invasive species the biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction class 6 presentation 1
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Invasive Species
The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction
Class 6
Presentation 1
![Page 2: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Impact
• Examples
• Summary of characteristics of invasive
![Page 3: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Definition
Organisms (usually transported by humans) which successfully establish themselves in, and then overcome, otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosystems (World Conservation Union (IUCN)).
![Page 4: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Impact
• Economic impact: billions of dollars/year (See next slide)
• Impacts on biodiversity• Research/Regulation/Control/
Management • 30,000 non-native spp in N Am
since colonization• 30% of 4,200 vascular plant spp in
Canada exotic (not all invasive)
![Page 5: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
African land snail (Achatina fulica) in Florida
• 3 snails smuggled in by boy returning from Hawaii in 1966
• Grandmother released them in her garden• Problem noticed in 1969
– Mailed info to 150,000 houses– Infestations found 25 km outside initial area– Eradication program started, 18k snails found– Cost US $1 million
![Page 6: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2002 Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development
Alien agricultural and forest pests in Canada
![Page 7: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How do they get around?
• Aquatic: ballast tanks in ships (simple solution to eliminate problem: exchange water at sea)
• Non-deliberate: most linked to human activity• Deliberate:
– soil erosion prevention = kudzu
– Feel like home: birds and game fish
– Some related to agriculture, ornamentals, captivity (e.g. aquarium trade).
![Page 8: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Beech Bark Disease (Nectria coccinea var. faginata)
![Page 9: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dandelion
![Page 10: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar)
![Page 11: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi)
![Page 12: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Invasive Species
• Plants
– Reproduce sexually and asexually
– Self fertilization
– Lack of seed pre-treatment for germination
– Long period seed on plant
![Page 13: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Can we detect invasiveness?
• Early attempts to look for life traits of a species that would link that spp with potential invasiveness have failed. Why?
• Best bet is to study those that have become invasive = high probability for being invasive in another similar ecosystem
![Page 14: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Invasive Species
• Exotic spp often have fewer infections and predators.
• Drop in all diseases amoung European plants in N Am: 77%
• Ave # of parasites in home range: 16
• Ave # parasites in new range: 3
D. Pimental et al, Nature, Feb 6, 2003
![Page 15: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Agricultural Invasive Plants
• Herbaceous
• Rapid reproduction
• Dispersed abiotically
![Page 16: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Natural Area Invasive Plants
• Aquatic or semi-aquatic
• Grasses
• Climbers
• Nitrogen fixers
• Clonal trees
![Page 17: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Invasive Birds
• Dispersal ability
• High rate of population increase– Large clutch size– Several clutches/season
• Compete with native species
![Page 18: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Non-Invasive Organisms
• Lack of pre-adaptation to new environment
• Competition/Predation from native organisms
• Diseases
![Page 19: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Life History Characteristics of Invasive Fresh Water Fish
• Tolerance to broad range of environments
• Rapid dispersal
• Aggressive behaviour
• Short generation time
![Page 20: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Other features
• Desired by humans
• Close association to human activity
![Page 21: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Summary
• Early germinators (gap grabbers)
• Competitors for resources
• Reallocate resources to growth/reproduction
• Survivors (resist death)
• Swampers (mass germinators)
![Page 22: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Genetics and Evolution
• Good source of research on genetics and evolution– Rapid directional selection– Hybridization (interspecific or previously
isolated populations)
![Page 23: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Genetics and Colonization
• Pre-adaptation important
• Adaptive evolution also important
Rate of change to natural selection proportional to amount of additive genetic variation present
Multiple introductions: genetic diversity
![Page 24: Invasive Species The biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction Class 6 Presentation 1](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b3284b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Range Expansion
• Rapid expansion: large amount of gene flow
• May constrain local adaptation