investigation 2: dna
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Investigation 2: DNA. Recreating the mammoth. THE MAMMOTH. Frozen mammoth corpses were found all over the world A radiocarbon analysis showed that the wooly mammoth was in Northern Europe until just 14,000 years ago - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Investigation 2: DNARecreating the mammoth
THE MAMMOTH Frozen mammoth corpses were found all over
the world A radiocarbon analysis showed that the wooly
mammoth was in Northern Europe until just 14,000 years ago
The mammoth was previously thought to have died out due to over hunting, yet a new study showed that it was actually a change in climate and therefore a loss of food that killed the mammoth
EXTINCTION The mammoth, unlike previously thought, did
NOT die out due to over hunting. Instead the majority of the mammoths died out due to climate change, and therefore loss of food.
The mammoths lived off of grasses and grasslands, so with a climate change it killed these grasses causing the mammoths to become extinct due to lack of food.
MORE MAMMOTH By further searching the mammoth’s corpse we
discovered that it was much more than the mammoth’s wooly coat that allowed it to survive in winter and ice age climates, it was also hemoglobin in the mammoth’s blood! The hemoglobin acted as a “antifreeze” and allowed the cells to exchange more oxygen without more effort.
WHAT WE FOUND By analyzing the mammoth’s body, we discovered
that not only were the mammoths so similar to the elephant that we could breed the two, but that there may be a way to create a mammoth baby inside the elephant’s womb.
We also found a way to extract the RNA from the mammoth’s corpse, and recreate the mammoth’s blood
To recreate the blood, the scientists used DNA preserved in bones from frozen Siberian mammoths up to 43,000 years old.
The mammoth’s blood The mammoth DNA sequences were converted
into and inserted into E. coli bacteria. The bacteria recreated the mammoth protein. “The resulting haemoglobin molecules are no
different than ‘going back in time’ and taking a blood sample from a real mammoth,” said co-author Kevin Campbell, from the University of Manitoba in Canada.
Random mammoth facts
Mammoth’s get their name from the Russian mammut, the word for earth mole.
Until about 300 years ago mammoth bones were thought to be from giant races of humans.
The mammoth was around 13ft tall, about the same as the Asian elephant, yet they had a layer of wool up to 3ft long.
The mammoth’s tusks could be up to 16ft long. Mammoth’s are hairy
DNA vs. RNA Like mentioned in the previous Slide, we could recreate the blood From the RNA found on the Mammoth’s corpse. Here is a Chart comparing DNA andRNA.
STRINGING TOGETHER On January 10th, 2010 US scientists announced
that they had discovered 70% of the sequencing for the mammoth’s DNA.
They did this using the keratin in the mammoth’s fur hairs they had purchased on eBay.
ABOUT DNA DNA is found in almost all organisms including
humans, and Wooly Mammoths. DNA is like the “blueprints” for the cell and the
organism DNA is a long molecule, of nucleotides strung
together DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA DNA is a large molecule made up of smaller
molecules called nucleotides. The nucleotides are strung together in specific
orders, creating long DNA strands. Each nucleotide has three parts, a sugar
molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a structure called the nitrogenous base.
Nitrogenous base In the nitrogenous base is the part of the
nucleotide that carries genetic info. The genetic information comes in four different
types, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
These are commonly represented by A, C, G, and T
These are what make up DNA
Genes Genes are a length of DNA that has a code to
create chemicals in the organism. The DNA in genes usually has the code to make
proteins In the cell proteins break down food to release
energy, organize and transport chemicals between cells
WORK SITED http://scienceniche.com/life-science/the-woolly-
mammoth-dna-sequenced-to-three-quarters.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5559450/Woolly-mammoth-killed-off-by-climate-change.html
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2010/05/03/antifreeze-blood-gave-woolly-mammoths-a-survival-edge/
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1270679/Scientists-step-closer-bring-mammoth-dead.html
WORK SITED http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-127067
9/Scientists-step-closer-bring-mammoth-dead.html#ixzz12iquckP1
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/543ribose.html