inventory and cost of goods sold
DESCRIPTION
chapter 9. Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold. An electronic presentation by Douglas Cloud Pepperdine University. Learning Objectives. 1. Define inventory for a merchandising business, and identify the different types of inventory for a manufacturing business. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Inventory and Inventory and Cost of Goods Cost of Goods
SoldSoldAn electronic presentationAn electronic presentation
by Douglas Cloudby Douglas Cloud Pepperdine UniversityPepperdine University
An electronic presentationAn electronic presentation by Douglas Cloudby Douglas Cloud
Pepperdine UniversityPepperdine University
chapterchapter 9
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1. Define inventory for a merchandising business, and identify the different types of inventory for a manufacturing business.
2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of both periodic and perpetual inventory systems.
3. Determine when ownership of goods in transit changes hands and what circumstances require shipped inventory to be kept on the books.
Learning Objectives
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
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4. Compute total inventory acquisition cost.
5. Use the four basic inventory valuation methods: specific identification, average cost, FIFO, and LIFO.
6. Explain how LIFO inventory layers are created, and describe the significance of the LIFO reserve.
Learning Objectives
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
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Learning Objectives
7. Choose an inventory valuation method based on the trade-offs among income tax effects, bookkeeping costs, and the impact on the financial statements.
8. Apply the lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule to reflect declines in the market value of inventory.
9. Use the gross profit method to estimate ending inventory.
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
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10. Determine the financial statement impact of inventory recording errors.
11. Analyze inventory using financing ratios, and properly compare ratios of different firms after adjusting for differences in inventory valuation methods.
Learning Objectives
EXPANDED MATERIAL12. Account for the impact of changing prices on purchase commitments.
13. Record inventory purchase transactions denominated in foreign currencies.
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LIFO and FIFO in Times of Inflation
Uni
t Cos
t of
Goo
ds S
old
Beginning of Year
End of Year
FIFO assumes the old units are
soldFIFO
LIFO assumes the new units
are soldLIFO
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7Time Line of Business Issues Involved With Inventory
COMPUTEBUY
Raw Materials or Goods for Resale
Value
ADD SELL
Finished Inventory
Ending InventoryCost of
Goods Sold
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What Is Inventory?
Inventory designates goods held for sale in the normal course of business and, in the case of a manufacturer,
goods in production or to be placed in production.
Inventory designates goods held for sale in the normal course of business and, in the case of a manufacturer,
goods in production or to be placed in production.
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9How Much Inventory Do Companies Have?
0%2%4%
6%8%
10%12%
14%16%18%
Inventory Levels for the 50 Largest Companies, 1979-2000
Inve
ntor
y as
a P
erce
ntag
e of
T
otal
Ass
ets
1998
Source: Standard and Poor’s Compustat
2000
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Raw Materials
Raw Materials are goods acquired for use in the
production process.
Raw Materials are goods acquired for use in the
production process.Materials that are used
directly in the production of goods are frequently
referred to as direct materials.
Materials that are used directly in the production of goods are frequently
referred to as direct materials.
Materials that are necessary in the
production process but are not directly
incorporated into the product are referred to as
indirect materials.
Materials that are necessary in the
production process but are not directly
incorporated into the product are referred to as
indirect materials.
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Work in Process
Work in process consists of materials partly processed and requiring further work before they can be sold. This inventory includes three cost elements.1. Direct materials
2. Direct labor
3. Manufacturing overhead
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Finished Goods
Finished goods are the manufactured products awaiting sale.
Raw Materials
Raw Materials
Finished Goods
Finished Goods
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Sold
Balance Sheet Income Statement
Direct Labor
Work in Process
Work in Process
Manufacturing Overhead
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Summary
MerchandiseMerchandiseMerchandiseMerchandise
Balance Sheet Items
IncomeStatement
Items
RetailerCost of Cost of
Goods SoldGoods SoldCost of Cost of
Goods SoldGoods SoldSale
Manufacturer
Raw Raw MaterialsMaterials
Raw Raw MaterialsMaterials
Cost of Cost of Goods SoldGoods Sold
Cost of Cost of Goods SoldGoods Sold
Sale
Finished Goods
Finished Goods
Work in Work in Process Process Work in Work in Process Process
OverheadDirectLabor
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Periodic Inventory Systems
Cost of Goods Sold is determined and Inventory is adjusted to proper balance at period end.
All purchases of inventoriable merchandise are recorded in the Purchases account.
Ending inventory is determined by physical count of merchandise on hand.
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Perpetual Inventory Systems
Cost of Goods Sold is determined and Inventory is adjusted to proper balance each time inventory is purchased or sold.
All purchases of inventoriable goods are recorded in the Inventory account.
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Purchases of Inventory
Periodic MethodPurchases 3,000
Accounts Payable 3,000
Perpetual MethodInventory 3,000
Accounts Payable 3,000
Inventory Systems
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Sales During the Period
Periodic MethodAccounts Receivable 4,125
Sales 4,125
Perpetual MethodAccounts Receivable 4,125
Sales 4,125Cost of Goods Sold 2,750
Inventory 2,750
Inventory Systems
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Whose Inventory Is It?
• Goods in Inventory.• Goods in Transit.
– FOB Shipping Point: buyer’s inventory from time of shipment.
– FOB Destination: seller’s inventory until receipt by buyer.
• Goods on Consignment: inventory of the consignor, not the consignee.
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Goods in Transit
Quality
Produce
Goods being shipped are included in inventory of buyer while in transit.
Goods being shipped are included in inventory of buyer while in transit.
FOB Shipping PointFOB Shipping PointFOB Shipping PointFOB Shipping Point
Seller Buyer
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FOB DestinationFOB DestinationFOB DestinationFOB Destination
Quality
Produce
Goods being shipped are included in inventory of seller until received by buyer.
Goods being shipped are included in inventory of seller until received by buyer.
Seller Buyer
Goods in Transit
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Goods on Consignment
Title to goods sold on consignment remains with the shipper until
their sale or use by the dealer or customer.
Title to goods sold on consignment remains with the shipper until
their sale or use by the dealer or customer.
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What Is Inventory Cost?
• Inventory Cost is all expenditures related to inventory acquisition, preparation, and placement for sale.
• Trade Discounts– Convert the catalog price to the actual price.– Record inventory at discounted price.
• Cash Discounts– Granted for payment of invoices within a
limited time period.– Record inventory using the net method or
gross method.
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The heading.The heading.
Bartlett CorporationSchedule of Cost of Goods ManufacturedFor the Year Ended December 31, 2002
Bartlett CorporationSchedule of Cost of Goods ManufacturedFor the Year Ended December 31, 2005
Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
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24Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
Bartlett CorporationSchedule of Cost of Goods ManufacturedFor the Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials:Raw materials $ 21,350Purchases 107,500Cost of raw materials available for use $128,850Less raw materials inventory, Dec. 31 22,350
Raw materials used in production $106,500Direct labor 96,850Manufacturing overhead:
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
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25Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
Manufacturing overhead:Indirect labor $ 40,000Factory supervision 29,000Depr.—factory building and equipment 20,000Light, heat, and power 18,000Factory supplies 15,000Miscellaneous manufacturing overhead 12,055 134,055
Total manufacturing costs $337,405Add work in process inventory, January 1 99,400
$366,805Less work in process inventory, December 31 26,500Cost of goods manufactured $340,305
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Cash Discounts
• Records inventory net of any purchase (cash) discounts.
• Example:June 1—purchased merchandise for
$10,000 Terms of payment: 2/10, n/30
Assuming a perpetual inventory method, record the purchase of the inventory and payment on June 8.
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Purchase Date
End of Discount Period
$9,800 Owed
$10,000 Owed
Final Payment
Date
10 Days 20 Days
Supplier “Loan” Period
Cash Discounts
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June 1Inventory 9,800
Accounts Payable 9,800
Cash Discounts—Net Method
June 8Accounts Payable 9,800
Cash9,800
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Now, assume that the payment was not
made until June 28.
Now, assume that the payment was not
made until June 28.
Cash Discounts—Net Method
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June 28Accounts Payable 9,800Discounts Lost 200
Cash 10,000
Cash Discounts—Net Method
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Cash Discounts—Net Method
If the invoice has not been paid at the end of the period (assume June 30) and
the discount period has lapsed, the following adjusting entry is made:
June 30Discounts Lost 200
Accounts Payable200
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Cash Discounts—Gross Method
• Record inventory at gross cost; discounts are recorded only if taken.
• Example:June 1—purchased inventory for $10,000. Terms of payment: 2/10, n/30
Assuming a perpetual inventory method, record the purchase of the inventory and payment on June 8.
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June 1Inventory 10,000
Accounts Payable 10,000
Cash Discounts—Gross Method
June 8Accounts Payable 10,000
Inventory 200Cash 9,800
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Again, assume that the payment was not made until June 28.
Again, assume that the payment was not made until June 28.
Cash Discounts—Gross Method
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June 28Accounts Payable 10,000
Cash10,000
Cash Discounts—Gross Method
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Accounts Payable 400 Purchase Returns and Allowances 400
Purchases Returns and Allowances
Periodic Inventory SystemPeriodic Inventory SystemPeriodic Inventory SystemPeriodic Inventory System
Accounts Payable 400 Inventory
400
Perpetual Inventory SystemPerpetual Inventory SystemPerpetual Inventory SystemPerpetual Inventory System
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Inventory Valuation Methods
Specific Identification FIFO
Average Cost
LIFO
Cost Cost Allocation Allocation MethodsMethods
Cost Cost Allocation Allocation MethodsMethods
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Assume:Purchases:
January 1 200 @ $10 $ 2,000March 23 300 @ $12 3,600July 15 500 @ $11 5,500November 6 100 @ $13 1,300Total purchases 1,100 $12,400
Sales 700 @ $15
Assume:Purchases:
January 1 200 @ $10 $ 2,000March 23 300 @ $12 3,600July 15 500 @ $11 5,500November 6 100 @ $13 1,300Total purchases 1,100 $12,400
Sales 700 @ $15
Inventory Valuation Methods
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39Frequency of Use of Inventory Valuation Methods
U. S. Companies1979 and 2000
U. S. Companies1979 and 2000
Inventory 1979 2000 2000 Method All Companies All Companies Large Companies
FIFO 75.6% 75.9% 68.6%LIFO 25.8% 15.7% 34.6%Average cost 20.8% 21.4% 32.9%Specific Identification 3.7% 4.5% 3.9%
SOURCE: Standard and Poor’s COMPUSTAT
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Specific Identification Method
Assigns the actual cost of the asset to Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold.
Provides a highly objective method of matching costs because cost flow exactly matches physical goods flow.
Is almost impossible to implement cost effectively.
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200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
Sold 200 units from the January 1 and 500 from the July 15 purchase.
Specific Identification Method
100 units @ $13 per unit
1,100 units
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6
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Specific Identification Method
200 units @ $10 per unitJan. 1
500 units @ $11 per unitJuly 15
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Specific Identification Method
200 units @ $10 per unitJan. 1
500 units @ $11 per unitJuly 15
= $2,000
= 5,500
Total cost of goods sold $7,500
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Specific Identification Method
300 units @ $12 per unitMar. 23
100 units @ $13 per unitNov. 6
= $3,600
= 1,300
Ending inventory $4,900
Goods Not SoldGoods Not Sold
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Average Cost Method
• Assigns the same average cost to each unit sold and each item in inventory.
• For periodic inventory, the unit cost is the weighted average for the entire period.
• For perpetual inventory, the unit cost is computed as a moving average, which changes with each new purchase of goods.
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= $ 2,000
= 3,600
= 5,500
= 1,300
$12,400
$12,400 1,100 units = $11.27 per unit (rounded)
Cost of goods sold = $11.27 x 700 = $7,890
Average Cost Method
200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
1,100 units
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6
Ending inventory = $11.27 x 400 = $4,510
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First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method
Assigns historical unit cost to Cost of Goods Sold in the order the costs are incurred.
Provides a close match between physical product flow and product cost flow.
Results in the same inventory valuation and Cost of Goods Sold regardless of whether perpetual or periodic inventory is used.
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First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method
200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6
Sold 200= $2,000
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First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method
200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6
= $2,000Sold 300= 3,600
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First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method
200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6
= $2,000
Sold 200= 3,600= 2,200
Total cost of goods sold $7,800
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300 units @ $12 per unitMar. 23
100 units @ $13 per unitNov. 6
= $3,600
= 1,300
Ending inventory $4,900
Goods Not SoldGoods Not Sold
First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method
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Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method
Assigns the most recent historical costs to Cost of Goods Sold and the oldest costs to Inventory.
Is used primarily to minimize taxable income.
Results in differences between Cost of Goods Sold and Inventory for perpetual inventory versus periodic inventory.
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200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6 Sold 100= $1,300
Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method
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200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6 = $1,300
Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method
Sold 500= $5,500
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200 units @ $10 per unit
300 units @ $12 per unit500 units @ $11 per unit
100 units @ $13 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23July 15
Nov. 6 = $1,300
Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method
= $5,500
Sold 100= $1,200
Total cost of goods sold $8,000
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200 units @ $10 per unit
200 units @ $12 per unit
Jan. 1
Mar. 23
Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method
Goods Not SoldGoods Not Sold
= $2,000
= 2,400
Ending inventory $4,400
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57Comparison of Inventory Methods (Periodic)
Cost of Goods Sold
Ending Inventory
Specific identification $7,500 $4,900
Average cost $7,890 $4,510
FIFO $7,800 $4,600
LIFO $8,000 $4,400
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Perpetual Inventory
Assume:Beginning inventory 100 @ $10 $1,000Purchases:
April 10 80 @ $11 880April 20 70 @ $12 840
Sales:April 18 90 @ $15April 27 50 @ $16
Assume:Beginning inventory 100 @ $10 $1,000Purchases:
April 10 80 @ $11 880April 20 70 @ $12 840
Sales:April 18 90 @ $15April 27 50 @ $16
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FIFO Method—Perpetual
FIFO periodic and FIFO perpetual provide identical
results for cost of goods sold and inventory.
FIFO periodic and FIFO perpetual provide identical
results for cost of goods sold and inventory.
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Apr. 18 Sales (90) units @ $10.44 (940)Apr. 18 Balance 90 units @ $10.44 $ 940Apr. 20 Purchases 70 units @ $12 840Apr. 20 Balance160 units @ $11.125 $1,780
Apr. 1 Beginning Inventory 100 units @ $10 $1,000Apr. 10 Purchases 80 units @ $11 880Apr. 10 Balance 180 units @ $10.44 $1,880
$1,880 180Apr. 27 Sales (50) units @ $11.125 (556)Apr. 30 Balance110 units @ $11.125 $1,224
$1,780 160
Average Cost Method—Perpetual
Ending inventory, $1,224
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Cost of Goods Sold (140 units) $940 + $556 = $1,496
Average Cost Method—Perpetual
Apr. 18 Sales (90) units @ $10.44 (940)Apr. 18 Balance 90 units @ $10.44 $ 940Apr. 20 Purchases 70 units @ $12 840Apr. 20 Balance160 units @ $11.125 $1,780
Apr. 1 Beginning Inventory 100 units @ $10 $1,000Apr. 10 Purchases 80 units @ $11 880Apr. 10 Balance 180 units @ $10.44 $1,880
Apr. 27 Sales (50) units @ $11.125 (556)Apr. 30 Balance110 units @ $11.125 $1,224
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100 units @ $10 per unit90 units @ $10 per unitApr. 1
80 units @ $11 per unit Purchased 8070 units @ $12 per unit
Perpetual Inventory SystemPerpetual Inventory System
20 units @ $12 per unitSold 8080 units @ $11 per unit0 units @ $11 per unit
Sold 10
Purchased 70Sold 50
Beginning inventory
LIFO Method—Perpetual
Apr. 10Apr. 20
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Ending inventory………………..
Beg. Inv. + Purchases – End. Inv. = Cost of Goods Sold
= $ 900
= 0
= 240
$1,140
$1,000 + $1,720 – $1,140 = $1,580
Perpetual Inventory SystemPerpetual Inventory System
100 units @ $10 per unit90 units @ $10 per unit
80 units @ $11 per unit70 units @ $12 per unit20 units @ $12 per unit80 units @ $11 per unit0 units @ $11 per unit
LIFO Method—Perpetual
Apr. 1
Apr. 10Apr. 20
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64Size of LIFO Reserve for Selected U.S. Companies
General Motors $10,034 $1,814
Sears Roebuck 4,912 590
Ford 6,191 905
ExxonMobil 7,904 4,200
Deere & Co. 1,506 1,004
General Electric 8,565 676
ReportedReported LIFO LIFOLIFO LIFO Company Name Inventory ReserveCompany Name Inventory Reserve
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FIFO Advantages
Advantages:• Usually corresponds with physical
flow of goods.• Ending inventory balance agrees
closely with current replacement cost.
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Disadvantages:• Can cause older costs to be matched with
current revenues.• Inventory holding gains and losses are
included as part of gross profit.• Yields higher taxable income in times of
inflation if inventory levels are stable or increasing.
FIFO Disadvantages
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LIFO Advantages
Advantages:• Matches current costs with current revenues.• Excludes inventory holding gains from gross
profit.• Yields lower taxable income in times of inflation
if inventory levels are stable or increasing.
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Disadvantages:• Usually does not correspond with the physical flow
of goods.• Potential LIFO liquidation means old cost in LIFO
layers can be drawn in to cost of goods sold.• Ending inventory balance can be much lower than
current replacement cost.• LIFO liquidation can result in greatly increased tax
payments when inventory levels decline.
LIFO Disadvantages
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Lower of Cost or Market
The term “market” in lower of cost or market means replacement cost.
The term “market” in lower of cost or market means replacement cost.
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Replacement Cost
Lower of Cost or Market
Ceiling: Estimated selling price – normal selling costsCeiling: Also known as the
net realizable value
Floor: Net realizable value – a normal profit margin
Market
Historical Costcompare
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$0.70
Lower of Cost or Market
Ceiling: $0.80
Floor: $0.55
$0.70
$0.65
LCM = $0.65LCM = $0.65LCM = $0.65LCM = $0.65
Market
Historical Cost
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$0.60
Lower of Cost or Market
Ceiling: $0.80
Floor: $0.55
$0.60
$0.65
LCM = $0.60LCM = $0.60LCM = $0.60LCM = $0.60
Market
Historical Cost
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$0.50
Lower of Cost or Market
Ceiling: $0.80
Floor: $0.55
$0.55
$0.65
LCM = $0.55LCM = $0.55LCM = $0.55LCM = $0.55Click on the
button to skip LCM
examples
Market
Historical Cost
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$0.45
Ceiling: $0.80
Floor: $0.55
$0.55
$0.50
LCM = $0.50LCM = $0.50LCM = $0.50LCM = $0.50
Lower of Cost or Market
Market
Historical Cost
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$0.85
Ceiling: $0.80
Floor: $0.55
$0.80
$0.75
LCM = $0.75LCM = $0.75LCM = $0.75LCM = $0.75
Lower of Cost or Market
Market
Historical Cost
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$1.00
Ceiling: $0.80
Floor: $0.55
$0.80
$0.90
LCM = $0.80LCM = $0.80LCM = $0.80LCM = $0.80
Lower of Cost or Market
Market
Historical Cost
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Gross Profit Method
Beginning inventory, January 1 $25,000
Sales, January 1–January 31 50,000
Purchases, January 1–January 31 40,000
Historical gross profit percentage
Last year 40 %
Two years ago 37
Three years ago 42
Last year’s 40% is considered a good estimate.Last year’s 40% is considered a good estimate.
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Gross Profit Method
Sales (actual) $50,000 100 %
Cost of goods sold (estimate) 30,000 60 %
Gross profit (estimate) $20,000 40 %Beginning inventory (actual) $25,000
+ Purchases (actual) 40,000
– Cost of goods available forsale (actual) $65,000
– Ending inventory (estimate) 35,000
= Cost of goods sold (estimate) $30,000
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Gross Profit Method
Sales (actual) $50,000 100 %
Cost of goods sold (estimate) 31,500 63 %
Gross profit (estimate) $18,500 37 %Beginning inventory (actual) $25,000
+ Purchases (actual) 40,000
– Cost of goods available forsale (actual) $65,000
– Ending inventory (estimate) 33,500
= Cost of goods sold (estimate) $31,500
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Gross Profit Method
Sales (actual) $50,000 100 %
Cost of goods sold (estimate) 29,000 58 %
Gross profit (estimate) $21,000 42 %Beginning inventory (actual) $25,000
+ Purchases (actual) 40,000
– Cost of goods available forsale (actual) $65,000
– Ending inventory (estimate) 36,000
= Cost of goods sold (estimate) $29,000
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Inventory Turnover
Appropriateness of inventory size and Appropriateness of inventory size and position can be measured by calculating position can be measured by calculating the the Inventory Turnover RatioInventory Turnover Ratio..
Appropriateness of inventory size and Appropriateness of inventory size and position can be measured by calculating position can be measured by calculating the the Inventory Turnover RatioInventory Turnover Ratio..
Inventory Turnover:
Cost of Goods Sold ÷ Average Inventory
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Determine the inventory turnover.
• Cost of Goods Sold $1,000• Beginning Inventory $ 90• Ending Inventory $ 110
• Cost of Goods Sold $1,000• Beginning Inventory $ 90• Ending Inventory $ 110
Inventory Turnover
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• Cost of Goods Sold $1,000• Beginning Inventory $ 90• Ending Inventory $ 110
• Cost of Goods Sold $1,000• Beginning Inventory $ 90• Ending Inventory $ 110
$1,000
($90 + $110)/2= 10
Inventory Turnover
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84Number of Days’ Sales in Inventory
$1,000
($90 + $110)/2= 10
36510
Number of days’ sales in inventory is 36.5
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85Number of Days’ Sales in Inventory
IBM 31.4 daysDell 5.7 daysGeneral Motors 28.2 daysFord 19.4 daysNike 90.5 daysReebok. 82.9 days
Wal-Mart 46.9 daysKmart 74.6 days
Number of Days’Number of Days’ Company Sales in InventoryCompany Sales in Inventory
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The EndThe End
chapter 9chapter 9
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