inventory valuation
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INVENTORYALCANTARA
ALORIA
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Inventories
According to PAS 2, paragraph 6
Assets which are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, in the process of production for such sale in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.
Current Asset
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Classes of inventories
Trading entity
- is one that buys and sells goods in the same form purchased.
- Merchandise inventory or inventory
Manufacturing entity
- is one that buys goods which are altered or converted into another form before they are made available for sale.
- Raw materials, Work in process & Finished goods
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Cost of Inventories
The cost of inventories should comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
The cost of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes, and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials, and services.
Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the cost of purchase.
The cost of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production.
The cost of inventories of a service provider consists primarily of the labor and other costs of personnel directly engaged in providing the service.
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Two methods of recording purchases
Gross method
-Purchases are recorded at the gross amount of the invoice.
-Cash discounts taken are recorded in a purchases discount account at the time of payment.
Net method
-The purchase are recorded at net amount, meaningn the cost of purchases is measured net of cash discounts allowable whether or nottaken.
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FOB(Free On Board) It is an term that indicates when the ownership of
Merchandise/Goods is transfer from the seller to the buyer.
FOB Shipping Point
FOB Destination
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Transportation Cost
Buyer of the Merchandise/ Goods Pays the transportation cost.
The cost is added in merchandise inventory.
Seller of the Merchandise/ Goods pays the transportation cost.
The cost is recorded as a “Delivery Expense/Cost” separately.
FOBSipping point
FOBDestinatio
n
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Consignment
Is a method of marketing goods in which the owner known as the consignor transfers physical possession of certain goods to an agent known as the consignee who sells the goods on the owner’s behalf
Goods on consignment shall be included in the consignor’s inventory and excluded from the consignee’s inventory
Freight and other handling charges are part of the cost of the inventory of consigned goods.
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Inventory
Accounting
Method
Inventory
Accounting
Method
PerpetualMethod
Periodic/PhysicalMethod
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Perpetual System:
All Transaction including Costs of merchandise are recorded immediately as they occur. Record is up-to- date all the time.
Periodic System:
No effort is made to keep records up-to-date neither inventory nor Cost of goods sold and are only updated at the end of interim period.
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Perpetual inventory systemThe following example contains several journal entries used to account
for transactions in a perpetual inventory system:
Purchase of Merchandise:Purchase of inventory is recorded at cost.
To record a purchase of $5,000 of 5 items that are stored in inventory each item has cost $1,000.
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Perpetual inventory system
Sales of Merchandise:
Sold 3 items $1200 each, for $3,600. for which the cost is 3,000.
Gross Profit: 3600 – 3000 = $600Let Expenses are $200. Then,Net Income = 600 – 200 = $400
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If inventory is purchased and sold on account, Then entries will be:
Purchase of Inventory: (On Account)
Selling of Inventory: (On Account)Debit Credit
A/C Receivables $3600
Revenue $3600Inventory Record:
Debit Credit
Cost of Goods Sold $3000
Inventory
$3000
Account Title Debit Credit
Inventory $5000
A/C Payable $5000
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Payment of A/C Payables to Suppliers: Debit Credit
A/C Payables $5000
Cash $5000
Collection of Accounts Receivable from Customers:
Debit Credit
Cash $3600
A/C Receivable $3600
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Periodic Inventory System:
Example
The inventory on hand at the end of 2011 cost $20000.
During 2012, purchases of merchandise for resale of customers totaled $100000
Inventory on hand at the end of 2012 cost $15000.
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Recording Purchases of Merchandises:Suppose from total purchases of $100,000 the first purchase
was of $10,000 so purchase entry will be:
Debit Credit
Purchases 10000
Cash 10000
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Computing the cost of goods sold:
Inventory(beginning of the year 2012)………… $20000
Add : Purchases……………………....................100000
Cost of goods available for sale………………..$120000
Less : Inventory (end of the year 2012)………….15000
Cost of goods sold…………………………….$105000
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Disclosure Requirements
Accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the cost method used;
The total carrying amount of inventories and the carrying amount in classification appropriate to the enterprise
The total carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less cost to sell;
The amount of inventories recognized as an expense during the period;
The amount of any write down of inventories recognized as an expense in the period;
The amount of any reversal of any write down that is recognized as income in the period and the circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write down;
The circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write down of inventories; and
The carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities.
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INVENTORY VALUATION
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MEASUREMENT OF INVENTORY
• Shall be measured at LCNRV
• Cost of Inventories: All costs of purchase
Cost of conversion
Other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition
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The objective in accounting for inventories is the proper determination of COGS
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DETERMINING COST OF INVENTORIES
FIFO WEIGHTED AVERAGE/ MOVING AVERAGE METHOD SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION METHOD LIFO
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FIFO METHOD
“GOODS ARE SOLD IN THE ORDER THEY ARE PURCHASED”
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FIFO METHOD
INVENTORY = RECENT OR NEW PRICES
COGS = EARLIER OR OLD PRICES
However... It violates the matching principle
Inflation = highest net income
Deflation = lowest net income
understatement
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WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD (WAM)
Average unit cost = TCGAS ÷ total units available for sale
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MOVING AVERAGE METHOD (MAM)
Average unit cost = TGAS after every purchase and purchase return
÷ total units available for sale
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SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION
Appropriate for inventories that are segregated for a specific project and inventories that are not ordinarily interchangeable.
Specific costs are attributed to identified items of inventory
Cost of inventory = units on hand x actual unit cost
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NET REALIZABLE VALUE (NRV)
• The estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated cost of disposal.
Why LCNRV?
assets shall not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realized from their sale or use.
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ACCOUNTING FOR INVENTORY WRITEDOWN
Cost is lower than NRV The increase in value is not recognized
Cost is greater than NRV The proper treatment of the writedown of the inventory to net realizable value
DIRECT METHOD
ALLOWANCE METHOD
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DIRECT METHOD
• The inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or NRV
• Also known as the “Cost of goods sold method” because any loss on inventory writedown is not accounted for separately but “buried” in the cost of goods sold.
NRV is lower than cost increase COGS
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ALLOWANCE METHOD
The inventory is recorded at cost and any loss on inventory writedown is accounted for separately.
If the required allowance increases, an additional loss is recognized
If the required allowance decreases, a gain on reversal of inventory writedown is recorded; provided that the gain is only to the extent of the allowance balance.
Preferable method because the effects of writedown and reversal of writedown can be clearly identified.
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OTHER INVENTORY ISSUE: PURCHASE COMMITMENTS
Are obligations of the entity to acquire certain goods sometime in the future at a fixed price and fixed quantity
A decline in purchase price after a purchase commitment has been made, a loss is recorded in the period of the price decline (non-cancelable)
Loss on purchase commitments xxx
Estimated liability for purchase commitment xxx
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INVENTORY ESTIMATION
METHODS: GROSS PROFIT METHOD
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Use of estimate in inventory valuation
Insurance purposes (fire, theft)
To prove the reasonableness of the physical count done
Interim financial statements are prepared
Use of approximate value of inventory when it is not possible/inconvenient to take a physical count
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GROSS PROFIT METHOD
The rate of gross profit remains approximately the same from period to period and therefore the ratio of cost of goods sold to net sales is relatively constant from period to period.
GAS xxx
Less: Cost of sales xxx
Ending inventory xxx
Net sales * cost ratio - based on sales
Net sales ÷ sales ratio - based on cost
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INVENTORY ESTIMATION
METHODS: RETAIL INVENTORY METHOD
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Uses both the retail value and cost of items for sale to calculate a cost to retail ratio.
EndingInventoryat Retail
EndingInventoryat Retail
EndingInventoryat Cost
EndingInventoryat Cost
Must know . . .• Sales for the period.• Beginning inventory at retail and
cost.• Net purchases at retail and cost.
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Problem
Webb, Inc. uses the retail method to estimate inventory at the end of each month. For the month of May the controller gathers the following information:
Let’s estimate inventory at May 31.
Cost RetailBeg. Inventory 27,000$ 45,000$ Net Purchases 180,000 300,000 Net Sales n/a 310,000
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Solution
Cost RetailInventory, May 1 27,000$ 45,000$ Net purchases for May 180,000 300,000 Goods available for sale 207,000 345,000
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Cost RetailInventory, May 1 27,000$ 45,000$ Net purchases for May 180,000 300,000 Goods available for sale 207,000 345,000 Cost ratio (207,000 ÷ 345,000)
60%
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Cost RetailInventory, May 1 27,000$ 45,000$ Net purchases for May 180,000 300,000 Goods available for sale 207,000 345,000 Cost ratio (207,000 ÷ 345,000)
60%Sales for May 310,000 Ending inventory at retail 35,000$
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Cost RetailInventory, May 1 27,000$ 45,000$ Net purchases for May 180,000 300,000 Goods available for sale 207,000 345,000 Cost ratio (207,000 ÷ 345,000)
60%Sales for May 310,000 Ending inventory at retail 35,000$ Cost ratio 60%Ending inventory at cost 21,000$