n , a n d w e w e n t o v e r t o e a s t e r n

Arkansas to do what we could . We helped them to organi ze int o

t h e S o u t h e r n T e n a n t F a r m e r s U n i o n , a n d t h e n t h e r e w a s g r e a t c o m -

l a i n t a b o u t t h e s h a r e c r o p p e r s t h e m s e l v e s n o t g e t t i n g t h e f u l l b e n =

f i t f r o m t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l A d j u s t m e n t A c t o Th e i r c l a i m w a s t h a tt h e b e n e f i t w a s g o i n g t o t h e p l a n t a t i o n i n t e r e s t s r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e m -

s e l v e s , a n d s o w e t r i e d t o l o o k i n t o t h a t m a t t e r a n d t o g i v e s o m e

a s s i s t a n c e o n t h a t m a t t e r t o o .

N a t u r a l l y t h e S t a t e o f A r k a n s a s - I l i k e t h e S t a t e o f A r k a n s a s ,

b u t I f e e l t h a t I a m c o m p e l l e d t o e x p l a i n t h i s t o y o u g e n t l e m e n -

i s p r e t t y w e l l d o m i n a t e d , p o l i t i c a l l y a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y , b y t h e p l a n -

t a t i o n i n t e r e s t s , a n d t h e y w o u l d n a t u r a l l y r e s e n t , a n d d i d v e r y

s t r o n g l y a n d b i t t e r l y r e s e n t , o u r a c t i v i t i e s i n a t t e m p t i n g t o a s s i s t t h e

s h a r e c r o p p e r s i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e S t a t e , a n d i t i s f o r t h a t r e a s o n

t h a t t h i s p r o c e e d i n g s o n t h e p a r t o f t h e S t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e w a s p r o -

mulgated .

I j u s t w a n t e d t o ' m a k e t h a t e x p l a n a t i o n .Mr . STARNES . D o y o u f e e l t h a t t h e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e a t t h a t , t i m e ,o r p r i o r t o t h a t t i m e , h a d b e e n d o m i n a t e d b y w h a t y o u w o u l d d e e m t o

b e f i n a n c i a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l i n t e r e s t s ?Mr. K o c x . T h e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e ?Mr. STARNES . Yes .Mr. K o c x . N o ; I d o n ' t t h i n k s o .Mr. STARNES . I s a i d a t t h a t t i m e .M r . Koc x . N o ; I w o u l d n ' t t h i n k s o - - c e r t a i n l y n o t i n t h e m a n n e r

i n w h i c h i t w a s t r u e o f A r k a n s a s a t t h e t i m e .Mr. STARNES. I n o t h e r w o r d s , y o u f e e l t h a t t h e c o u n t r y a t t h a tt i m e , a n d p r i o r t h e r e t o , h a d n o t b e e n d o m i n a t e d b y f i n a n c i a l a n d i n -

d u s t r i a l i n t e r e s t s , a n d t h a t i n t h e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e a t t h e t i m e a n d

p r i o r t h e r e t o o r g a n i z e d l a b o r a n d u n o r g a n i z e d l a b o r h a d b e e n f a i r l y

r e p r e s e n t e d a n d h a d a f a i r v o i c e a n d a f a i r s h a r e i n t h e G o v e r n m e n t ,

a n d a l s o i n t h e e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s t h a t c o m e u n d e r o u r s y s t e m o f

Government?Mr. KocH . W e l l , I w o u l d n ' t w a n t t o s a y t h a t w e w e r e e n t i r e l ys a t i s f i e d t h e n , a n d I a s s u m e w e . a r e n o t e n t i r e l y s a t i s f i e d n o w .

S o f a r a s I a m p e r s o n a l l y c o n c e r n e d , I t h i n k g r e a t p r o g r e s s h a s

been made in the last few years in extendi ng benefit s to the

average America n . W i t n e s s t h e S o c i a l S e c u r i t y A c t a n d t h e N a -

t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s A c t a n d s o f o r t h , t h e w a g e s a n d h o u r s l a w .Mr. STARNES . Y o u d i d n ' t h a v e a n y o f t h o s e p r i o r t o t h a t t i m e ?Mr. K o c x . N o .


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3 020 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE SMr. S TARNES. Did you make the point in any of your talks or

lectures at th at tim e that t he countr y was so domina ted by fina ncia l

a n d i n d u s t r i a l i n t e r es t s a t t h a t t i m e t h a t t h e w o r ke r s o f A m e r i c a

were not getting their fair share of the nation al inc ome and did not

havea fair propor tion of t he national wealth?Mr. Koca . I don' t believe the workers and fa rmers were gettinga f a i r sh a re o f t he n a t i o n a l i n c o me .Mr. S TARNES . Nation ally?Mr. Koca. Yes. I d o n ' t f eel t h a t t hey were . There was greatunemployment .Mr . MATrHEws. May I ask what period you a re speaking fo r?Mr. S TARNES . I said at t hat ti me and prior thereto .Mr. MA TrI IEws . This is 19 35 .Mr. S TARNES . That is right . At that time, and pr ior thereto .Mr. Kocn. I wa s g o i n g ba c k a l i t t l e f u r t h e r t h a n t h a t . I was

going back to 193 3 .Mr . MASON. Mr. C h a i r m a n , I w a n t t o c h e c k o n e o r t w o d a t es .Mr. Ko c a . I was going back pri or t o th e New Deal admi nistrat ion .Mr. MASON. Yo u s t a t e d i n t h e begi n n i n g t h a t y o u wer e bo r n i n1 9 0 7 ?Mr. KOcH . Yes .Mr. M A S ON . That you went to co llege in 1 923, i n Lo uisiana? Thatwoul d be when you were 16 ?Mr. Koca. Yes .Mr. MASON. Tha t yo u bec a me d i rec t o r o f t h a t sa me c o l lege a f terit was moved, in 19 31?Mr. Ko c x . Yes .Mr . MASON. Th a t w o u l d m e a n , t h e n , t h a t yo u w er e d i r e c t o r o rhead o f t he col lege when you were 24?Mr. KOCH. Yes ; and t here was some publicity on it at t he time, Ibeli eve .Mr . MATTHEWS. You Were giving u s a list of the cou rses that youtaught at Cc mmonwealth . You mentioned trade-union problems,tra de-unio n 1)* tory, Americ an h istory possibly, you say?Mr. Kocx. Yes ; I t h i n k I t a ugh t o ver so me per i o d A mer i c a n h i s-t o ry, a n d I t a u gh t a c o u rse i n ec o n o m i c s, t o o .Mr. MATTHEW$ . Did you use any textbooks form all y in c onn ectionwith t hese co ur ses?Mr. Ko c x . Yes .Mr . MATTHEws. Do y o u r e c a l l w h a t t extb o o k yo u u sed i n t r a d e -u n i o n p r o b l e m s?Mr. Kocx . Well, I used Perlma n's cond ensatio n of t he work headedby John R. C o m m o n s a n d a ss o c i a t es . John R. C o m m o n s ' wo r k s a r erecogni zed as the basic works and o ne of his students at tha t tim e,

Pe n m a n , w r o t e a c o n d e n s a t i o n o f t h o se wo r ks .Mr . MATTHEWS. And what textbook did you use in trade-unionhistor y?Mr. KoCx. Well, that is what you a re talking about, a ren't you?Mr . MATTHEWS. I first asked you about tra de-unio n pro blems .Mr. Ko c H . Oh, tr ade-uni on pr oblems .Mr . MATTHEW$ . Did you use the same textbook f or both cou rsesMr . Kocx . We used t he same, but we may have had some in ad dit ion .

For i nstanc e, we used Lorwin' s book on t rad e-uni on pr oblems, and We


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA A C TIV I TIE S 3021u s e d a b o o k by S i m o n s , a n o l d b o o k , w h e r e h e d i s c u s ses t h e e a r l y d e -

v e l o p m e n t o f o u r c o u n t r y .Mr. MATTHEWS. A. M . S i m o n s ?Mr. Kocx. I believe so .Mr. MATTHEWS. Di d y o u h a v e a t e x t bo o k i n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r yMr. Kocx. Yes .Mr. MATTHEWS. Do y o u r e c a l l w h a t t h a t w a s?Mr. Kocx. Yes ; that would be professor Beard's book, The Riseo f A m e r i c a n C i v i l i z a t i o n .Mr. MATTHEWS. Did Claude Williams teach at Commonwealth dttr-i n g y o u r i n c u m b en c y a s d i r e c t o r ?Mr. Kocx. No ; he did not .Mr. MATTHEWS. What were your associations with Williams? Youspoke of having gone to Highlander Folk School with him .Mr. Koca. He was a minister and was very much interested i n t h es h a r e c r o p p e r p r o b l em a t t h a t t i m e , a n d h e v i s i t ed t h e sc h o o l o n o n e

o r t w o o c c a s i o n s, a n d I t h i n k i t w a s h e t h a t s u gges t ed t h a t I g o a l o n gwith him to this conference that was to be held at the HighlanderFolk School.Mr. MATTHEWS. Wh e r e wa s h e m i n i s t er a t t h a t t i m e ?Mr. Kocx. A t P a r i s , A r k .Mr. MATTHEWS. Did he later become head of Commonwealth Col-lege ?Mr. Kocx. Yes ; h e l a t e r be c a m e d i r e c t o r o f C o u m o n wea l t h C o l l e ge .Mr. MATTHEws . Did h e ever d i sc uss wi t h yo u h is membersh i p i n t heCommunist Party?Mr. Kocx. No ; he did not .Mr. MATTHEWS. You know that he was a member of the CommunistP a r t y , d o y o u n o t ?Mr. Kocx. I d o n o t k n o w t h a t , a n d I w o u l d b e v e r y m u c h s u r p r i s e di f h e was .Mr. MATTHEWS. Have you ever read his biography, published inEngland?Mr. KocH. No ; I ha ven't .Mr. MATTHEWS. Have you heard about his biography?Mr. Kocx. I h e a r d a b o u t i t . I wo u l d l i k e t o g e t h o l d o f i t .Mr. MATTHEWS. I h a v e a c o p y n ex t d o o r . Didn't you know that ittells in some -detail, of h is allegiance to co mmuni sm?Mr. Kocx. No ; I did not .Mr. MATTHEWS. Di d n ' t y o u k n o w h e w a s ex p el l e d f r o m t h e S o c i a l i s tP a r t y be c a u s e t h e y f o u n d e v i d e n c e o f h i s C o m m u n i s t c a r d ?

Mr. S TARNES. Do you have that biography of Williams?Mr. MATTHEWS. Yes .Mr. STA RNES . I am goin g to suggest that you i nsert excerpts fro m it .Tha t i s o ne o f t he reaso ns I h a d yo u swo r n i n t h e begi n n i ng, t o i m p le-

m e n t t h e s t a t e m e n t s t h a t y o u h a v e t o n e c e ss a r i l y m a k e i n a n e x a m i n a -

t i o n o f M r . Ko c h w i t h d o c u m e n t a r y ev i d e n c e o f t h a t s o r t .Mr. MATTHEWS. First I wo u l d l ike t o ask Mr . Ko c h i f W i l l i a m s wa shis immediate successor as head of the Commonwealth College .Mr. Kocx. No ; h e was not .Mr MATTHEW$ . Wh e n d i d h e be c o m e h ea d o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ; do youknow?Mr. Kocx. Well, I am n ot sure . I thin k around ' 38 or '39, I believe .I left in 1935 .


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3022 UN-AMEIRIcAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIESMr . MATTHEWS . Were you clo sely associ ated with h im i n work

a m o n g t h e s h a r e c r o p p e r s i n A r k a n s a s ?

M r . KOCH No ; - I w a s n ' t .Mr . MATTHEWS . B u t y o u d i d a t t e n d a c o n f e r e n c e a t t h e H i g h l a n d e rF o l k S c h o o l w i t h h i m ?

M r . K o c x . Y e s . H e d r o v e o v e r a n d I w e n t a l o n g w i t h h i m .

M r . STARNES . D o c t o r , i s t h i s m a n W i l l i a m s , t h e m i n i s t e r y o u r e f e rt o , a n a t i v e o f E n g l a n d o r o f t h i s c o u n t r y ?Mr. MATTHEWS . H e i s a n a t i v e o f T e n n e s s ee , a s

'I r e c a l l .

M r . K o c x . Yes ; I b e l i e v e h e i s .M r . MATTHEWS . H i s b i o g r a p h y f o r s o m e r e a s o n w a s p u b l i s h e d i n

E n g l a n d , a n d w e h a v e a c o p y o f i t .Mr . STARNES. A c o p y o f i t i n o u r f i l e s ?Mr . MATTHEWS . Yes .Mr. STARNES . W e l l n o w , i s i t a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d , D o c t o r - I a m a s k -

i n g y o u - t h a t t h e G a r l a n d f u n d d i d m a k e a s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n

t o t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e D a i l y W o r k e r ? You asked M r . K o c h t h a t

q u e s t i o n .Mr. MATTHEws . T h a t i s c o r r e c t . I t i s a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d f r o m t h er e p o r t s o f t h e G a r l a n d f u n d i t s e l f t h a t i t s l a r g e s t s i n g l e b e n e f i c i a r y

w a s t h e D a i l y W o r k e r .

M r . K o c x . M r. C h a i r m a n , c ou l d I a s k a q u e s t i o n ?Mr . STARNES . Yes .Mr. K o c x . W o u l d t h a t b e t r u e b a c k i n ' 2 4 o r ' 2 5 , w h e n I t h i n k t h e ym a d e t h e i r a l l o c a t i o n t o C o m m o n w e a l t h ?Mr . MAZTHEWS . The Daily Worker was founded in 1 924 . Aboutt h a t t i m e t h e r e w a s a v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n , a n d t h r o u g h t h e

s u c c e e d i n g y e a r s , f r o m t h e G a r l a n d f u n d .Mr. STARNES . Y o u c a n i n s e r t t h o s e d o c u m e n t s a t t h e p r o p e r p l a c ei n t h e r e c o r d , t o o .Mr . MATTHEWS . W e l l , C o n g r e s s m a n , t h e r e i s t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e t h i sc o m m i t t e e a l r e a d y b y n u m e r o u s w i t n e s s e s g i v i n g d e t a i l s c o n c e r n i n g

t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d G a r l a n d f u n d t o n u m e r o u s C o m -

m u n i s t e n t e r p r i s e s .

W o u l d i t n o t b e y o u r o p i n i o n , M r . K o c h , t h a t t h e G a r l a n d f u n d

c o n t r i b u t e d i t s m o n e y s e x c l u s i v e l y t o o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e , l e t u s

s a y , c o n s i d e r e d r a d i c a l ?Mr . KOCH W e l l , I d i d n ' t k n o w a n y t h i n g a b o u t w h a t t h e f u n d d i dw i t h i t s m o n e y o t h e r t h a n t h e A m e r i c a n F u n d f o r P u b l i c S e r v i c e ,

w h i c h d i d , I u n d e r s t a n d , m a k e a s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o C o m m o n -

w e a l t h i n t h e e a r l y d a y s, I t h i n k b a c k i n 1 9 2 4 o r 1 9 2 5 . O u t s i d e o f t h a t

I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t t h e f u n d d o e s w i t h i t s m o n e y . I d o n ' t k n o w t o t h i s

day . I a m i n t e r e s t e d i n w h a t yo u s a y .Mr. MATTHEWS . W e r e y o u e v e r a m e m b e r o f t h e S o c i a l i s t P a r t y ?Mr. K o c x . N o ; I w a s n o t .Mr. MATTHEWS . Q i d i t n o t c o m e t o y o u r a t t e n t i o n t h a t t h e S o c i a l i s tP a r t y e x p e l l e d C l a u d e W i l l i a m s f r o m m e m b e r s h i p ?Mr. K o c x . N o ; i t n e v e r c a m e t o m y a t t e n t i o n .Mr. MATTHEWS . I w i s h t o s t a t e f or t h e r e c o rd , i f I m a y . M r . C h a i r -m a n , t h a t t h e c o m m i t t e e h a s i n i t s f i l e s t h e n e c e s s a r y d o c u m e n t a r y

e v i d e n c e , w h i c h i s a m a t t e r o f p u b l i c r e c o r d , t h a t t h i s m a n ClaudeW i l l i a m s w a s e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e S o c i a l i s t P a r t y b e c a u s e t h e S o c i a l i s t

P a r t y c l a i m e d t o h a v e f o u n d e v i d e n c e o f h i s C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i n e m -


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UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES 3023bership car d . Norman Thomas wa s very much i nt er est ed i n t hesituation a t Comm onwealth, and gave some publicity to it .

Di d y o u h a v e m e mbe r s o f t h e i n s t r u c t i n g f a c u l t y a t C o m m o n wea l t h

who were publicly avo wed members of th e Commu nist Pa rty?Mr. Koc H . Not whil e I was there, an d I do n't know what hap peneds i n c e . I am not implying that that happened since .Mr . MA TTH EWS . Did you hav e visiti ng lectur ers fro m the Comm uni stPar ty addr ess the students?Mr . Koc H . Yes ; we dicl in one instance ; a t least, I assume she was .M o t h e r B l o o r p a sse d t h r o u g h a n d a d d r esse d t h e s t u d e n t b o d y .Mr . M ATTH EWS . You know, of c ourse, tha t she was a pu blicl y avowedlea der o f t he Co m m u n i st Pa r ty ?Mr . Koc x . Yes .Mr . MA TTH EWS . Did William Sentner visit the school du ring yourin cum bency?Mr . Koc x. Not While I was present at t he col lege .Mr. M ATTH EWs . Do you kno w Sentn erMr . Koc H . I heard of him . I think lie was from St . L o u i s , w a s n ' t h e ?Mr. MA TTH EWS . He was at o ne time Sta te secretary of the Com mu-nist Part y in Mi ssouri . Do you recall t hat?Mr . Koc x . I d o n ' t r e c a l l t h a t .Mr. M ATTH EWS . That is a matt er of public record also . I t i s a l s o amatt er of public record t hat he frequently visited Common wealth a nd

add ressed t he students or d iscussed matt ers with the students . I don't

s a y d u r i n g y o u r i n c u m ben c y .Mr . K o c x . He wasn't t here to my kno wledge whil e I was there .Of cou rse, you must understan d, you see, that I tr aveled for th e school

some, so even dur ing t he years I was there I wasn't there consta ntl y .Mr. MArrHEWS. Do you know whether or not it was a mat ter ofrepute i n r a d i c a l c i r c les, ign o r i n g f o r t he m o men t wh a t t he o u tsi de

press might say, that Com monwealth Col lege had a di stin ct Co m-

m u n ist t i nge?Mr . Koc H . I don't think that` - t

tru-, sir during m y stay with t he

college. Of co urse, we' never mt>de it a po i ; .t particularly to find o ut

what the poli tic s of th e people were . But in one instanc e* I know that

th e peop le who were suppo sed to be Co mm un ist Pa rt y peop le were

very criti cal . They weren't fr iendl y to ward me .Mr . MAir ruEws. Did yo u h a ve a v o wed Co m m u n is t st u de n ts ?Mr . K o c x. Well, there were some tha t pro pou nded tha t poi nt o fvi ew ; yes . Whether or no t th ey were Commu nists I don 't know . Butthey asked q uestion s, and so fo rth?Mr. MA TTH EWS . Do you kn ow Tuc ker Smi th ?Mr. Kocx. Yes ; I have met him-formerly with BrookwoodCol lege?Mr. MATTHEWS. Form erly head o f Brookwood L abor Co llege, atK a t o n a h , N . Y .

I ha ve here a ca rbon cop y of a l etter written by Tucker Smi th,

d i r e c t o r o f B r o o kwo o d L a bo r C o l l ege , t o C h a r l o t t e M o sko w i t z , C o m -

m o n wea l t h C o l l e ge, M en a , A r k ., u n d e r d a t e o f M a y 21 , 1 9 3 6 . Theletter has to d o with holdi ng a summer school at Commonwealth, a

su m mer sc h o o l dev o ted t o t h e st u dy o f wa r a n d p ea ce . I should like

to read you what Tucker Smith said, i n par t, to Char lotte Moskowitz

in th is letter, and ask you if you th ink it is a fa ir co mment for Tucker

S m i t h t o m a ke .


25/609

3 024 UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIESFred Libby, the most conservative man on the board, an d on e or t wo o t h e r s ,

a t t a cked o u r p r ogr a m o n t he gr o u n d t h a t we h a d c h osen Co m m o nwea l t h f o r a

southern summer scho ol . I had expected this, as I wrote you previou sly, but

t h e y h a d t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g a b l e t o argue economy along with c o m m u n i s m .

I h aven't the slightest o bjection to your seeing the whole letter .

That is the substanc e of it .Mr . Kocx. Tucker Smith was cooperating with Commonwealth inestablishing such a summer school?Mr. MATTHEWS . That is right ; a summer school d evoted to the ques-tion of war and p eace .Mr. MUNDT. What year was that?Mr. S TARNES . ' 3 6 .Mr. MATTHEWS. May 21, 1 936 .M y p o i n t w a s wh e t h e r , a m o n g r a d i c a l s g e n er a l l y , s u c h a s B r o o k -

w o o d L a b o r C o l l e g e, f r o m w h i c h t h e A m e r i c a n Fe d er a t i o n o f L a b o r

withdrew its suppor t on th e ground that i t was a Com munist institu-

tion , and Tucker Smi th was directo r of it a nd he is writing the headof Commonwealth College that some conservative members of hisp e a c e bo a r d wer e obje c t i n g t o a s u m m e r s c h o o l bei n g h e l d a t C o m -

m o n wea l t h , bec a u se t hey h a d t he u n f a i r a d v a n t age o f bei ng able t oargue communism .Yr. Ko c x . Mr . Chairman, if I might, naturally I want to point outth t I wasn't there during this period ; and secondl y, the letter is ad-

d ressed t o Ch a r l o t t e Moskowi tz, n o t t he hea d o f t he sc h o o l .Mr. MATTHEWS. Wasn't she acting head of t he schoo l at t hat t ime?Mr. KocH . Well, i t woul d be news to m e if she was .Mr. MATTHEWS. Who suc ceeded you a s dir ector ?Mr. KocH . Richa rd Whitten succeeded me as dir ector .Mr. S TARNES . You t estif ied she was secretar y of th e scho ol .Mr. Ko c x . Yes ; a n d s h e wa s d u r i n g p a r t o f m y i n c u m be n c y t h e r e .Mr. S TARNES . What type of a secretar y?Mr. KocH. Well, she handled th e mail an d cor espond ence and kept

t h e f i l e s i n t h e o f f i c e , a n d s o f o r t h .

M r . STARNES. By the way, Dr . M a t t h e ws , ' y o u a s k e d M r . Kocha question in th e earlier part o f the examinat ion in which he stated

he had no personal knowledge of the facts as referred to i n th e ques-

tion . I t wa s abo u t t h i s wo m a n K a t e Ri c h a r d s O' H a r e , i n w h i c h y o u

asked hi m if he knew that she was convi cted of sediti on in World WarNo . 1, and he said he didn't know . Is that a fact ?Mr. MATTHEws . Yes . I am quite sure, without tr ying to im pute anyknowledge to the witness, that h e is aware of the fact that that was

public kno wledge, that she served a p rison t erm .Mr. KocH. No ; I knew Eugen e V . Debs di d .Mr. MATTHEWS. Ka te Ri c h a r ds O'Ha re was t he m ost f a m o us o f a l lthe women prisoners during World War No . 1 . S h e wr o t e a bo o k o nthe subject af ter she came out of pr ison, an d lectur ed widely all over

investigation of un american activities in the us-vol7-1943-610pgs-gov-pol

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